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    15 January 2024, Volume 26 Issue 1
    AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM
    Chinese Consumers’ Perceptions and Behavioural Choices of Livestock Product Quality and Safety Research and Prospects
    Kaishuang WEI, Xiangfei XIN, Jimin WANG
    2024, 26(1):  1-8.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0272
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    Understanding consumers’ perceptions and choices about the quality and safety of livestock products is of great significance to effectively convey quality and safety information from the supply side, deepen the supply-side structural reform of the livestock industry and promote its development. Based on a systematic review of relevant progress, this paper summarized consumers’ concerns, understanding, preference, evaluation, willingness to pay, and purchasing behavior to the quality and safety of livestock products. The analysis indicated that Chinese consumers had a high level of concern for the quality and safety of livestock products, but a low level of understanding, and their evaluation on the quality and safety of livestock products was not optimistic. Although consumers were willing to pay a premium for high quality and safety livestock products, there was a deviation between the needs and preferences of consumers and their actual behavioural choices. Consumers’ socio-demographic characteristics, as well as their perception and evaluation on the quality and safety of livestock products and their trust in the agricultural certification system, were important factors influencing consumers’ willingness to pay and their behavioural choices. This paper also pointed out that with China entering a new era of socialism, there had been significant changes in the consumption environment and demands. In recent years, there had been a relative lack of research into consumers’ perceptions and behavioural choices about the quality and safety of livestock products, requiring new research and judgement to provide support for government to manage and guide industry production and consumption, as well as supply-side operators to correctly understand and match consumer preferences.

    Effects of African Swine Fever on Pig Industry in Southeast Asia and Its Enlightenment
    Ting LIN, Pengcheng LI, Hua PU, Zengyong ZHU
    2024, 26(1):  9-17.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0809
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    The outbreak and continuous spread of African swine fever (ASF) since 2019 has caused serious losses to the Asian pig industry, the effective prevention and control of ASF is directly related to the stability of the pig industry. This paper evaluated the effects of ASF prevention and control measures, industrial support policies, and market regulations and proposes the recommendations for the optimizing the policies and measure of ASF control and pig industry stabilization in China by analyzing the situation of ASF in Southeast Asia, the causes of the outbreak, and the impact on the pig industry and market in Vietnam and the Philippines, the 2 biggest pig producers in the region. The results showed that the key factors contributing to the outbreak and ongoing spread of ASF in Vietnam and the Philippines were the challenge on the industry management for low scale, low biosecurity awareness, and transportation of large amounts of live pigs. Following the outbreak of ASF, the significant decreased in pork output, the sharp falled and rised of live pig prices, and the significant increased in pork imports as well as the significant transformation of pig industry chain were observed in both countries. By the reference of the prevention and control experiences of the two countries, China should increase the support on the small and medium-sized pig farms for the prevention and control of ASF to encourage their upgrading towards for modernization, accelerate the development of production scale level and organization level, improve the effect of epidemic prevention and control, strengthen the rural veterinary service system for the ability to prevent and control the major animal diseases, optimize the starting mechanism of governmental frozen pork storage to improve the effect of market intervention.

    BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE
    Improvement of Heterologous Protein Secretion and Folding Pathways of Pichia pastoris
    Zequn LU, Ning LIU, Honglian ZHANG, Yuan WANG, Huoqing HUANG
    2024, 26(1):  18-27.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0160
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    Most of the active proteins and industrial enzymes commonly used in industry, agriculture and medicine are obtained through heterologous expression systems. Pichia pastoris is one of the excellent hosts for expressing heterologous proteins. This expression system has the advantages including good genetic stability, high protein expression and secretory level, post-translational modification system, and low cost etc. However, excessive aggregation of heterologous proteins usually leads to incorrect fold and ineffective secretion of the target proteins, thus decling protein expression level. This paper reviewed the progress in the study on exogenous protein expression in Pichia pastoris by engineering the secretion and folding pathways such as signal peptide optimization, chaperone optimization and fusion protein expression.

    Identification of SOD Family Genes in Chenopodium quinoa and Their Response to Mixed Saline-alkali Stress
    Yurong DENG, Lian HAN, Jinlong WANG, Xinghan WEI, Xudong WANG, Ying ZHAO, Xiaohong WEI, Chaozhou LI
    2024, 26(1):  28-39.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0558
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    Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key enzyme in the antioxidant system of plants and plays a critical role in protecting plants from various biological and abiotic stresses. In this paper, using bioinformatics methods, 12 SOD genes were identified in quinoa by sequence alignment based on Arabidopsis SOD, which localized in the nucleus, microsomes and mitochondria, and distributed heterogeneously on 11 different chromosomes, and the tertiary structure of their encoded proteins showed that Cu/Zn-SODs were homodimers with Fe-SODs and Mn-SODs were homotetramers.The intron/exon distribution patterns of the CqSOD genes were different, with the number of introns ranging from 4 to 7, and the conserved motifs differing significantly. The phylogenetic relationships showed that the SOD proteins could be divided into 3 subfamilies: Cu/Zn-SODs, Fe-SODs and Mn-SODs. In addition, all CqFe-SODs and CqMn-SODs promoter regions contained abscisic acid(ABA)-responsive cis-elements, and CqSOD12 interacted with 11 CqSOD proteins and 4 CqCAT proteins. Expression profiling showed that the 12 CqSOD genes were strongly responsive to both mixed saline-alkali and nitroprusside. Above results laid the foundation for research on the role and molecular mechanism of SOD genes in plant development and stress response.

