Table of Content

15 August 2021, Volume 23 Issue 8

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Status and Countermeasure of The High-quality Development of Rapeseed Industry in China

YIN Yan, YIN Liang, ZHANG Xuekun, GUO Jingli, WANG Jijun

2021, 23(8):  1-7.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.1050

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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important source of edible vegetable oil in China, which should conform to the requirements of high-quality development. Chinas rapeseed industry is preparing for the fourth leap—from high quality and high yield to green, high quality and efficient development. Based on the background of the development of rapeseed industry in China, this paper put forward the connotation and the key tasks for the development of high quality rapeseed industry. According to rapeseed industry advantages and challenges in the development of high quality, this paper put forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as  implementing  rapeseed reserve policy, accelerating the promotion of science and technology support ability, fostering new operators, and promoting diversified development, carrying out the strategy of healthy fats scientific consumption, etc., so as to effectively guarantee the safe and healthy consumption of edible vegetable oil supply in China.

Countermeasures on Developing Climate-smart Agriculture in Southwest China

HANG Xiaoning, LUO Jia, ZHANG Pengcheng, LI Zhenyi, ZHANG Jian, HU Liujie, YU Duan, HE Weiyuan, ZHOU Youliang, LIAO Dunxiu

2021, 23(8):  8-15.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0617

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There is a mutual influence between agricultural production and climate change. Exploring new models of agricultural production under climate change conditions can not only ensure regional food security and increase farmers’ income, but also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and mitigate climate change. Based on the systematic review of the impact of climate change on agricultural production, the promotion of agricultural production on climate change, and the related literature on agricultural production methods under climate change, this article comprehensively analyzed the severe tests and transformations of agricultural production under climate change. Traditional methods of agricultural production can not meet demand due to the dual impact of population growth and climate change. The climate-smart agriculture was proposed for achieving sustainable agricultural production, enhancing the adaptability of agricultural production and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and alleviating global climate change. Based on the natural conditions in the southwest region and the domestic and international experience of advanced agricultural production to deal with climate change, the countermeasures and suggestions for the development of climate-smart agriculture in southwest China were proposed, which included policy systems and technology development models of regional climate-smart agriculture.

Discussion on the Relationship Between Main Agronomic Traits and Fiber Quality in Backcross Populations of Gossypium hirsutum L. × Gossypium barbadense L.

LI Shengmei, YANG Tao, HUANG Yajie, REN Dan, GENG Shiwei, LI Dianpeng, RUI Cun, GAO Wenwei

2021, 23(8):  16-24.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0702

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In order to predict the fiber quality of cotton through agronomic traits, Xinjiang Line 9 (G. hirsutum L.), Xinhai 16 (G. barbadense L.) and their backross populations (BC₄F_2:4) were used as research materials in this study, agronomic traits and fiber quality traits of 165 cotton accessions were investigated and identified using correlation analysis, principal component analysis, regression analysis and path analysis for exploring the relationship between agronomic traits and fiber qualities. The results showed that the phenotypes of the population were abundant, and the coefficients of variation on 12 traits were ranged from 0.11% to 48.14%, of which boll number per plant was the largest. Correlation analysis showed that fiber length was significantly positively correlated with plant height, effective fruit branch number, boll number per plant and effective boll number per plant, while micronaire was significantly negatively correlated with these agronomic traits, and was extremely significantly positively correlated with lint percentage. Fiber strength was significantly positively correlated with height of the first branch, and fiber uniformity was significantly positively correlated with plant height and effective fruit branch number. By principal component analysis, four principal components were extracted and the cumulative contribution rate was reached 75252%, including cotton boll number correlation factor (PC1), fiber quality selection factor (PC2), low quality control factor (PC3) and int percentage and micronaire comprehensive factor (PC4) for selection. The stepwise regression equation showed that number of the first branch and effective fruit branch number had no effects on fiber quality. The results of path analysis indicated that fruit branch number had a negatively direct effect on fiber length, and boll number per plant had a positively direct effect on fiber length, both boll number per plant and height of the first branch had positively direct effects on cotton fiber strength, effective boll number per plant had negatively effect on micronaire, the lint percentage had direct impact on it, and fiber uniformity was only directly affected by plant height. Among them, the indirect effects of plant height, boll number per plant and effective boll number per plant on fiber quality were dominant. Therefore, the indirect selection of fiber quality could be realized through the selection of agronomic traits, which provided a theoretical reference for the efficient selection of high-yield and high-quality new cotton varieties in Xinjiang and surrounding areas.

