不同管理类型茶园蜘蛛多样性及时空变化

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0957

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究不同管理方式对茶园蜘蛛类群结构及时空分布的影响，了解蜘蛛在茶园绿色集约化管理中的作用，于2015—2016年通过拍打法（茶丛）和陷阱法（地面）对常规无间作的1#茶园、植被覆盖度深且人为干扰较少的2#茶园和无植被覆盖且定期施药锄草的3#茶园的蜘蛛及叶蝉数量进行为期2年的研究。结果显示，3类茶园的蜘蛛个体数表现为2#茶园>1#茶园>3#茶园，差异显著（P<0.05）。Shannon-Wiener多样性表现为2#茶园>3#茶园、1#茶园，差异显著（P<0.05）。蜘蛛主要分布于茶丛，地表较少。茶园叶蝉和蜘蛛数量在2年间基本保持一致，其中3#茶园由于定期施用化学农药，蜘蛛和叶蝉的数量波动最小；2#茶园的蜘蛛数量波动较大；且蜘蛛对叶蝉存在明显的调节效应。2#茶园周围植被丰富，且茶园均匀间种台湾相思树、中间种植落叶乔木，生境结构相对复杂，植被覆盖度深，形成了一定的缓冲带，对茶园小气候具有改善作用，增加了蜘蛛类群多样性。由此表明，构建合理的缓冲带、增加茶园四周及内部植被覆盖深度、减少人为干扰可更好地优化蜘蛛群落时空结构分布。

关键词: 茶园, 蜘蛛, 多样性, 管理

Abstract:

To explore the effects of different management methods on the structure and spatial distribution of spiders groups in tea gardens， and understand the important role of spiders in the intensive green management of tea gardens， 3 types of tea gardens including 1# tea garden （conventional and no intercropping）， 2# tea garden （deep vegetation coverage and less human interference） and 3# tea garden （no covered and regularly weeding and spraying chemical pesticides） were taking as objects. The number and types of spiders and leafhoppers were investigated by patting method （tea bush） and trap method （ground） from 2015 to 2016. The results showed that the number of spiders in the 3 types of tea gardens was 2# tea garden > 1# tea garden > 3# tea garden， and the differences between different types of tea gardens were significant （P<0.05）. Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed 2# tea garden > 3# tea garden and 1# tea garden， and the differences between different types of tea gardens were significant （P<0.05）. The spatial distribution of spiders was mainly dominated by tea bushes， and the surface was less. The number of leafhoppers and spiders in tea gardens had basically remained the same over time in 2 years. Due to the regular application of chemical pesticides， the number of spiders and leafhoppers in 3# tea garden had the least fluctuation， while the number of spiders in 2# tea garden fluctuated greatly， and leafhoppers and spiders had obvious following effects. In 2# tea garden， the surrounding vegetation was rich， and Taiwanese Acacia and deciduous trees were evenly interplanted， the habitat structure was relatively complicated， the vegetation coverage was more deeper， and a certain buffer zone was formed， which improved the microclimate of tea garden and increased the diversity of spiders groups. Comprehensive studies had shown that constructing a reasonable buffer zone， increasing the depth of vegetation coverage around and inside tea gardens， and reducing human interference could better optimize the spatial and temporal structure of spider communities.

Key words: tea garden, spiders, diversity, management

中图分类号:

S571.1

杨涛, 唐劲驰, 高文伟, 农红艳, 罗平, 黎健龙. 不同管理类型茶园蜘蛛多样性及时空变化[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(11): 148-158.

Tao YANG, Jinchi TANG, Wenwei GAO, Hongyan NONG, Ping LUO, Jianlong LI. Diversity and Temporal and Spatial Changes of Spiders in Different Management Types of Tea Gardens[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022, 24(11): 148-158.