    Photosynthetic and Physiological Characteristics of Gossypium hirsutum L. × Gossypium barbadense L. Backross Populations in Full Boll Stage
    Shengmei LI, Bo PANG, Shiwei GENG, Wu SONG, Hongmei LI, Maosen MA, Ru ZHANG, Xinyan WANG, Wenwei GAO
    2024, 26(1):  40-51.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0343
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    In order to explore the photosynthetic characteristics and physiological basis of G. hirsutum × G. barbadense backcross cotton in the full boll stage, and to screen out light-efficiency germplasm resources in the progeny of island-upland hybrid cotton,taking upland cotton ‘Line 9’ as the female parent and sea island cotton ‘Xinhai 16’ as the male parent, the BC4F2:4 population consisting of 115 lines was constructed as the research object, and the photosynthetic and physiological traits under field conditions were measured to evaluate the breeding potential of progeny lines with the method of descriptive statistical, correlation, regression, principal component and cluster analyses. The results showed that 15 photosynthetic physiological traits had rich variation, with a coefficient of variation ranging from 8.96% to 51.09%, among which 9 traits with coefficients of variation of 20% or more including net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, water-use efficiency, intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, water vapor pressure deficit, malondialdehyde, soluble protein, and superoxide dismutase. Correlation analysis revealed that there was not only a significant internal correlation, but also a significant correlation between photosynthetic and physiological indicators, and soil and plant analyzer develotrnent (SPAD) significantly correlated with all 14 traits. Multiple stepwise regression analysis constructed the optimal regression equations for 10 photosynthetic physiological traits. By principal component analysis, 5 principal components were extracted and the cumulative contribution rate reached to 78.608%. Principal component 1(PC1)and PC4 were the effective basis for explaining the physiological indicators of the group, PC2, PC3 and PC5 were the effective basis for explaining group photosynthetic traits. The Ward.D hierarchical clustering method divided the population into 4 categories and the percentage of the groupⅠ、groupⅡ、group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ to the total materials were 33.91%, 10.43%, 29.57% and 26.09%, and the 30 materials of the group Ⅳ had good comprehensive traits cotton, which could be used as high light-efficiency lines suitable for breeding needs. The results of the study provided a theoretical basis and material support for high light-efficiency breeding of cotton.

    Effects of Different Iron Environments on the Growth and Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Blueberry
    Shengyan YANG, Man CAO, Baoshi GUO, Chao YANG, Zhixia HOU
    2024, 26(1):  52-62.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0490
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    Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element for plants, which is involved in photosynthesis and affected many important life activities of Vaccinium spp.. In order to explore the influence of Fe on the important life activities of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), the blueberry ‘Legacy’ was used as the material, and 3 Fe environments were set: normal iron (Na-Fe-EDTA), insoluble iron only (Fe2O3) and iron deficiency (without any iron element) . The relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value), chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of blueberry were analyzed. The results showed that in 2 stress environments of insoluble iron and iron deficiency, the growth indicators, photosynthetic pigment content and SPAD were significantly lower than those under normal iron environment (P<0.05) , while the number, growth amount, ground diameter, leaf area and leaf photosynthetic pigment content of basal branches of blueberry under insoluble iron environment were significantly lower than those in iron-deficient environment (P<0.05). The actual photosynthetic efficiency of leaf PSⅡ under normal iron stress were higher than those under insoluble iron and iron deficiency, while the degree of photoinhibition were significantly lower than those under iron stress and iron deficiency. Leaves of seedlings were damaged and photosynthetic capacity of leaves was weakened in iron-insoluble and iron-deficient environments. The photosystem center conversion efficiency was more unstable in iron-insoluble environments than in iron-deficient environments, and blueberry leaves were the most photoinhibited. Leaf area, biomass per plant and growth of basal shoots were significantly correlated with chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (P<0.01), and photosynthetic pigment content of leaves was significantly positively correlated with SPAD value (P<0.01), but there was no significant correlation between photosynthetic pigment and SPAD and fluorescence parameters (P>0.01). In conclusion, insoluble iron, iron deficiency environment made blueberry growth inhibition and resulted in a decreased leaf chlorophyll content, leaf PSⅡ stress environment reaction center absorption and conversion of light energy was abated, electron transfer and photosynthetic efficiency was lower, which provided reference for deep mining for blueberries in iron nutrient reasonable use way.