Analysis of Epistasis QTL and Its Interaction Effects on Controlling Fresh Pod and Seed Related Traits in Soybean

CHEN Shiliang, SUN Yaqian, SHAO Zhenqi, LI Wenlong, KONG Youbin, DU Hui, LI Xihuan, ZHANG Caiying

2021, 23(8):  25-36.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.1057

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Soybeans  pod and seed are the most important harvested organs in soybean, which not only directly affect the formation of yield and quality, but also play important roles in fresh variety registration and product export. However, the pod and seed related traits are controlled by multiple minor-effect genes, and the related studies mostly focus on the mining of single additive quantitative trait loci (QTL), while very few researches focus on the epistatic QTLs and their interaction effects. In view of this, eight fresh pod and seed related traits  of soybean recombinant inbred line (RIL) population including their length, width and weight etc. were analyzed under four different environments, and the epistatic QTLs and their interaction effects were analyzed  in this study. The results showed that there were 321 pairs of ‘additive × additive’ epistatic QTLs detected to associate with these eight related traits, which located on all of the soybean chromosomes, and formed a relative complex epistatic QTLs interaction network. Among these epistatic QTLs, 144 pairs showed positive effects, while 177 pairs showed negative effects, and chromosome 13 had the most quantities of epistatic QTLs. Further analysis revealed that 34 pairs of ‘additive × additive’ epistatic QTLs with pleiotropism effects were identified, and the phenotypic variation explanation (PVE) of ‘additive×additive’ QTLs ranged from 1.89%~4.85%, which were higher than the PVEs of QTLs × environments, and indicated that the genetic factors played the main roles. These 34 pairs of ‘additive × additive’ QTLs were located on 18 chromosomes, among which 23 pairs showed the same mapping regions, respectively. Meanwhile, among these pleiotropism epistatic QTLs, six of them played functions through the ‘single-to-multiple’ QTLs interaction modes, and 16 of them through the ‘single-to-single’ QTLs interaction modes. Thus, these epistatic QTLs not only provided the important selection markers for the molecular genetic improvements of soybean pod and seed traits, but also laid the important foundations for the molecular genetic mechanisms studies of soybean pod and seed related genes in future.

Effects of Paclobutrazol on Stalk Characteristics and Lodging Resistance of Foxtail Millet

YU Bingxing, WANG Hongfu, WANG Zhenhua, ZHANG Peng, CHENG Kai, YU Aili, YAN Haili, YU Bingjie

2021, 23(8):  37-44.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0368

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In order to study the effects of paclobutrazol on stalk traits and panicle neck lodging resistance of foxtail millet, this paper used a randomized block design, 300 mg·L^-1  paclobutrazol were sprayed on foxtail millet leaf at the stage before jointing (A1), jointing stage (A2) and booting stage (A3), which water was used as control (CK). Stalk characters, lodging index, panicle parameters and yield of millet were measured. The results were as followed. ① Compared with CK, the growth and development of millet plants were significantly inhibited. The earlier spraying period was, the more obvious inhibition effect was, and the lower plant height was. ② The plant heights of the two varieties were the minimum in A1 treatment, and the ratio between height of gravitational center and plant height had similar changing trend. The stem diameter of basal internode was increased and reached the maximum value in A1 treatment. With the advance of paclobutrazol spraying period, the decreasing range of internode length was smaller, and the internode diameter was gradually increased with the decrease of internode length, and the stalk plumpness was significantly improved. ③ With the advance of paclobutrazol spraying period, the bending moment and lodging index were increased gradually, the bending force was decreased, and lodging resistance was gradually decreased. All of them were best in A1 treatment. ④ In terms of panicle neck, the water content and bending moment of Nongda 8 had been obviously changed. Among them, the bending moment of panicle neck was the smallest in A1 treatment, while the water content of panicle neck was the lowest in A2 treatment. However, there was no significant change  other indexes except the bending moment of panicle neck of Zhangza 10. Among them, the bending moment of panicle neck reached the minimum in A1 treatment. ⑤ The key components affecting the yield of millet were panicle weight and grain weight of panicle. In A2 treatment, yield was increased significantly. Compared with CK, the yields of Nongda 8 and Zhangza 10 were increased 7.10% and 8.29% higher, respectively. Therefore, the spraying of 300 mg·L^-1  paclobutrazol at the jointing stage could improve the stalk plumpness and enhance the lodging resistance. The effect of increasing yield was the best.