图/表 8

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科 Family	2015						2016
	1#		2#		3#		1#		2#		3#
	数量 Number	比例Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%
合计 Total	675	100.00	1 047	100.00	404	100.00	658	100.00	1 335	100.00	320	100.00
平腹蛛科 Gnaphosidae	6	0.89	10	0.96	3	0.74	4	0.61	8	0.60	0	0.00
狼蛛科 Lycosidae	74	10.96	78	7.45	54	13.37	60	9.12	74	5.54	28	8.75
管巢蛛科 Clubionidae	64	9.48	96	9.17	47	11.63	52	7.90	85	6.37	35	10.94
蟹蛛科 Thomisidae	0	0.00	2	0.19	0	0.00	4	0.61	2	0.15	0	0.00
球蛛科 Theridiidae	0	0.00	0	0.00	3	0.74	0	0.00	2	0.15	0	0.00
园蛛科 Araneidae	24	3.56	42	4.01	23	5.69	36	5.47	90	6.74	17	5.31
跳蛛科 Salticidae	189	28.00	286	27.32	139	34.41	314	47.72	600	44.94	181	56.56
猫蛛科 Oxyopidae	37	5.48	50	4.78	4	0.99	22	3.34	27	2.02	7	2.19
圆颚蛛科 Corinnidae	29	4.30	77	7.35	10	2.48	22	3.34	65	4.87	2	0.63
皿蛛科 Linyphiidae	249	36.89	374	35.72	120	29.70	137	20.82	352	26.37	50	15.63
漏斗蛛科 Agelenidae	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00	2	0.30	3	0.22	0	0.00
肖蛸蛛科 Tetragnathidae	3	0.44	32	3.06	1	0.25	5	0.76	27	2.02	0	0.00

科 Family	2015						2016
	1#		2#		3#		1#		2#		3#
	数量 Number	比例Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%	数量 Number	比例 Proportion/%
合计 Total	675	100.00	1 047	100.00	404	100.00	658	100.00	1 335	100.00	320	100.00
平腹蛛科 Gnaphosidae	6	0.89	10	0.96	3	0.74	4	0.61	8	0.60	0	0.00
狼蛛科 Lycosidae	74	10.96	78	7.45	54	13.37	60	9.12	74	5.54	28	8.75
管巢蛛科 Clubionidae	64	9.48	96	9.17	47	11.63	52	7.90	85	6.37	35	10.94
蟹蛛科 Thomisidae	0	0.00	2	0.19	0	0.00	4	0.61	2	0.15	0	0.00
球蛛科 Theridiidae	0	0.00	0	0.00	3	0.74	0	0.00	2	0.15	0	0.00
园蛛科 Araneidae	24	3.56	42	4.01	23	5.69	36	5.47	90	6.74	17	5.31
跳蛛科 Salticidae	189	28.00	286	27.32	139	34.41	314	47.72	600	44.94	181	56.56
猫蛛科 Oxyopidae	37	5.48	50	4.78	4	0.99	22	3.34	27	2.02	7	2.19
圆颚蛛科 Corinnidae	29	4.30	77	7.35	10	2.48	22	3.34	65	4.87	2	0.63
皿蛛科 Linyphiidae	249	36.89	374	35.72	120	29.70	137	20.82	352	26.37	50	15.63
漏斗蛛科 Agelenidae	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00	2	0.30	3	0.22	0	0.00
肖蛸蛛科 Tetragnathidae	3	0.44	32	3.06	1	0.25	5	0.76	27	2.02	0	0.00