    Correlation AnalysisBetweenFruit Formation and Endogenous Hormone Contents in Glehnia littoralis
    Ningning LU, Linyun CHEN, Taixin YANG, Shulin YANG, Guoku LIU
    2024, 26(1):  63-69.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0528
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    In order to clarify fruits formation period of Glehnia littoralis and the dynamic changes of 4 endogenous hormone contents, and analyze the correlation between fruit formation and endogenous hormone content, the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (ZT), gibberellin a3 (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) in fruits of Glehnia littoralis were determined by high performance liquid chromatography at different developmental stages. The results showed that the fruits formation of Glehnia littoralis could be divided into 3 stages including milky ripeness stage, middle maturity stage and full-ripe stage. during the development of fruit, the longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of fruit showed change trend with fast-slow-fast, and the water content increased first and then decreased, and the 100-grain weight significantly increased with reaching 2.66 g at maturity stage. The contents of ZT and IAA showed trend of increasing-decreasing-increasing-decreasing, and the content of GA3 showed a decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend. At the end of fruit mature period, ABA was detected, which the content was 46.02 ng·g-1. The correlation analysis showed that the content of ZT significantly positively correlated with fruit transverse diameter and negatively correlated with fruit shape index, while the correlations between other traits were not significant. The above results preliminarily revealed the changes of each trait during fruit formation and the correlation among these traits, which provided a theoretical basis for hormone regulation of fruit formation and improvement of grain weight.

    Effects of Phosphorus Recovery on Photosynthetic Pigments and Some Antioxidant Enzymes Activities of Phosphorus Starved Microcystis aeruginosa
    Yingxuan JIA, Shulin ZHANG, Dajuan ZHANG, Wei DAI, Xiangdong BI
    2024, 26(1):  70-77.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0561
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    In order to explore the effects of phosphorus starvation and phosphorus recovery on the physiological indexes of Microcystis aeruginosa, its cells were treated with phosphorus starvation for 7 d and then phosphorus recovery was carried out. The cell density, the contents of chlorophyll a (chl-a), carotenoids, phycocyanin (PC), allophycocyanin (APC), phycoerythrin (PE), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined. The results showed that the density of M.aeruginosa was 2.54×107 cell·mL-1, significantly lower than that of the control group (3.11×107 cell·mL-1). After 144 h of phosphorus recovery, the algae density in the treatment group was 4.05×107 cell·mL-1, significantly lower than that of the control group (4.32×107 cell·mL-1). The contents of chl-a, carotenoids and PC, APC, PE showed a trend of gradual increase, which were 5.96、1.44 μg·mL-1 and 0.031, 0.02, 0.065 mg·L-1 at 144 h. The contents of MDA, H2O2 and the activity of SOD all increased first and then decreased, and reached the maximum value at 48 h, which increased by 36.2%, 47.7% and 51.1%, respectively, compared with the control group. In conclusion, the cell density and the contents of Chla, carotenoid, phycobiliprotein of M. aeruginosa increased after phosphorus recovery, but it was difficult to recover to control level. The changes of MDA, H2O2 contents and SOD activity indicated that M.aeruginosa cells were damaged by oxidation and the cell membrane system was damaged by phosphorus starvation and phosphorus recovery

    Explore of Molecular Mechanism on Fungal Elicitors Regulating Shikonin Synthesis
    Xiangwu LI, Ziyang LIU, Yujun XU, Jianbo ZHU, Yanmin WU
    2024, 26(1):  78-88.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0622
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    To explore the molecular mechanism of fungal elicitors regulating shikonin synthesis, RNA sequencing and analysis were performed on the roots of Arnebia euchroma sterile seedlings after bio-induction by elicitors prepared from Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the Fusarium oxysporum experimental group differentially expressed 1 735 genes; the Rhizoctonia solani experimental group differentially expressed 1 043 genes. GO (gene ontology) analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes of 2 experimental groups were mainly enriched in cellular processes in biological processes, membrane in cellular components, and catalytic activity in molecular functions. KEGG (kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) analysis revealed that 2 experimental groups were enriched in a large number of differentially expressed genes in the pathways of plant-pathogen interaction, phytohormone signaling pathways and phenylpropanoid synthesis. The same transcription factors were differentially expressed in 2 experimental groups, mainly including bHLH, AP2/ERF-ERF and LOB. The expression of AeGHQH, AeDSH1, AeAP, AePAL, AeDI2, AePGT, AeHMGR and AeG10H genes, which were involved in the synthesis and positive regulation of shikonin, were found to be up-regulated in 2 experimental groups, with more significant up-regulation in the Fusarium oxysporum experimental group. Above results elaborated the response mechanism of Arnebia euchroma in the biological induction of fungal elicitors at the molecular level, which laid a theoretical foundation for the future application of fungal elicitors in the cultivation and production of Arnebia euchroma.

    INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
    Diagnosis of Crop Disease Based on Multi-task Learning
    Guo ZHENG, Yusong JIANG
    2024, 26(1):  89-98.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0650
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    In order to judge the severity of crop diseases quickly and accurately, a novel online remote diagnosis method was proposed based on multi-task learning in this paper. The classic model MobileNetV3 was improved by introducing convolutional block attention module and feature pyramid module to boost the performance of the recognition of crops, diseases and pests, and disease levels. Besides, some data augment methods were adopted to extend the small samples. The performance of the improved model and other image recognition models in the identification of crop disease was tested, and the performance of different models with and without data enhancement processing was explored. The results showed that the mean average precision of proposed method on such 3 tasks was more than that of the original model by 1.38, 2.24 and 2.03 percentage points, respectively, and the average recall of proposed method on such 3 tasks was more than that of the original model by 2.38, 1.62 and 1.18 percentage points, respectively. The proposed method outperformed the state-of-the-art methods, such as MobileNetV3, InceptionV3 and YOLOv7.

    Assessment of Carbon Sink Potential of Arbor Forests Based on DBH Growth Rate Model for Standing Trees
    Wenxu JI, Zhongke FENG, Hanyue ZHANG, Yuan WANG
    2024, 26(1):  99-109.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0815
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    The growth of trees generates a huge carbon sink, which is of great significance in alleviating environmental problems such as global warming caused by carbon emissions. To accurately assess the carbon sink of forests, a model of the annual growth rate of tree diameter at breast height (DBH) in 4 forms for 13 main tree species (groups) in Beijing was established based on the data from the 6th to 9th National Forest Inventory. This model predicted the future trend of DBH changes, thereby provided a computational basis for calculating carbon storage using the continuous function method of biomass conversion factors. Ultimately, it estimated the carbon storage and carbon density of deciduous forests in Beijing by 2050. The results showed that: 8 of the tree species (groups) had a DBH annual growth rate model R2 greater than 0.900, with the highest R2 of 0.960 for linden; except willow and Fraxinus mandshurica/Juglans mandshurica/Phellodendron amurense the RMSE of 11 tree species (groups) was less than 0.5 cm; except for poplars, other hard broad-leaved forests and elms, Bias was less than 1.0 cm. The overall R2 in the validation of DBH prediction accuracy was high, with the highest for black locusts (0.951) and the lowest for other hard broad-leaved forests (0.766). It was predicted the carbon stock of arbor forests in Beijing in 2050 was 42.71 TgC, and the carbon density is 43.35 MgC·hm-2. The study found that the tree growth simulation method based on the annual growth rate at breast height model could effectively improve the overall accuracy of future carbon sink potential assessment of tree forests in Beijing, which could provide a theoretical basis for formulating greenhouse gas reduction policies and achieving the 2060 carbon neutrality target.

    Ramie Yield SSA-BP Prediction Model Based on Climate Variables
    Hui WANG, Hongyu FU, Yunkai YUE, Guoxian CUI, Wei SHE
    2024, 26(1):  110-118.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0557
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    The yield of ramie has a high correlation with the climate factors during the growth period, and the final yield can be effectively and accurately predicted by constructing a ramie yield prediction model based on climate variables. The BP neural network has strong data analysis capabilities and is widely used in crop yield prediction modeling. However, traditional BP neural networks have problems such as low accuracy and poor robustness. The sparrow search algorithm (SSA) can be used to optimize the BP neural network model. Based on the fiber yield, fresh skin yield and climate data collected in ramie long-term positioning experiment from 2010 to 2019, this study analyzed the changing trend of climate factors in 10 years and their impacts on the perennial ramie yield by comparing the performance of BP neural network model and the optimized SSA-BP neural network model in predicting ramie yield to determine the best prediction model. It showed that there were extremely significant correlations between the yield of ramie and 4 meteorological factors including the seasonal average temperature, the average seasonal extreme maximum temperature, the seasonal extreme minimum temperature, and the seasonal average sunshine hours, among which the ramie yield had the highest correlation with the seasonal average temperature. SSA algorithm could effectively optimize the BP neural network. R2 of the ramie fiber yield prediction model and fresh skin yield prediction model based on SSA-BP were 0.591 3 and 0.679 1, respectively, which were higher than that of the ramie fiber yield prediction model (R2=0.405 7) and fresh skin yield prediction model (R2=0.551 8). Therefore, the SSA-BP model could predict ramie yield more scientifically and reasonably, which was of great guiding significance for field management and overall plan of ramie production.

    ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
    Screening of Combination of Flumetralin and Fungicide to Control Cotton Fusarium wilt
    Deyou ZHENG, Dongyun ZUO, Qiaolian WANG, Limin LYU, Hailiang CHENG, Aixing GU, Guoli SONG
    2024, 26(1):  119-124.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0884
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    In order to screen the combination of flutenide and fungicide for effective controling of cotton Fusarium wilt and determine the optimal ratio of agents, Fusarium oxysporum, the pathogen causing cotton wilt, was taken as the research object, the growth rate method was used to measure the indoor toxicity of fungicide, Wadley’s synergistic ratio method was used to evaluate the synergistic effect of the compounds, and the indoor pot experiment was conducted to verify the effect of the compounds on cotton Fusarium wilt. The results showed that the effective inhibitory medium concentration (EC50) of flufluenil, pyrimethil, Bacillus subtilis and flutamide were 0.219, 0.725, 6.013 and 55.971 mg·L-1, respectively. Compound of flufenamide and fluoxonitrile showed synergistic effect when the compound ratio was 10∶1. The compound of flutenediamine and Bacillus subtilis showed synergic effects when the compound ratio was 10∶1, 3∶1, 1∶2 and 1∶3, and the synergic effect was the highest when the ratio was 1∶2. While the compound of flutamide and pyrimethanil showed no synergistic effect. Pot experiments showed that the disease index was the lowest when flutenediamine was mixed with Bacillus subtilis with the ratio of 1∶2, and the control effect was 77.11%, which was significantly better than other combinations. In conclusion, the combination between flutamide and Bacillus subtilis with the ratio of 1∶2 could be used for preventing cotton Fusarium wilt. Above results provided technical guidance for prevention and control of cotton Fusarium wilt.