Studies on Pigment Content and Photosyntheic Characteristics of Purple-red Leaf Color Mutant in Radish

PU Quanming, YANG Peng, YONG Lei, DENG Yuchuan, HE Zihan, LIN Bangmin, SHI Songmei, XIANG Chengyong, FANG Fang

2021, 23(8):  45-54.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0788

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Radish is an important vegetable crop. Leaf color mutant of radish is an excellent germplasm for breeding new radish varieties. Leaf color mutant is an ideal material for studying leaf colors, pigment synthesis, regulation mechanism of genetic development. This paper took a radish purple-red leaf mutant mu17 generated by chemical mutagenesis as material, and the wild type Ra9 as CK, and then determined the phenotypic characteristics, photosynthesis, chloroplast ultrastructure, pigment content and expression of related genes. The results showed that: the leaf of mu17 were purple-red in the whole vegetative growth period, and the growth was slow. Compared with Ra9, the stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate and the anthocyanin content of mu17 were significantly increased, but the net photosynthetic rate and the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were significantly decreased. Therefore, it was speculated that the accumulation of anthocyanins and the decrease of chlorophyll content were the main factors resulting in the change of leaf color of mu17, were also the main reason for the decrease of photosynthesis and slow growth of mu17. Further analyses showed that the expression levels of RsCHI, RsCHS, RsF3H and RsMYB3, RsMYB4, RsMYB114, RsbHLH155 in mu17 were significantly difference from those in control Ra9. Therefore, it was speculated that transcription factors RsMYB and RsbHLH could promote the accumulation of anthocyanins in mu17 by regulating the expression levels of RsCHS, RsCHI and RsF3H. This study preliminarily explored the mechanism of leaf color change of radish color leaf from the physiological and molecular levels, which laid a good foundation for fine mapping and cloning of mutant genes, and provided theoretical basis for improving and breeding new radish varieties.

Influences of Water-retaining Agent with Different Doses on Growth and Quality of Bag-type Compound Sape Pepper

CHENG Yunxia§, WU Hui§, LIU Qianjie, SHI Zhenyu, JIA Kai, CHEN Yilin, YU Anwei, SHEN Jinxiu

2021, 23(8):  55-62.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0308

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The water-retaining agent can change the soil structure, enhance the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer and improve the yield and quality of crop. In order to study the effect of water-retaining agent on the growth and quality of bag-shaped compound sape peppers, the pepper cultivar ‘Ruiba 5’ was used as material. Six treatments (0, 0.075, 0.150, 0.225, 0.300, and 0.375 g·L^-1) of water-retaining agent were studied. The growth, physiology, yield and quality of pepper under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that the application of an appropriate amount of water-retaining agent in the cultivation substrate was conducive to reduce the damage caused by stress and increase the yield of pepper by improving plant growth and leaf photosynthetic efficiency, enhancing the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, increasing the contents of free proline, soluble sugar and protein. With the increase of water-retaining agent, the numbers and areas of leaves were decreased, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and the contents of soluble sugar and protein were reduced, the firmness and thickness of fruit were also affected, and the yield was decreased due to the reducing of fruit number. In conclusion, the application of 0.300 g·L^-1 water-retaining agent in the cultivation substrate before pepper planting would promote the growth and development of pepper.

Mineral Element Depositions and Gene Expression Across Different Tissues of the Runzhou White Crested Ducks

BAI Hao, LI Xiaofan, ZHONG Li, SONG Qianqian, LIU Benshuai, ZHANG Xin, ZHANG Yang, WANG Zhixiu, JIANG Yong, XU Qi, CHANG Guobin, CHEN Guohong,

