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    15 December 2024, Volume 26 Issue 12
    AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM
    Understanding “Storing Grain in Technology” from the Perspective of Greater Food View
    Luyao WANG, Bingyou LU, Guangqing FU, Xiaoyan HE, Wanying ZHAO, Lili WANG, Xiaoming DENG
    2024, 26(12):  1-6.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0763
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    The “storing grain in technology” strategy focuses on grain and other bulk agricultural products, with an emphasis on ensuring arable land availability and the provision of essential technologies. This approach has significantly strengthened China’s resilience in grain production and has played a vital role in safeguarding national food security. With the continuous improvement of Chinese people’s demand for a better life, people’s pursuit of food security is gradually developing in the direction of diversification of types, diversification of nutrition and high-quality health protection. The big food outlook was introduced to meet this demand and should also be a new perspective for us to deeply understand “storing grain in technology”. Based on this perspective, the new implications, essential principles, and pathways of “storing grain in technology” in the new era were explored in this paper. It also proposed strategies for constructing 4 systems including covering food security, agricultural research support, and more,which aimed at providing a useful reference for implementing "storing grain in technology" in this period.

    Positioning and Thinking of Functional Food in Food Classification in China
    Jinghu LI, Yixuan ZHANG, Fei GAO, Jingli GUO
    2024, 26(12):  7-17.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0819
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    Functional food and health food have very close connection, but neither of them can be simply equated. Health food, as a food category, has clear and strict management regulations in China; correspondingly, functional food has a wider scope, and functional food is more suitable as a comprehensive concept composed of food with certain functional characteristics, rather than referring to a specific food. The functional food was defined as food that placed more emphasis on regulating the physiological functions of the human body, in addition to provide the body with necessary nutrition and satisfying people’s demand for delicious food. On this basis, combined with China’s policy system and existing research results at home and abroad, functional food was placed in the food system, and the positioning of functional food was proposed from 3 perspectives: the definition of food, the regulatory perspective of food and the classification of food raw materials, which provided suggestions for improving China’s functional food policies, laws and regulations, as well as providing decision-making basis to the production and operation activities of functional food producers.

    BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE
    Discovering of Candidate Genes for Wheat SDS-Sedimentation Value Using Association Study and Development of KASP Marker
    Haixia LIU, Yinhui ZHANG, Lei ZHUANG, Mengjiao GUO, Li ZHAO, Meijuan WU, Jian HOU, Tian LI, Hongxia LIU, Xueyong ZHANG, Chenyang HAO
    2024, 26(12):  18-29.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0895
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    SDS sedimentation value is an important indicator for wheat quality breeding. In this study, genome-wide association study (GWAS) on SDS-sedimentation value was performed in 145 wheat accessions. The results revealed that a cluster of significant signals was identified at the end of 3DL, and combined with the position of the peak SNP and the distance of LD decay, the candidate interval 587.514~589.514 Mb was further determined. Then, variation sites of candidate genes within this region were explored based on the resequencing data (http://wheat.cau.edu.cn/WheatUnion/), and candidate gene association study (CGAS) was conducted in combination with SDS-sedimentation value. By integrating association results, gene annotation and gene expression analysis, TraesCS3D03G1092400 was identified as the SDS-sedimentation value-related candidate gene, and was tentatively named TaAGAP-3D. Additionally, a KASP marker Sv-3D-KASP for breeding was developed based on the polymorphic SNP of this gene, and found that TaAGAP-3D(C) was a favorable allele for SDS-sedimentation value. Altogether, these findings provide an effective molecular marker for the genetic improvement of SDS-sedimentation value in wheat, and also provide a reference for further cloning of quality genes.