    Activity Determination of 4 Glycosyltransferases and Protein Interaction Analysis of Erwinia beijingensis
    Xiaoning CHANG, Jinying GUO, Chengbo RONG, Tongtong GU, Yu LIU
    2024, 26(1):  125-132.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0736
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    Erwinia beijingensis can cause the bacterial soft rot disease of Pleurotus eryngii. In order to clarify the function of glycosyltransferase in E. beijingensis, a recombinant expression vector was constructed to express and purify the glycosyltransferase in this pathogen. The protein activity was measured, and the interactions between proteins were analyzed. The results showed that the prokaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed, 4 soluble proteins were obtained, and MshA, WbnH2, EpsH and TuaG proteins were purified by affinity chromatography column. The activity assay showed that four proteins preferentially used UDP galactose. GST pull down results confirmed that WbnH2 and TuaG proteins interacted with MshA and EpsH proteins in vitro, respectively. Above results laid a foundation for the subsequent study on the function of the glycosyltransferase gene in E. beijingensis.

    Soil Microbial Diversity in the Rhizosphere of Lycium barbarum Infected with Root Rot Disease in the Qaidam Region
    Taijun FANG, Lu HOU, Luchao BAI
    2024, 26(1):  133-139.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0530
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    To understand the structure and diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in root tissues and rhizosphere soil of Lycium barbarum plants infested with root rot, root tissues and rhizosphere soil samples of Lycium barbarum infested with root rot in Qaidam region were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that bacterial species were slightly more abundant in soil than that in root tissue, and fungal diversity and abundance were not significantly different between soil and root tissue samples. At phylum level, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes had higher abundance in bacterial communities, and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota had higher abundance in fungal communities. At genus level, Pseudomonas was dominated in bacteria, and Cladosporium and Mortierella were dominated in fungi. The correlation analysis showed that bacteria were more different between root tissue and soil samples, and fungi were better correlated in root tissue and soil samples. Both Cladosporium and Mortierella were significantly upregulated in the root system and soil, which assumed to be associated with the pathogenesis of root rot of Lycium barbarum.

    FOOD QUALITY & PROCESSING AND STORAGE
    Optimization of Processing Technology and Analysis of Aroma Components of Tomato Flavored Puffed Shrimp Slices
    Lei JI, Hongyan LI, Ying WANG, Xiaodong JIANG, Tianhong LIU, Xiao LI, Yuanqin SUN, Hongjun LIU
    2024, 26(1):  140-153.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0845
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    In order to study the optimum processing conditions of puffed shrimp slices,cassava starch and Penaeusvannamei were used as raw materials. The effects of cooking time, aging time, slice thickness, drying time and frying temperature on the expansion degree and sensory score of the products were studied by single factor test and response surface test. The results showed that optimal processing technology of puffed shrimp slices was determined as follows: cooking time for 33.82 min, aging at 4 ℃ for 24.72 h, sliced into 1~2 mm slices, air dried at 60 ℃ for 4.95 h, and fried at 180 ℃. Under these conditions, the puffed shrimp slices were crispy and delicious, with strong salty taste, good puffing effect, high protein content and reasonable oil content. The sensory analysis of flavor profile showed that the flavor of puffed shrimp slices was evaluated well, with high scores of crispness and fat aroma, moderate sweetness, but slightly greasy, and there was still room for improvement in oil control. Scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed that before frying, the gap, pore volume and pore diameter of shrimp slices were large, so the fried products were crisp and delicious. 21 kinds of flavor compounds in potato chips before frying and 20 kinds after frying were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result of scanning electron microscopy showed that before frying, the relative content of terpenes, alcohols and aldehydes accounted for a large proportion of the total aroma components, while after frying, the relative content of acids, esters and aldehydes accounted for a large proportion of the total aroma components. The above results provided an experimental and theoretical basis for the industrial application of puffed shrimp slices.