年份 Year	茶园类型 Tea type	蜘蛛数量 Spiders number	类群数 Order number	多样性指数H′	均匀度指数J	丰富度指数SR	优势度指数D
2015	1#	56.25±8.13 b	7.71±0.37 b	1.49±0.29 b	0.76±0.13 a	1.59±0.17 a	0.27±0.04 b
	2#	87.25±11.00 a	8.33±0.28 a	1.66±0.09 a	0.79±0.04 a	1.69±0.10 a	0.25±0.03 b
	3#	33.67±4.88 c	5.67±0.43 c	1.36±0.20 b	0.81±0.07 a	1.35±0.29 b	0.32±0.06 a
2016	1#	54.33±6.70 b	6.92±0.40 a	1.43±0.20 a	0.75±0.06 a	1.51±0.26 a	0.33±0.08 b
	2#	110.33±13.72 a	8.08±0.56 a	1.50±0.24 a	0.73±0.08 a	1.51±0.32 a	0.31±0.08 b
	3#	26.42±3.69 c	4.83±0.35 b	1.16±0.21 b	0.75±0.09 a	1.20±0.24 b	0.41±0.10 a

年份 Year	茶园类型 Tea type	蜘蛛数量 Spiders number	类群数 Order number	多样性指数H′	均匀度指数J	丰富度指数SR	优势度指数D
2015	1#	56.25±8.13 b	7.71±0.37 b	1.49±0.29 b	0.76±0.13 a	1.59±0.17 a	0.27±0.04 b
	2#	87.25±11.00 a	8.33±0.28 a	1.66±0.09 a	0.79±0.04 a	1.69±0.10 a	0.25±0.03 b
	3#	33.67±4.88 c	5.67±0.43 c	1.36±0.20 b	0.81±0.07 a	1.35±0.29 b	0.32±0.06 a
2016	1#	54.33±6.70 b	6.92±0.40 a	1.43±0.20 a	0.75±0.06 a	1.51±0.26 a	0.33±0.08 b
	2#	110.33±13.72 a	8.08±0.56 a	1.50±0.24 a	0.73±0.08 a	1.51±0.32 a	0.31±0.08 b
	3#	26.42±3.69 c	4.83±0.35 b	1.16±0.21 b	0.75±0.09 a	1.20±0.24 b	0.41±0.10 a

茶园类型 Tea type	空间分布 Spatial distribution	蜘蛛数量 Spiders number	多样性指数H′	均匀度指数J	丰富度指数SR	优势度指数D
1#	上层 Upper layer	12.83±8.12 b	1.47±0.30 a	0.95±0.04 a	2.10±0.27 a	0.73±0.31 a
	中层 Middle layer	16.50±9.87 ab	0.95±0.35 b	0.77±0.26 ab	1.36±0.36 b	0.54±0.18 b
	下层 Lower layer	20.25±9.95 a	0.77±0.39 b	0.60±0.28 b	1.16±0.30 b	0.42±0.22 c
	地表 Ground surface	6.67±2.53 c	0.17±0.20 c	0.24±0.29 c	0.73±0.24 c	0.10±0.12 d
2#	上层 Upper layer	19.42±9.06 b	1.56±0.24 a	0.93±0.03 a	2.04±0.32 a	0.76±0.07 a
	中层 Middle layer	28.75±13.53 a	1.14±0.32 b	0.78±0.09 ab	1.61±0.35 b	0.63±0.16 ab
	下层 Lower layer	31.75±14.9 a	0.98±0.22 b	0.73±0.14 b	1.29±0.31 c	0.54±0.11 b
	地表 Ground surface	7.33±2.95 c	0.22±0.23 c	0.32±0.34 c	0.72±0.31 d	0.14±0.15 c
3#	上层 Upper layer	5.41±1.37 c	0.75±0.59 ab	0.61±0.44 b	1.31±0.98 a	0.42±0.31 b
	中层 Middle layer	9.75±5.37 b	0.51±0.26 b	0.70±0.34 ab	1.10±0.32 a	0.35±0.18 b
	下层 Lower layer	13.75±5.40 a	0.92±0.21 a	0.90±0.08 a	1.22±0.32 a	0.56±0.08 a
	地表 Ground surface	4.75±4.09 c	0.09±0.16 c	0.13±0.23 c	0.77±0.49 a	0.05±0.09 c