    Transcriptome Analysis of Watermelon Responses to Low Nitrogen Stress
    Zhan ZHAO, Xiaoting WANG, Lifeng ZHANG, Jinhe ZHAO, Yuhong YU, Junhua LI, Zhanqing WU
    2024, 26(12):  30-38.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0156
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    Nitrogen is one of the essential elements for plants, which is very important for the growth and development of watermelon. In order to elucidate the mechanism of watermelon responses to low nitrogen stress, the phenotypic changes of watermelon under continuous low nitrogen stress were analyzed, and transcriptome sequencing was performed on watermelon leaves treated with different nitrogen levels (CK, N1, N3) for 15 d using Illumina Novaseq platform. The results showed that the low nitrogen treatment promoted the underground root elongation of watermelon, but significantly inhibited the above ground plant growth. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that 121, 1 184 and 516 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in CK/N1, N1/N3 and CK/N3 comparisons, respectively. A total of 12 DEGs were identified in the 3 comparisons, among which the numbers of up-regulated and down-regulated genes were 1 and 11, respectively. The down-regulated genes responded to low nitrogen stress mainly through nicotinamide synthase, bHLH transcription factor, sugar transporter, chlorophyll metabolism and other pathways, while the up-regulated gene is related to tyrosine metabolism. In conclusion, the response of watermelon growth to low nitrogen stress was a complex process, and the key genes related to nitrogen stress identified by transcripome might play an important role in improving watermelon tolerance to low nitrogen stress and improving nitrogen use ef?ciency of watermelon. Above results laid a foundation for further research on the mechanism of watermelon response to low nitrogen stress.

    Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Atractylodes chinensis
    Boyan XIE, Lijing KONG, Yubin ZHANG, Chenglong SUN, Siyuan ZHAO, Minghui ZHANG, Shengci FAN, Zengxu XIANG, Jinshuang ZHENG
    2024, 26(12):  39-49.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0174
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    In order to analyze the genetic diversity of Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz., 158 A. chinensis germplasm resources from 16 populations were used as materials. The variation coefficient and diversity index of 13 phenotypic traits were analyzed, and the correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed. The genetic diversity was analyzed by SSR molecular markers. and the population structure was analyzed using Structure 2.3.4 software. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of 13 phenotypic traits of 158 A. chinensis germplasms ranged from 0.63% to 89.54%, and the variation coefficient of stem number was the largest. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) ranged from 0.58 to 2.95, and main stem diameter was the highest diversity index. Correlation analysis showed that 13 phenotypic traits were correlated, among which plant height was significantly positively correlated with main stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, stem number and crown width (P<0.05). Principal component analysis showed that leaf width, crown width, stem number, lodging condition,flowering period and leaf color were the key factors affecting phenotypic traits of A. chinensis. Based on 13 phenotypic characters, 158 A. chinensis germplasms were divided into 3 groups. A total of 128 polymorphic bands were amplified by 17 SSR core primers, and the polymorphism rate was 88.56%. The variation ranges of Nei’s gene diversity index (h), Shannon’s information index (I) and polymorphic information content were 0.03~0.41, 0.29~0.60 and 0.30~0.86, respectively. Based on 17 pairs of SSR markers, 158 A. chinensis germplasms were divided into 3 groups by UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) method. The analysis of population structure showed that 158 germplasms were divided into 3 groups, which 10 germplasms were mixed populations with complex genetic background. Comprehensive analysis showed that 60 germplasms of 158 A. chinensis germplasms were classified according to phenotype and SSR markers, and 20 germplasms were closely related, which indicated that geographical origin had a certain influence on the classification, but it was not a decisive factor. Above results provided theoretical reference for germplasm resources identification and selection of excellent germplasms for A. chinensis.

    Main Chemical Compounds Analysis of 9 White Tea Standard Samples Based on UPLC-MS/MS Technology
    Liqin CHEN, Ziwei ZHOU, Yawei CAI, Zhaohui ZHANG, Shengtao JIANG, Aikebaer Reheman, Yan CHEN
    2024, 26(12):  50-62.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0284
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    To evaluate white tea products of different types and grades objectively and systematically, ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technology was used to detect and analyze main chemical compounds such as catechins and theanine in white tea standard samples of different types and different grades of the same type, using Chinese white tea standard samples as the test material. The results showed that, with the decrease of grade, the overall “fragrance and flavor” gradually weaken, and the taste changes from clean and umami to clean and sweet, and then to mellow and thick. Compared with different grades of white tea, it was found that there was a significant positive correlation between the grades of white tea and arginine (Arg), aspartic acid (Asp), threonine (Thr). Among them, Asp decreased with the decrease of grade, so Asp was the key main chemical compounds that determined the taste differences of different grades of Baihao Yinzhen, Baimudan, Gongmei and Shoumei. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of main chemical compounds in samples of different types revealed that the variable importance projection (VIP) values of 12 compounds including alanine (Ala), theanine (L-Thea), histidine (His), lysine (Lys), as well as epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were greater than or equal to 1.0. Analysis of main chemical compounds in samples of the same type with different grades revealed that characteristic main chemical compounds exhibited were proline (Pro), His, L-Thea and phenylalanine (Phe). Above results provided theoretical reference for the evaluation and analysis of the flavor quality of white tea products in China, and had reference value for the quality level discrimination of white tea products with different types and different grades of the same type.