    Thermophysical Properties and Tempering Rate of Tuna Under Different Brining Conditions
    Haoran QIU, Yuqian ZHENG, Xiangqing CHEN, Yang JIAO
    2024, 26(1):  154-162.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0630
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    Brining is of great significant for extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of aquatic products, but the freezing and thawing process of brined aquatic products needs to be explored based on changes in the thermal properties of the raw materials. Yellow-fin tuna slices were immersed in NaCl solutions with mass volume fractions of 0.00% (CK), 1.44%, 2.88%, 5.75%, and 11.50% for a duration of 2 h to study the effects of brining on the density, specific heat capacity under different temperatures, and refrigerated tempering and radio frequency (RF) tempering were used to thaw brined tuna. Additionally, both conventional refrigerated and radio frequency (RF) tempering methods were employed. The results showed that with the mass fraction of salt in the brine solution increasing, the density of the fish firstly decreased and then increased, while specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity gradually decreased, and the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor increased progressively. The tempering rates of both refrigerated and RF tempering decreased with the increasing of salt levels in the brine solution, with RF tempering significantly outpacing refrigerated tempering in terms of speed. Refrigerated brining exhibited superior uniformity compared to RF tempering, although the uniformity of RF tempering improved as the salt level in the brine solution increased. These findings laid foundation for exploring RF tempering processes of brined yellow-fin tuna, and was helpful for improving uniformity and enhancing tempering quality in further.

    BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY
    Effect of Comprehensive Management Measures on Productivity of Medium and Low Yield Farmland in Coastal Saline Areas
    Yunhong WANG, Qi MIAO, Junchao LI, Hongye WANG, Jishi ZHANG, Zhenling CUI
    2024, 26(1):  163-172.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0565
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    Exploring the intensive planting scheme to improve the agricultural productivity of coastal salinized farmland, the field positioning trial conducted in Kenli district, Shandong province was carried out since 2015, and 4 treatments were set up by considering fertilizer application amount, fertilizer application period, planting density, soil amendment and other measures including farmer’s practice (FP), improved soil management (ISM), improved crops management (ICM), integrated soil crop management (ISCM). Track the population dynamic changes in the key growth period of wheat, analyzed the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient absorption of wheat and maize during harvest, investigated the changes of wheat and maize yield and yield components, and compared the net income of crop production, soil sodium removal rate and sodium adsorption ratio in the 0—20 cm soil layer after harvest. The results showed that compared with FP treatment, ISM significantly increased the number of ears during wheat and maize harvest, resulting in a 25.2% and 10.0% increase in yield, and a 7.8% increase in net income, respectively. In addition, the soil sodium removal rate of ISM treatment reached 78.6%. The ICM treatment significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of wheat and maize, with a yield increase of 17.8% and 10.7%, respectively, compared to the FP treatment, and the net income increase of 19.3% . The ISCM treatment obtained the highest wheat yield of 11.96 and 10.83 t·hm-2, respectively, the net income increased by 20.8% compared to the FP treatment, and the soil sodium removal rate reached 82.9%. The ISM treatment could significantly reduce the sodium ion content of salinized soil, improve the nutrient absorption capacity of wheat and maize, and increase yield. Although the yield increase effect of ICM treatment was lower than that of ISM treatment, lower input cost could obtain higher net benefit. On the whole, the ISCM treatment could simultaneously achieve soil quality improvement, crop yield increase and economic benefits, which was the optimal management practice scheme under the conditions of this study. This research result could provide technical and theoretical support and demonstration models for improving the production capacity of medium to low yield fields in the region.

    Effects of Sowing Methods on Yield, Dry Matter and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat in Dryland
    Yanfei FANG, Xiaoying LUO, Jianghua TANG, Tingting SUN, Luzhen WANG, Tian TANG, Wenxiu XU
    2024, 26(1):  173-181.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0718
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    In order to improve the yield and water use efficiency of spring wheat in dryland in Xinjiang, a single factor randomized block experiment design was used to select the appropriate sowing methods. 3 sowing methods were set up including traditional flat planting (T1), ridge and furrow planting (T2), ridge and film furrow planting (T3). Soil water content, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter and yield of dryland spring wheat under different sowing methods were determined. And soil water storage, water consumption and water use efficiency were calculated. The results showed that, before heading stage, T2 and T3 treatments could significantly promote the increase of LAI and dry matter mass, and after heading stage, T3 treatment was more beneficial to improve LAI and dry matter mass of dryland spring wheat than T2 and T1 treatments. At the same time, T3 treatment could significantly increase soil water content and water storage in 0-80 cm soil layer at jointing stage, which were significantly increased by 32.09%, 34.64% and 38.20%, 38.85%, respectively, compared with T2 and T1 treatments. T3 treatment reduced soil water consumption at sowing-jointing stage, but increased soil water consumption at jointing stage and harvest stage, which was beneficial to plant growth and development at middle and later stages. T3 treatment could increase the effective panicle number, grain number per panicle, grain yield, water use efficiency and precipitation use efficiency of wheat, and the highest yield was 2 474.43 kg·hm-2, which was significantly increased by 50.13% and 50.47%, and water utilization and precipitation utilization were also significantly increased by 48.99%, 51.02% and 49.41%, 50.15%,compared with T1 and T2 treatments, respectively. Therefore, furrow planting with ridging and film mulching was beneficial to increase wheat yield and efficient water utilization, which could provide theoretical basis and technical reference for water storage and high yield and efficiency of spring wheat in dryland in Xinjiang.