2021, 23(8):  63-73.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0913

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In order to investigate the depositions of several mineral elements and the mRNA expression levels of mineral-related genes in different tissues of Runzhou white crested duck, the contents of Mg, K, Fe, Zn and Se in breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver, skin and tibia at 0, 21, 35, 49 and 63 days of age were measured by atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer. The mRNA expression levels of mineral-related genes were detected by qRT-PCR. The results revealed that the depositions of Mg and K were basically the same in all tissues, showing a significant positive correlation (P<0.05). In  the breast muscle, thigh muscle and liver, the contents of almost all the mineral elements reached the peak value (P<0.05) at 49—63 days of age. The expression levels of Mg-related genes TRPM6 and TRPM7 were the highest at 21 and 49 days of age, respectively (P<0.05); the expression levels of K-related genes ATP1A1 and ATP1B1 were the highest at 49 days of age (P<0.05); the expression of Fe-related gene FTH1 significantly increased (P<0.05) with the change of age, which had the greatest expression at the period of 49—63 days of age (P<0.05); the expression levels of Zn-related genes ATP6 and ATP8 were the highest at 49 and 35 days of age, respectively (P<0.05); the expression levels of Se-related genes GPX1 and GPX4 were the highest at 63 days of age (P<0.05). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the expression level of TRPM7 and the deposition of Mg in liver (r=0.942, P<0.05). Mg and K could be used as joint indicators for the precise breeding of high quality strain of Runzhou white crested duck; 49—63 days of age could be used as the reference of the best marketing age; TRPM7 gene could be used as the key gene for the detection of Mg. The results of this study provided a theoretical basis for breeding index and breeding efficiency of small-sized high quality meat duck.

Effects of Different Concentrations of Indole-3-acetic Acid on the Metabolic Characteristics of Microbial Communities in Periphyton

WU Congmin, MA Lan, WU Yonghong, YU Yuanchun

2021, 23(8):  74-79.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0194

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Periphytic biofilms are important primary producers and decomposers and play an important role in the ecosystem. This study investigated the effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the metabolic characteristics of the periphyton microbial community from the perspective of carbon source utilization. After periphytons were cultured in greenhouse for 20 d, different concentrations of IAA  were applied. Biology ecoplates were used for the quantitative analysis of microbial carbon source utilization characteristics at the community level, the average well color development (AWCD) and multifunctional indexes were determined. The results showed that, with the increase of incubation time, AWCD of the treatments with 25, 50, 100 mg·L^-1 IAA were significantly increased, the utilization abilities to specific carbon source (e.g., carbohydrate) were changed and microbial functional diversity indexes (Shannon index, McIntosh index) were significantly increased. These results suggested that high concentration of IAA could promote the carbon metabolism activity of periphyton, and provide a foundation for intermediate culture of periphyic biofilms.





Effect of Straw Returning on Fertility and Stem Rot of Black Soil with Different Land Fertility

LI Shuang, ZHANG Wei, WANG Li, LI Xiaojun, CUI Juntao

2021, 23(8):  80-90.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0185

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In order to study the effect of fertilizer cultivation and disease prevention and control of soil in different land fertilities, using the field nursery community experiment, the organic fertilizer of different straw dosage was conducted on high, medium and low land fertility black soil, the effects of different treatment on the main fertility indexes of soil were studied, and a preliminary exploration of the occurrence of corn stem decay disease was made in this paper. The results showed that: compared with the amount of straw stubble amount return to the field, the full amount of straw was more conducive to the accumulation of organic carbon and humus contents and the improvement of soil enzyme activity. The organic carbon content of the high land fertility was increased by 9.87% and 19.29% compared with the middle and low land fertilities respectively; the content of humin increased by 11.12%, 11.56%; humic acid was increased by 10.91%, 19.37%; the content of fulvic acid was increased by 11.42%,12.85%; water soluble substance was increased by 4%, 8%; sucrose activity was increased by 1.83% and 6.92%; catalase activity was decreased by 1.78% and 580%; the incidence of corn stem rot  was decreased by 2.3%, 2.79% and disease index was decreased by 23.97%, 20.80%. The effect of straw returning on three kinds of land force fertilization was as follow: high land fertility > medium land fertility > low land fertility; and the incidence and disease index of corn stem rot were as follow: low land fertility > medium land fertility > high land fertility. Pearson correlation analysis and PCA analysis showed that soil fertility indicators were significantly negative correlated with the occurrence of corn stem（P<0.01）rot occurred. Therefore, straw returning to the field could improve the fertility of high, medium and low black soil fertility, and reduce the incidence and damage degree of corn stem rot, and the effect on high land force was more obvious.