    Genomic Characteristics and Codon Preference Analysis of Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Chloroplasts
    Chunlian LI, Peng ZHANG, Chuping CAI, Shuifeng QIN, Shanfang XIAO, Qiuxiang LUO, Song GUO, Junfeng LAN
    2024, 26(12):  63-76.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0006
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    To study the genetic structure and function, genetic codon preference, influencing factors and optimal codon of Schefflera octophylla, the Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms was used as research material. The full sequence of the chloroplast genome was sequenced and assembled. The results showed that the chloroplast genome of S. octophylla was consist of a large single copy region, a small single copy region and 2 reverse repeat regions, with a total length of 156 532 bp, and 123 functional genes were obtained including 8 ribosomal rRNA genes, 29 tRNA genes and 86 protein coding genes. A total of 84 SSR loci were detected. The preference analysis of codons showed that the optimal codons of S. octophylla chloroplast genomic codons tended to end in A/U bases, which indicated natural selection was main factor of preference analysis of codons. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. actophylla had closely related to Kalopanax septemlobus. Above results provided scientific basis for the study and application of chloroplast genome of S. octophylla.

    Research on Regulation Mechanism of Xylose Metabolism in Myceliophthora thermophila
    Meixin CHEN, Shuying GU, Jia LIU, Hao LIU, Jingen LI, Chaoguang TIAN
    2024, 26(12):  77-87.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0151
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    In order to improve xylose utilization efficiency of fermentation strains, the regulation mechanism of xylose metabolism in filamentous fungi Myceliophthora thermophila was investigated using genetic methods and transcriptomic techniques. The results showed that the transcription factor XlnR could positively regulate xylose metabolism and transport, as well as hemicellulase gene expression in M. thermophila, and was required for conidia germination under xylose conditions. Under xylose condition, the conidia of mutant ΔxlnR lost the ability to germinate, and the xylose utilization efficiency of mycelia was significantly decreased, while the xylose utilization efficiency was increased by 14.2% due to xlnR overexpression. Transcriptomic analysis showed that knockout of xlnR resulted in lower transcription levels of the genes involved in xylanolytic enzymes, xylose transporter, and xylose catabolic pathway. The global regulatory factor Cre-1 was an inhibitor of xylose and glucose metabolism. Disruption of cre-1 could significantly improve the utilization efficiency of xylose and glucose in M. thermophila. Meanwhile, the Cre-1 could directly inhibit the expression of xlnR and itself. The overexpression of xlnR and knockout of cre-1 made the xylose metabolic utilization efficiency increased by 100%. Above results provided a good starting strain for the establishment of the cell chassis for the efficient utilization of biomass.

    INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
    Study on Fertilizer Discharge Performance of External Groove Wheel Fertilizer Applicator Based on Discrete Element Method
    Dafang YANG, Feixiang LI, Yuefeng GE, Yichen LI
    2024, 26(12):  88-97.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0350
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    In order to improve the fertilization discharge performance of variable fertilization of seeder, the fertilizer discharge performance of external groove wheel fertilizer applicator was studied based on discrete element method. Firstly, the discrete element material simulation parameters were determined through fertilizer calibration test. Then, based on the optimization module design experiment of Isight software, with the working length and rotational speed of the outer groove wheel as factors and the coefficient of variation of fertilizer uniformity as the response design experiment, the second-order regression equation of the coefficient of variation of fertilizer uniformity of the fertilizer discharger was obtained. Based on the obtained regression equation, the influence of the working length and rotational speed combination of the outer groove wheel on fertilization stability within a specific fertilizer amount range was analyzed. For fertilizer application rate of 300 kg·hm-2, the external groove wheel flow equation was used as a constraint to optimize the solution. The optimal combination of fertilizer discharge parameters for the external groove wheel fertilizer applicator was groove wheel working length of 60 mm and rotation speed of 30 r·min-1. The optimal fertilization parameter combination was used for fertilization simulation experiments, and the coefficient of variation of fertilization uniformity was 11.7%, which met the fertilization requirements. Above results provided a reference for parameter allocation in the operation of the 2BMJ series no-tillage precision seeder.