    Characteristics of Soil Physicochemical Properties of Plant Protection System for Salt Lake in Semi-arid Wind-sand Grassland Area
    Jingjie GUO, Xiaomeng REN, Zhongju MENG, Tao WANG, Shuai QI, Jiajia SONG, Baomengkenashun, Shengli HAN
    2024, 26(1):  182-192.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0674
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    In order to investigate the effect of plant protection measures on the improvement of the soil in semi-arid wind-sand grassland area, the plant protection system of Chagannur Salt Lake was used as the research object, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil in different areas were measured by the method of field investigation combined with indoor experiment, and the changes of soil salinity, soil pH, soil particle size composition, soil organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in 0-30 cm depth were analyzed. The results showed that,20 years after the construction of the plant protection system in Chagannur Salt Lake, the initial highly saline and alkaline soil environment had changed significantly under the synergistic effect of the protection zone to block wind erosion materials and plants to improve the soil. Compared with the dried lake center, the pH of each site in the plant protection system decreased to different degrees, and the soil salinity in the alkaline shield decreased by 75.34%; the clay and powder content of the soil in the alkaline shield increased significantly, increasing by 51.60% and 22.14% respectively compared with the dried lake center, and the coarse sand content decreased by 72.06% compared with the dried lake center.The contents of quick-acting potassium, quick-acting phosphorus and organic matter of the soil in the alkaline shield were the highest, which were 86%, 39% and 55% of the dry lake center, respectively. The quick-acting nitrogen content of white thorn bushes in the transition zone was the highest, which was 28% of the dry lake center. Overall each nutrient content showed a significant correlation (P<0.05) with clay and powder grains. After 20 years of construction, the content of quick-acting potassium, quick-acting phosphorus and organic matter of the soil in the alkali plant protection zone had increased significantly compared with that at the beginning of the construction period, indicating that the plant protection system has a significant improvement effect on the soil. The research results could provide data support for the evaluation of the protective effect of the plant protection system in the salt lake, and could provide scientific basis for the control of wind erosion and regional vegetation restoration and reconstruction of the dry salt lake in the semi-arid sandy steppe area.

    Effects of Different Land Use Types on Soil Cellulase Activity and Fertility Factors
    Ting ZENG, Meng HOU, Yao WANG, Bo PENG, Boyu TANG, Xiaorui ZHAO, Yueyu SUI, Xiaoguang JIAO
    2024, 26(1):  193-200.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1046
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    To reveal the effect of different land use types on soil cellulase activity (SCA) and soil fertility factors, and clarify the relationship between soil chemical factors and SCA. In Hailun City, Heilongjiang Province, the soils from dry land and forest land were as the research object, and path analysis method was used to clarify the positive and negative effects of soil chemical factors on SCA. The results showed that the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, water content and SCA of forest land were significantly higher than those of dry land, while the pH of dry land was significantly higher than that of forest land. The correlation analysis showed that there was significant negative correlations between SCA and organic carbon, total nitrogen in dry land, and there was extremely significantly positive correlation between SCA and organic carbon, water content, and significant positive correlation between SCA and TN in forest land. Path analysis showed that pH, total nitrogen and water content were important factors that had significant and direct effects on SCA in dry land, while organic carbon and total nitrogen had indirect negative effects on SCA. Organic carbon and total nitrogen were the main controlling factors of SCA in forest land. The soil fertility factors and SCA were obviously difference between dry land and forest land. The nutrient level and SCA of dry land soil were lower than those of forest land, which indicated that there was long-term and intensive human use of dry land in this region, leading to the degradation of the nutrient status of dry land and the reduction of water content.