Study on Metabolic Difference of Resistance to Black Shot in Tobacco Induced by Trichoderma harzianum

LIU Lijia, XU Zhiqiang, HE Jia, DING Yongle, SUN Jutao

2021, 23(8):  91-105.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0206

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To study the effect of Trichoderma harzianum on the metabolic pathways related to disease resistance of tobacco Phytophthora nicotianae, NC89 was as the test material, and four treatments were set: ① inoculation with clean water (NC89CK), ② inoculation with Phytophthora nicotianae (NC89_P), ③ inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum (NC89_T); ④ inoculation with Phytophthora nicotianae after inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum (NC89_T_P). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC/MS) technology was used to analyze the changes of different metabolic pathways related to disease resistance of different treatments. The result showed Trichoderma harzianum had a good biocontrol effect on Phytophthora nicotianae. The results of metabolomics analysis among all treatments showed that the contents of substances, such as fatty acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylalanine and its secondary metabolites, pantothenic acid and other substances in the metabolic pathway, were significant differences. There were 20 metabolic pathways related to disease resistance. And a number of significantly different metabolites and their enriched metabolic pathways were screened, which laid the foundation for further exploration of the  mechanism of Trichoderma harzianum against Phytophthora nicotianae.

Preparation and Properties of W/O/W Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharide Nanoemulsion Immunopotentiator

SHI Feifei, Cao Jinhua, YU Shenglan, YANG Haifeng

2021, 23(8):  106-113.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0801

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Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides can enhance immunity, and have better effects if they were made into the appropriate dosage. In order to make  stable W/O/W Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide nanoemulsion immunoenhancer by two-step method, the pseudo-ternary phase diagram was used to determine the optimum volume ratio between emulsifier and co-emulsifier, emulsifier-co-emulsifier (Smix) and oil phase in the first step of preparing W/O colostrum. The type and dosage of emulsifier and co-emulsifier for preparing W/O/W Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide nanoemulsion in the second step were determined by particle size and appearance. To identify the type of nanoemulsion, the pH value, particle size distribution and zeta potential were determined, then the microscopic morphology and stability were observed for studying properties of W/O/W Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide nanoemulsion. The results showed that: the optimum volume ratio of W/O colostrum emulsifier to co-emulsifierand Smix to oil phase were 7∶3 and 5∶4, respectively. The optimum emulsifier and co-emulsifier of W/O/W Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide nanoemulsion were HEL-40 and glycerol, and volume ratios were 1∶1 and 2∶1, respectively. The samples made according the two prescriptions (A′ and A″) were W/O/W with spherical appearance and uniform size without adhesion. The average particle sizes were (122.32±2.27) and (153.76±1.32) nm, Zeta potentials were (-1.12±0.21) and (-0.429±0.13) mV, and pH values were 6.3±0.1 and 5.5±0.1, respectively. The above results indicated that W/O/W Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide nanoemulsion had good stability and simple operating method, which had potential application value.

Development Status of Food Science and Technology Based on Bibliometrics and Patent Metrology

DUAN Jun, GAO Zhen

2021, 23(8):  114-126.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0906

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In order to explore the research hotspots and development status, this study sorted out and analyzed the core journal papers and authorized patents in the field of food science and technology at home and abroad based on the bibliometrics methods and patent. The results indicated that this field was developing rapidly, and the number of publications and citations was increasing steadily; the European and American countries represented by the United States and Spain ranked the top in the world in a number of influence indicators. The research and development capabilities in the food field continued to increase in China, and the number of publications issued annually ranks second in the world; however, the frequency of citations and the number of citations per article had still a certain gap compared with the technological powers of Europe and America, and the activity in international cooperation was still relatively low. In addition, food nutrition and health, and food microbiology were hot topics in food scientific research. Lastly, multidisciplinary integration, timely dynamic adjustment of research directions, innovation of core technologies, and various forms of collaborative innovation are the future research trends. This study  would provide an important reference for the layout and planning of technological innovation in the field of food science and technology in China.

Analysis on the Management and Current Situation of Food Allergen Recalls in Australia

WANG Xiaoli, MA Junna

2021, 23(8):  127-135.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0161

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Food with allergen problem is one of the potential threats that can do serious harm to public life and health. Australia, as the country with the higher food allergy rate, has already adopted food allergen recall measures. Therefore, analyzing the management and current situation of food allergen recalls in Australia has a referential significance for guiding the establishment of food allergen recall management system in China. This paper summarized the food allergen recall management system by combing the relevant regulations, guidelines and notices of food allergen recall in Australia, and then analyzed the current situation of food allergen recalls in Australia according to the data on food allergen recalls in Australia from 1998 to April 2020. The food allergen recall management system in Australia combined the design of "top-down" and "bottom-up", forming a closed loop system, but companies’ allergen label management still needed to be improved. Finally, this paper put forward policy suggestions in establishing a relatively independent food allergen management system; clarifying the range of food allergens on the national physique; improving food allergen recall plans and guidelines; constructing feedback mechanism, etc..