    Research on Dairy Cattle Identification Algorithm in Farm Access Based on Multi-angle Data Fusion
    Xiaowei ZHANG, Bo CHEN, Yueming WANG, Zijian LI, Jihong ZHANG, Tianyi CAO
    2024, 26(12):  98-106.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0327
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    In order to enhance the production management efficiency of smart dairy farms, a multi-angle data fusion algorithm for dairy cattle identification in fixed lanes was proposed. Initially, at the dairy farm, cameras were installed to capture 2 rear views and 3 different lateral perspectives of dairy cattle,and identity data from 60 cows were collected, forming a comprehensive multi-angle dataset for dairy cattle; subsequently, training and comparative analysis were performed on a dataset for dairy cattle identity recognition to evaluate the performance of 7 backbone networks. The results showed that the HRNet backbone network achieved favorable performance on the frontal back, oblique back, front oblique side, rear oblique side and frontal side views of the dairy cattle, and the rank@1 reached 96.55%, 98.08%, 91.23%, 95.83% and 89.36%,and the mean average precision reached 83.28%, 89.88%, 75.09%, 84.48% and 78.27%, respectively. A multi-angle data fusion algorithm for dairy cattle identification was constructed using the best-performing HRNet network, by setting the similarity threshold to 0.9, the algorithm achieved a 100% accuracy rate on the dataset. Above results provided an effective solution for cattle identification in fixed channels of dairy cattle farms.

    Study on the Spatio-Temporal Changes of Tea Planting Area Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing
    Yan ZHANG, Laigang WANG, Jia HE, Yan GUO, Xiuzhong YANG, Hongli ZHANG, Ting LIU
    2024, 26(12):  107-114.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0243
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    Tea is one of the important economic tree species. Studying the spatial and temporal changes of tea production is of great significance for optimizing the tea layout in Henan Province. Based on Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite data from 2000 to 2020, combining with field survey data, the random forest classification method was used to obtain the spatial distribution information of tea area in Shihe District, Xinyang city of Henan province. Trend analysis, center of gravity migration and other methods were used to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal and spatial trends of tea production in Shihe District. The results showed that the combination of spectrum, vegetation index and texture feature had the highest classification accuracy of tea, with the overall accuracy of 89.02% and Kappa coefficient of 0.90. In terms of temporal changes, tea production in Shihe District from 2000 to 2020 generally showed a trend of rapid growth to steady rise. In terms of spatial change, the distribution of tea in Shihe District was relatively concentrated, mainly distributed in hilly areas and shallow mountainous areas in northern towns. From 2000 to 2020, the gravity center migration direction of tea area in Shihe District showed a trend from east to west. The total distance of gravity center migration was 5.47 km, and the migration speed was 0.273 5 km·a-1. This study provides scientific data support and theoretical basis for the scientific planting of tea in Shihe District.

    Measurement and Analysis of Dielectric Properties of Wheat Bran at Microwave Frequency
    Hao WANG, Bing FANG, Dapeng YE, Limin XIE
    2024, 26(12):  115-121.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0653
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    Dielectric properties play important roles in microwave sterilization and drying of wheat bran. In order to explore the dielectric properties of wheat bran, the coaxial transmission/reflection method was used to measure the change of dielectric constant ε' and loss factor ε″ of wheat bran at the frequency of 0.5~4.0 GHz, moisture content of 1.94%~31.56% and temperature of 35~85 ℃. The mathematical model of ε'and ε'' with moisture content and temperature of 2.45 GHz was established by multiple regression analysis. The results showed that ε' and ε″ monotonically increased with the increase of frequency; the higher the temperature was, ε' and ε″ were larger; the higher the moisture content, ε' and ε″ were larger. The verification of the model showed, the determination coefficient between the measured value and the calculated value of the dielectric property was 0.993 12 and 0.990 82, respectively, and the relative error was less than 7% and 10%, which indicated that the mathematical model can better calculate the dielectric property of wheat bran. The results provided guidance for the measurement of dielectric properties of substances with similar physical properties of wheat bran, and provided theoretical basis and data support for the research and development of microwave drying and microwave killing equipment of wheat bran.

    ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
    Application of UV-visible Spectral Library in Recessive Screening of Pesticide Fungicides
    Ying CHEN, Xiaofeng LIU, Yiping CHEN, Liping LIAO, Hongtao FU
    2024, 26(12):  122-128.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0247
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    To establish the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectral library to quickly and accurately retrieve the hidden components added in the pesticide fungicide, with acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase, the UV-VIS spectrograms of 98 conventional bactericide standards were separated and extracted by gradient elution using a high-performance liquid chromatograph, and the UV-VIS spectrograms of the standard substances were used to establish the UV-VIS spectrogram library. The target compound was matched according to the spectral similarity and the retention time of the standard sample, so as to retrieve the hidden components added in the pesticide preparation. 2 bactericides were used to verify the accuracy of the spectral library retrieval, and the results showed that the accuracy of the spectral library retrieval reached 100%. This method had the advantages of high accuracy, easy operation and low cost.

    Study on Insecticidal Activity Constituents and Mechanism of Artemisia annua Against Mythimna separate
    Chunyan LI, Qian LIANG, Chengxiang GAO, Zongsuo LIANG, Fang WANGA
    2024, 26(12):  129-137.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0589
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    In order to study the insecticidal activity components and preliminary mechanism of the petroleum ether extract from Artemisia annua against Mythimna separata, the insecticidal activity of different fractions and main components were measured by insect immersion method. The petroleum ether extract was separated by column chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine its chemical components, and the target enzyme and metabolic enzyme activities in the body of Mythimna separata were measured for the active components. The results showed that the petroleum ether extract of Artemisia annua was separated by silica gel column chromatography, and 27 fractions were obtained, of which fraction 8 showed the best contact toxicity. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the main compounds were tridecane, 4-quinolinecarboxaldehyde, caryophyllene oxide, linoleic acid ethyl ester, linolenic acid ethyl ester with contents of 7.9%, 72.8%, 3.6%, 2.4%, 3.1%,respectively. The lethal concentration of 50% (LC50) of above 5 compounds on the 7th day were 7.9, 2.5, 3.6, 5.4 and 1.5 mg·mL-1, respectively, which indicated that ethyl linolenic acid had significant contact toxicity against M. separata. On the 7th day of treatment with 1.5 mg·mL-1 linolenic acid ethyl ester, the scanning electron microscopy results showed that the wax layer structure in the surface of M. separata were loosely, the wax layer particles disappeared significantly, and the wax flower gap increased. And the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CarE) of M. separata treated with 1.5 mg·mL-1 linolenic acid ethyl ester showed first activation and then inhibition, Na+-K+-ATPase showed inhibition over time, and catalase (CAT) showed first inhibition and then activation. To sum up, the linolenic acid ethyl ester was the main active compound of A. annuawhich provided reference for the development of new plant-based insecticides and biological control of M. separata and the development and utilization of A.annua resources.

    BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY
    Effects of Water-soluble Sand Fixing Agent on Soil Evaporation in Sandy Land
    Haiyan GAO, Limin YUAN, Shengnan ZHANG, Deren YAN
    2024, 26(12):  138-144.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0200
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    In order to explore the effect of different water-soluble sand fixing agents on soil water evaporation,4 water-soluble sand fixing agents including artemisinin gum, flaxseed gum, locust bean gum and bio-based sulfonate were selected, and 5 dosages of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 g·m-2 were designed for each agent,with no sand fixing agent added as control (CK). Through the indoor simulation evaporation test, the evaporation intensities of different types and different additions of sand fixing agents were measured, and the differences between them were analyzed. The results showed that the water retention effects of 4 sand fixing agents were locust bean gum, flaxseed gum, artemisia glue, bio-based sulfonate, and locust bean gum were significantly better than bio-based sulfonate. The water retention performance of 4 sand fixing agents at 40 and 50 g·m-2 were significantly higher than that of CK (P<0.05). 4 sand fixing agents had strong water retention effects on the deep soil of 5—10 cm. In summary,water-soluble sand fixing agents had a good water retention effect, and locust bean gum had the best performance. Above results could provide a theoretical basis for the application of water-soluble sand fixing agents.