    Effect of Different Frame Type on Aroma Components and Berry Quality of ‘Nantaihutezao’
    Haijun ZHANG, Juan ZHANG, Yinan JIA, Jianglong WANG, Li FENG
    2024, 26(1):  201-213.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1019
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    In order to investigate the effect of the different frame type on the aroma components and the sensory quality of a grape cultivar ‘Nantaihutezao’,the 6-year-old ‘Nantaihutezao’ grape was cultivated by sloping trellis and ‘厂’ type (CK)in the greenhouse, and the fruit characters and volatile aroma of the different fruiting parts(the front part of inclined trellis, C1;the middle of inclined trellis,C2;the rear of inclined trellis,C3) with the different frame types were evaluated. The aroma compounds were determined for the ripe berries in ‘Nantaihutezao’ using FlavourSpec? analyzer(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometre,GC-IMS), a series of physical and chemical indexes were determined, the aroma compounds and the berries quality were evaluated. The results showed that, compared with other bearing parts of the trellis and CK, the fruit branch base diameter of ‘Nantaihutezao’ cultivated by inclined trellis increased successively from front part of inclined trellis (C1), and the sugar to acid ratio of C1 was suitable,the anthocyanin content of C1 was 438.69 mg·L-1, which was 21.4%, 108.1% and 8.9% higher than that of C2, C3 and CK, respectively. The total amount of esters, alcohols and aldehydes in each bearing part of the scaffold were higher than CK, and the ester aroma of C1 was the highest, reaching 4 944.24 μg·L-1, which was 1.5%, 21.9% and 37.9% higher than that of C2, C3 and CK, respectively;the alcohols value of C1 was the highest, reaching 15 930.07 μg·L-1, which was increased by 5.8%, 7.7% and 1.3% compared with C2,C3 and CK, respectively, however, there was no significant difference between the result parts and CK (P>0.05);the total amount of aldehydes in C1 was the highest, reaching 8 865.41 μg·L-1, which was increased by 1.5%, 6.6% and 17.2% compared with C2, C3 and CK, respectively. The odor activity values of methyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenol and alpha-pinene at C1 were the highest, which could be used as the main aroma substances of grape. There were more volatile aroma types in C1, C3 and CK berries, and the aroma was more prominent,C1 was more typical and intense in sweet flavor. ‘Nantaihutezao’ grapes of different rack types and different bearing parts showed different aroma characteristics and flavors, which could provide a theoretical reference for the selection of the frame type and the formation of flavor mechanism of ‘Nantaihutezao’ grape.

    Effects of Soil Moisture Content on Microbial Community Diversity and Abundance of Nitrogen Cycling Genes in Central Henan Tobacco-growing Soil
    Wei LIU, Yuanyuan ZHAO, Xiaolong CHEN, Hongzhi SHI
    2024, 26(1):  214-225.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0810
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    To investigate the dynamic changes of nitrogen mineralization of tobacco-planting soil in central Henan and explore the response characteristics of soil microbial diversity and nitrogen cycle function genes to soil moisture condition, the tobacco-planting soil from Xuchang were cultured under 50% (H-50%), 65% (H-65%), 80% (H-80%) water conditions to analyze the difference of functional diversity of bacterial and fungal communities. The results showed that the mineralization amount and mineralization rate of soil inorganic nitrogen in H-65% treatment were higher than those in other treatments. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Planctomycotes, and Germatimonades were the dominant bacteria at phylum level (relative abundance >3%). The relative abundance of Proteus in H-80% treatment was significantly higher than other treatments, while the relative abundance of Firmicutes was vice versa. The relative abundances of Actinomyces and Curvularia in H-50% treatment were significantly higher than those in other treatments. Ascomycota accounted for more than 90% of the fungal OTUs(operational taxonmic units), and its relative abundance showed an inverted “V” trend with the increasing of soil moisture content. The results of LEfSe (LDA effect size) analysis for bacterial showed that 6 active biomarkers (LDA value >3.5) were detected at the genus level. The bacterial community showed abundant functional diversity, the primary functional layer was more active in metabolism, and the functional gene abundance of the secondary functional layer changed obviously under different water content conditions. The relative abundances of nifKnifDnifH genes involved nitrogen fixation process showed H-50%>H-65%>H-80%, and the relative abundances of norBnirKnosZ genes involved denitrification process were the highest in H-65% treatment. Collectively, the reasonable regulation of soil moisture content might effectively regulate the dynamic change of soil nitrogen mineralization, the functional diversity of soil microbial community and the change of functional genes relating to nitrogen cycle in central Henan tobacco growing areas.

    Carbon Sink Characteristics and Regulatory Factors of Qinghai Spruce Forests in the Qilian Mountains
    Weiwei PEI, Zhe YANG, Yunying WANG, Xin WANG, Yangong DU
    2024, 26(1):  226-233.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0513
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    Qilian mountain is an important ecological safety barrier and carbon sequestration site in western China. In order to accurately evaluate the characteristics of carbon sinks in the growing season of the Qinghai spruce forest ecosystem in Qilian mountains, this study used vortex correlation technology and combined with boosted regression trees and structural equation model to study the characteristics in the growing season carbon flux change and its environmental impact mechanism. The results showed that the daily variation of spruce forest net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) in Qinghai was “V” type, the CO2 flux variation ranged from -0.71 to 0.08 mg CO2·m-2·s-1, the seasonal scale variation range of NEE was -20.93~11.75 g C·m-2, the average monthly carbon uptake was (188.27±17.85) g·m-2, and the cumulative carbon uptake during the growing season was 941.34 g·m-2. The boosted regression trees revealed that the relative contribution of vegetation index to net ecosystem carbon exchange was highest at about 50.3%, followed by net radiation of 15.9%. The structural equation model showed that the coefficients of direct influence of vegetation index and relative humidity on net ecosystem carbon exchange were 0.61 and -0.17, respectively. Multiple stepwise regression models showed that vegetation index and relative humidity had significant effects on NEE (R2 =0.74, P<0.01). With the increase of vegetation index, the carbon sink function of forest ecosystem in Qilian mountains was significantly enhanced,which provided scientific basis for accurate assessment of carbon sequestration capacity of Qinghai spruce forest ecosystem in Qilian mountain area.