Research Status and Prospect of Alkaline Hydrothermal Technology for Livestock Carcasses Disposal

SHANG Bin, TAO Xiuping, DONG Hongmin, CHEN Yongxing, ZHANG Wanqin, YIN Fubin

2021, 23(8):  136-141.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0133

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The harmless disposal of dead livestock and poultry is a problem that must be faced and solved by farms. Alkali-hydrolysis technology is a new innocuous treatment technology for dead livestock and poultry in recent years. The technology has simple operation and high biosafety, which provides a new choice for innocuous treatment of animals infected with epidemic disease or animals with unknown cause of death. However, the alkali hydrolysis technology has not received enough attention in China, and the related research and application are still in the primary stage. This paper summarized the research status of technical parameters, killing effect of pathogenic microorganism, treatment and utilization of alkali-hydrolytic products of dead livestock and poultry treatment at home and abroad. The problems of alkali-hydrolytic technology were pointed out, such as high operating cost, unsuitable treatment and utilization technology of alkali-hydrolytic products, etc., and the research of technological parameters should be enhanced in the future. In order to provide reference for the further development of the alkaline hydrolysis treatment technology of dead livestock and poultry in China, the alkaline hydrolysis technology was further improved and improved from the aspects of automatic control and the utilization of alkaline hydrolysis liquid fertilizer materials.

Effects of Various Acidifiers on Inorganic Nitrogen Forms Transformation in Animal Slurry

LIANG Ying, LIU Senhong, SHEN Yujun, DING Jingtao, MENG Haibo, ZHANG Pengyue

2021, 23(8):  142-153.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0183

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Large amount of ammonia (NH3) would be generated during animal slurry storage, which not only causes air pollution, but also strongly reduces the fertilizer values of animal slurry. An obvious way to minimize NH3 emissions from slurry is to decrease slurry pH by addition of acidifiers. In this study, 11 different acidifiers belonging to 3 groups chemicals of strong acids, salts and easily fermentable organic materials, including concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, alum, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium superphosphate, glucose and sucrose, were used. The unacidified fecal water was used as control group. The pH of pig slurry in all treatments was decreased to 6.0, then the contents of total inorganic nitrogen（TIN）, ammonia nitrogen（NH⁺⁴）, nitrate nitrogen（NO^-3） and NH₃ emission amount in pig slurry were analyzed during 60 d storage period. The results showed that in the process of animal slurry storage, ammonia emission in acidified animal slurry could be effectively reduced and nutrient content in animal slurry after storage could be improved. Compared with CK, TIN and NH+4 contents in acidification treatment were increased by 39.2%~141.6% and 59%~2 592% respectively, and NH₃ emissions were reduced by 19%~80%. Based on the comprehensive acidification effect and economic cost, it was considered that concentrated sulfuric acid, alum and superphosphate were more suitable acidifiers. Their total inorganic nitrogen contents were increased by 517.05%, 1 414.82% and 2 481.34%, respectively; their ammonia nitrogen content were increased by 535.50%, 1 443.79% and 2 591.72%, respectively; and their NH3 emissions were decreased by 48.81%, 71.43% and 65.60%, respectively, with the costs of 0.66, 5.20 and 23.70 yuan·m-3. This study was expected to provide data support for the optimization of acidifying agent for animal slurry, promote the utilization of animal slurry resources, reduce ammonia volatilization in animal slurry, retain nutrient content in animal slurry, and improve ecological and economic benefits

Influences of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rate and Planting Density on the Yield and Rice Quality of Guiyu 11

WU Zishuai, LI Hu, HUANG Qiuyao, CHEN Chuanhua, LUO Qunchang, ZHOU Xinmin, WU Jiaju, LIU Guanglin