    Effects of DPC on Plant Type Shaping of Cotton Under Different Plant Spacing Configurations
    Menghua ZHAI, Minghui SUN, Xuerui LI, Xinlong XU, Haizhou GAO, Jusong ZHANG
    2024, 26(12):  145-156.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0175
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    Optimizing the configuration of row spacing and the dosage of 1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride(DPC) in machine-picked cotton is an important means for constructing a reasonable individual and group structure for cotton and increasing yield. ‘Yuanmian 11’ was used as planting material and a split-plot experimental design was adopted. Under the condition of consistent density, the main plot was set with 2 plant row spacing configurations including 76 cm equal row spacing and (66+10) cm wide and narrow row spacing; the sub-plot was set with 4 doses of DPC, which were 270, 410, 550 and 690 g·hm-2, respectively. The effects of different treatments on the growth rate of the main stem of cotton, plant structure, canopy characteristics and yield components were studied. The results showed that under the same DPC treatment, 76 cm equal row spacing mode increased the daily growth rate and internode length of the main stem of cotton, increased the angle of the lower fruit branches and the length of the upper fruit branches, reduced the length of the lower fruit branches and the angle of the upper fruit branches, and had a reasonable distribution of leaf area index in the vertical direction of the canopy,which improved the number of bolls per plant, single boll weight and seed cotton yield. Under the same planting mode, the daily growth rate of the main stem of cotton, the internode length of the main stem at various parts, and the length of the first fruit internode of the upper fruit branches were all inversely proportional to the dose of DPC.The angle of fruit branches at various parts increased first and then decreased with the increase of DPC dose. Increasing the dose of DPC could reduce the leaf area index of cotton to a certain extent. Based on the comparison and analysis of cotton plant type and yield in this experiment, it was recommended that cotton with 76 cm equal row spacing configuration mode should be sprayed with 550 g·hm-2 DPC during the whole growth period, while cotton with (66+10) cm mode should be sprayed with 410 g·hm-2 DPC to obtain an ideal yield. Above results provided a theoretical basis for the selection of plant row spacing configuration and the application of chemical control management measures for machine-picked cotton in Xinjiang.

    Effects of Different Types of Mulch Film on Soil Moisture and Heat and Rape Yield
    Tingting YANG, Xiaoqin TIAN, Zhuo LI, Yonghong LIU, Wei LI
    2024, 26(12):  157-163.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0293
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    In order to study the effects of different types of plastic film on soil moisture heat and rape growth under the condition of planting on the film side, 3 kinds of film mulching treatments were set up including ordinary plastic white mulch film, black mulch film and liquid mulch film, with no film mulching as control (CK). The field experiments were carried out to comprehensively analyze the effects of mulch film on soil moisture heat, rape growth and yield. The results showed that, compared with CK, 3 film mulching treatments increased the soil moisture by 0.49%~2.29% and 7.60%~10.77% in the seedling stage and the bud stage, respectively, and the water retention effects of black plastic film and white plastic film were significant at the bud stage. Compared with CK, the dry matter of rape under film treatments increased by 6.36%~38.36% and 7.52%~88.44% in the seedling stage and the bud stage, respectively, and the increase of black plastic film was the largest, followed by white plastic film, and the difference in bud stage was significant. The 3 film treatments could promote the agronomic characters of rape, and the effect of black plastic film was the best, the plant height, the length of the main inflorescence, the number of primary effective branches, the primary effective pods and the grains per pod of black plastic film increase by 11.53%, 18.34%, 50.10%, 46.46% and 87.50% compared with CK, respectively. The yield of rape under black plastic film treatment was 2 926.50 kg·hm-2, which was significantly higher than those of white plastic film, liquid plastic film and CK by 34.67%, 81.60% and 87.55%, respectively. To sum up, black plastic film had a good effect of water conservation and yield increase under the film side planting, which could be used as a water-saving and drought-resistant, green, high-yield and efficient cultivation measure for rape in southwest dryland. Above results provided theoretical and technical support for further optimization and popularization of plastic film mulching rape.

    Effect of Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer on Tobacco Leaf Quality in China: a Meta-analysis
    Yongjin LIANG, Ruixuan ZHU, Beilei WEI, Xiaomai YUAN, Wuyang CHENG, Bo PENG, Ziting WANG, Jianyu WEI
    2024, 26(12):  164-175.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0240
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    In order to study the effect of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the main chemical components in flue-cured tobacco leaves, and explore the specific effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the content of main chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaves under different influencing factors, 169 domestic relevant papers were retrieved and integrated using ‘flue-cured tobacco’ ‘organic fertilizer’‘quality’ and ‘chemical composition’ as key words, and 631 sets of main data were extracted to establish a database. The log response ratio was selected as the effect size for the meta-analysis. The results showed that, compared with the single application of inorganic fertilizer, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer significantly increased the reducing sugar content and sugar-nicotine ratio in tobacco leaves, and significantly reduced the nicotine content, with specific increases of 5.5%, 9.3% and -5.6%, respectively, and slightly improved the sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco aroma quality, aroma content, aftertaste, offensive gases, irritation and fineness (4.5%, 5.2%, 2.5%, 1.5%, 1.8% and 3.4%). The application of organic and inorganic fertilizer to the soil in the northern tobacco area had more obvious effects on increasing the reducing sugar content and sugar-nicotine ratio, reducing the nicotine content in flue-cured tobacco leaves (18.06%, 25.86%, -5.26%). And the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers had more obvious effect in poor soils, for example, when the available nitrogen content of soil was less than 100 mg·kg-1, the effect of applying organic and inorganic fertilizer on increasing the reducing sugar content and sugar-nicotine ratio and reducing the nicotine content in flue-cured tobacco leaves was more obvious (6.82%, 14.11%, -9.43%). When the planting density of flue-cured tobacco was 15 000~17 000 plants·hm-2, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers had better effect on increasing the contents of reducing sugar, potassium ions and sugar-nicotine in tobacco leaves and reducing the content of nicotine (9.53%, 9.42%, 18.06%, -7.04%). When the proportion of organic nitrogen was about 50%, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer had the great effect on reducing nicotine content, increasing potassium ions, reducing sugar content and sugar-nicotine ratio in tobacco leaves (-8.80%,11.50%,8.90%,13.80%). In summary, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers had a great influence on the reducing sugar, potassium ion, nicotine and sugar-nicotine ratio in flue-cured tobacco, and could coordinate the sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco by affecting the content of chemical components in tobacco leaves. When the tobacco-growing area was in the northern, or when the soil effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content was low, when the total amount of inorganic nitrogen input was more than 100 kg·hm-2, or when the proportion of organic nitrogen fertilizer was about 50%, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers was more conducive to the accumulation of potassium ions and reducing sugars in flue-cured tobacco leaves, the reduction of nicotine and the improvement of sugar-nicotine ratio. Therefore, before the flue-cured tobacco planting and fertilization, the appropriate application program of organic and inorganic fertilizer should be formulated according to the needs of chemical composition, comprehensive consideration of the environment, soil, fertilization and other factors, for achieving the purpose of production.

    Differential Analysis of Aroma Components of Cigar Tobacco Leaves Based on OPLS-DA Model
    Shaohao LU, Yongheng XIE, Liping XU, Chongsheng LIU, Zhaoming WU, Lina ZHANG, Gaoyan XU, Zhenjie ZHAO, Yang GAO
    2024, 26(12):  176-186.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0214
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    To investigate the differences in the aroma quality of cigar tobacco leaves from different varieties, the aroma composition of Dexue 1, Dexue 3, and Dexue 5 were analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and were used to construct an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model. The results showed that the types of aroma substances in tobacco leaves were consistent among varieties, but there were differences in the content of aroma substances. In Dexue 1, the contents of megastigmatrienone, β-cyclocitral, benzaldehyde and 2,6-nonadienal were higher, while the contents of dihydroactinidiolide, 2-acetylfuran, solanone and neophytadiene were lower. The contents of furan compounds and neophytadiene were higher in Dexue 3. The contents of dihydroactinidiolide, solanone and guaiacol were higher in Dexue 5. An OPLS-DA model was constructed using 30 aroma components, which the fit index of independent variable (R2X),fit index of dependent variableR2Y), andmodel prediction indexQ2 ) were 0.806, 0.993 and 0.988, respectively. The cross validation analysis of variance (CV-ANOVA) test result showed that F was 179.76 (P<0.05). Through 200 substitution verification, it was found that the model did not exhibit over fitting, which indicated that the model was highly significant. The model screened 8 different aroma components from 30 aroma components, which could be used to distinguish cigar tobacco varieties. Above results provided useful information for elucidating the aroma quality of cigar tobacco leaves from different varieties.