2021, 23(8):  154-162.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0102

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In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rate and planting density on the rice yield and quality under the field conditions, Guiyu 11, a high-quality conventional variety, was as experiment material and split-piot experiment was set, which the nitrogen application rates (N) were used as the main plot including 0 (N1), 75 (N2), 150 (N3), 225 (N4) kg·hm^-2 and the planting density (D) was used as split block including 27×10⁴ (D1), 30×10⁴ (D2), 33×10⁴(D3) hills·hm^-2. The traits of yield and quality were measured. The results showed that nitrogen application rate had extremely significant effects on effective panicle number, 1 000-grain weight, yield, head rice rate, chalkiness rate, chalkiness degree and protein content; while planting density had extremely significant effects on effective panicle number, yield, brown rice rate, chalkiness degree and head rice rate; and the interaction of N×D had significant effects on seed-setting rate, chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree. The grains number per panicle, seed setting rate and yield were highest with 150 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen application rate. The effective panicle number and yield were highest with 30×10⁴  hills·hm-2. Under nitrogen-density interaction, the performances of yield and quality under N3D2, N3D1 and N4D2 treatments were not significantly different with the highest values of yield and quality traits. In summary, 150 kg·hm^-2 and 30×10⁴ hills·hm^-2 were recommended as the suitable nitrogen application rate and planting density of Guiyu 11, which provided a theoretical basis for scientifically formulating high-yield, high-efficiency and high-quality cultivation techniques of Guiyu 11.

Effects of One-off Nitrogen Basal Fertilization on Yield of Direct Seeding Conventional Japonica Rice Under Different Panicle Formation Types

WENG Wenan, CHENG Shuang, LI Shaoping, TIAN Jinyu, TAO Yu, HU Qun, HU Yajie, GUO Baowei, WEI Haiyan, XING Zhipeng, ZHANG Hongcheng

2021, 23(8):  163-172.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0156

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In order to study the effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application ratio on the yield of direct-seeding japonica rice under different panicle formation types, Nanjing 9108 was as material, and the different proportion between controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer formula (40 d release period controlled-release N fertilizer: 100 d release period controlled-release N fertilizer=1∶4) and urea were set in the rice-wheat double cropping area of Jiangsu province using split-plot design. Three different basic seeding treatments were as main plots, which investigated the proportion between the main stem and effective panicles at maturity stage to represent three rice populations (stem type, stem and tillers type, and tillers type). The different ratios of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer formula and urea (pure nitrogen ratio of 5∶5, 6∶4 and 7∶3) were subplot. The result showed that it was different between the suitable formula of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and the proportion of one-time base application of urea in direct seeding of Japonica rice under different panicle forming types to get high yield. In the stem type, the effect of base application ratio of controlled-release N fertilizer and urea at 7∶3 was the best, and the grain yield reached 10.0 t·hm^-2; in the stem and tillers type and the tillers type, the ratio of controlled-release N fertilizer and urea at 5∶5 had the best effects, and the grain yield were 9.5 and 9.4 t·hm^-2, respectively. Among the panicle formation types, the yield of treatment 7∶3 in the stem type was the highest, which had significant advantages in terms of population spikelet number, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation at the later growth stage. In conclusion, under different panicle formation types of direct seeding rice, controlled-release N fertilizer with appropriate proportion of base application could increase yield. The appropriate increase of basic seedling should improve the proportion of main stem and effective panicle. The controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer formula with its preponderant ratio of 7∶3 combining with one-time basal nitrogen fertilizer technology would be helpful to reach high yield of direct seeding conventional japonica rice.





Influences of Planting Density on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in New Indica Hybrid Rice Varieties by Bowl-Seedling-Mechanical-Transplanting

JIANG Xuehai, LUO Deqiang, LI Min, JI Guangmei, JIANG Mingjin, LI Lijiang, Li Ganghua, ZHOU Weijia, ZHANG Jiafeng

2021, 23(8):  173-184.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0910

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To further study  the characteristics of nitrogen absorption, utilization, transport and nitrogen use efficiency of new Indica hybrid rice varieties with different grain weight types bred in Southwest China under different density of bowl-seedling-mechanical-transplanting, the representative large grain-weight variety Nei 6 You 107 and the medium grain-weight variety Jingyouhuazhen were selected and transplanted with pot seedling mechanical transplanting LD, MD and HD of 3 constant gradient densities in space configuration of 24 , 16 and 12 cm, and with  hand method  in conventional local planting density as control. The effects of different planting densities on nitrogen uptake, accumulation, translocation, and nitrogen use efficiency of 2 new varieties were studied on the basis of less than the total nitrogen application rate of local custom. The results showed that: compared with the large grain weight variety Nei 6 You 107, the 1 000-grain weight of Jingyouhuazhen was lower, but its effective panicles, grains per spike and seed-setting percentage and grain yield were higher. Meanwhile, there was little difference of nitrogen content rate between the two varieties at the main growth stages, but the plant nitrogen uptake, plant nitrogen uptake at each growth stage and partial factor productivity of Jingyouhuazhen were higher than Nei 6 You 107, and the nitrogen translocation efficiency, nitrogen translocation conversion, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of Jingyouhuazhen were lower than those of Nei 6 You 107. There were significant differences in the yield of different grain-weight varieties under different planting density of bowl seedling mechanical transplanting, and the yield of MD treatment was the highest yield of both varieties. The yield of large grain weight variety Nei 6 You 107 was 15.81%, 4.29% and 29.08% higher than that of LD, HD and CK, respectively. While under MD treatment, and the yield of medium grain weight variety Jingyouhuazhen was 8.78%, 503% and 27.6 % higher than that of LD, HD and CK, respectively. The effects of mechanical transplanting density on nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of the two varieties were basically consistent with different mechanical transplanting densities. There was no significant difference on the nitrogen content at the early growth stage, but it increased significantly with the increase of mechanical transplanting density at the late growth stage. At the early stage, the nitrogen uptake increased with the increase of the transplanting density, but at the late growth stage, the nitrogen uptake was higher under MD treatment, and the nitrogen uptake at the growth stage was HD>MD>LD>CK, with significant difference. The nitrogen translocation of LD treatment was the least, partial factor productivity increased at first and then decreased, while plant nitrogen translocation efficiency, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency and nitrogen harvest index  decreased with the increase of mechanical transplanting density. It was suggested that mechanical transplanting of bowl seedling with 16 cm conducive to nitrogen accumulation different growth stages, increase nitrogen translocation from full heading stage to mature stage, and achieve synergistic improvement of yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Above results was of great significance to the breeding of rice green varieties and cultivation techniques and theories of high efficiency and high yield.

Prediction of the Potential Distributions and Ecological Suitability of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp

ZHANG Xueke, ZHANG Hong, ZHANG Pengfei, QIN Wei, LIU Shoujin, PENG Daiyin, LI Lei

2021, 23(8):  185-192.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0859

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Based on the information of 219 distribution sites of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp and 55 environmental ecological factors, the dominant environmental factors affectting the ecological suitability of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp were screened and the suitable growing areas were divided using the maximum entropy model (Maxent model) and GIS (ArcGIS). The results showed that: Maxent model had high accuracy and reliability (AUC>0.9). So, the suitable ecological parameters of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp predicted by this model were that: precipitation of 54~160 mm in April; precipitation of 94~133 mm in October; the average temperature in November was 3.2~13.2 ℃; precipitation of 119~233 mm in May; the temperature annual range was 25.6~33.7 ℃; standard deviation of seasonal variations in temperature was 71.55~80.17 ℃; the soiltype codes were 11 (calcaric cambisols), 96(fimic anthrosols), 104(leptosols), precipitation of 112~217 mm in June, precipitation of 100~191 mm in September. It was predicted that the most suitable distribution areas of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp were Shaanxi, Hubei, Chongqing, etc., which could provide theoretical basis for the cultivation, utilization, and development of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp.

Dynamics of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen After Biochar Application

ZHU Lixia, CHEN Jutian, XU Siwei, CHEN Rubing, LI Lili

2021, 23(8):  193-200.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0416

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A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of biochar on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen during maize growing season, and the yields of maize were also studied after harvest. Biochar was applied by 0 (BC0), 10 (BC1), 20 (BC2) and 30(BC3) t·hm-2, and each biochar treatment reached same rates of chemical fertilizers. Results showed that soil microbial biomass carbons were generally increased with the increase of biochar application rates compared with the control in each soil layer. Compared with BC0, soil microbial biomass carbon in BC3 before planting were significantly increased 103.2%, 91.8% and 158.5% in 0—10, 10—20 and 20—30 cm soil layers, respectively. Soil microbial biomass nitrogen and the ratio of microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen were changed during the maize growing season. In addition, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were low before maize plating and reached a peak at the jointing stage, then decreased slowly and remained stable. The increase of microbial quotient in BC3 reached 59.5% before planting, while no significant effects  on microbial quotient were observed at other growing stages. The yields of maize were increased with increasing biochar rate, the increases of yield in BC2 and BC3 reached 11.2% and 14.1%. In summary, the application of biochar in the soil could generally increase soil microbial biomass, improve soil fertility and crop yield. The present research provided a  scientific basis for rational application of biochar in this studied area.