    Influence of Roof Ventilation of Solar Greenhouse on Temperature and Humidity and Carbon Dioxide Level in Cold and Arid Regions
    Xiaokai LI, Tana, Caixia YAN, Caizhu SONG, Mengjie GUO
    2024, 26(12):  187-200.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0197
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    In order to study the influence of the indoor temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide level in a solar greenhouse in cold and arid areas under the ventilation mode of opening the top vent on, the environmental monitoring system of the greenhouse was built by means of RS-485, and the data of temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide content at 20, 80 and 180 cm above the ground in the greenhouse during the ventilation period were collected and analyzed. On this basis, the least square method was used to establish the regression model of temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide content in the crop area at 20 cm height above the ground before and after ventilation, and the regression model of indoor temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide content change after ventilation for 0.5 h. The results showed that closing the vent before 14:30 could make the indoor temperature rise again, opening the top vent ventilation made the indoor temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide content close to the outdoor. The distribution of environmental factors in different positions in the greenhouse before and after ventilation was non-uniform, with the maximum difference of temperature 11.6 ℃, relative humidity 11.8% and carbon dioxide content 68 μmol·mol-1. The coefficients of determination of the regression models were above 0.567, indicating that the independent variables in each model had a certain correlation with the dependent variables. It was possible to estimate the temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide content in the crop area at 20 cm height above the ground and the temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide content change after ventilation for 0.5 h through the data of a few sensors. Above results provided theoretical basis and technical reference for precise control of environmental factors of solar greenhouse in the northern cold and dry areas.

    INNOVATIVE METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES
    Progress of the Improvement of Development of Porcine Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos
    Caiyong ZHANG, Zhilong CHEN, Hao XIE, Cuiting PENG, Chao YAN, Yulan ZHAO, Lin QI, Lei ZHOU, Zhonglin TANG
    2024, 26(12):  201-209.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0209
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    Somatic cell cloning technology can driver the somatic cells of terminally differentiated to obtain totipotency, it has the potential to develop into the living individual. The technology of porcine somatic cell cloning has a wide range of applications for the conservation and utilization of germplasm resources and the production of gene-edited pigs. However, the low rate of cloned embryo development and transfer survival limit the popularization of this technology in practical production. With the development of sequencing technology for microcell, the mechanism of abnormal development of cloned embryos has been revealed, and many researchers have tried to improve the success rate by modifying the nuclear transfer procedure or correcting the abnormal reprogramming of cloned embryos, which has achieved remarkable results. The research progress on the improvement of cloning efficiency through oocytes, donor cells and cloned embryos in recent years were summarize, which aimed at providing reference to improve the efficiency of porcine somatic cell cloning and would help to promote the application of somatic cell cloning technology in swine production.

    Preliminary Report on Breeding Materials Induced by Electron Accelerator
    Huqu ZHAI, Bing CAO, Shuang GU, Zhiqiang XIA, Zhihui XIA, Jiajian GONG, Hang YIN, Li LI, Wei LI, Jie REN
    2024, 26(12):  210-216.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0726
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    Germplasm innovation is the cornerstone of breeding, so the X-rays generated by electron accelerators was as a mutagenic tool to explore and optimize the application strategies of breeding materials. Initially, through meticulous adjustments, the semi-lethal/semi-dwarf dose thresholds were established for diverse treatment subjects. Subsequently, fine-tuning of irradiation intensities was performed to elicit genetic variations, and the treated materials maintained high survival rates. Furthermore, the optimal timing and approach for material treatment were explored to maximize the efficiency of irradiation-induced mutations. The irradiation treatments were implemented on a wide range of crops, achieving notable preliminary successes. Maize plants exhibited pronounced dwarfing after irradiation, and the degree of dwarfing was positively correlated with the treatment intensity. After irradiation, soybean plants exhibited reduced plant height and enhanced insect resistance, indicating the induction of favorable traits through irradiation. Quinoa treated by irradiation manifested extensive genetic variations of multiple traits, including plant height, leaf color, flower color and panicle morphology. Through specific irradiation treatments and screening, rice plants with significant herbicide resistance were successfully bred, offering a novel strategy for weed management. Above results not only enriched the theoretical framework of mutagenic breeding, but also opened up new avenues for crop genetic improvement and variety innovation.