Table of Content

15 December 2010, Volume 12 Issue 6

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Intelligent Agriculture (IA): Looking Forward to Progress of Chinese Agricultural Science and Technology in 12th Five-Year Plan Period

CHEN Yi-fei

2010, 12(6):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.01

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Based on agricultural science and technology progress achieved in Chinese agricultural expert system、computer agriculture and precision agriculture, this paper focuses on the discussion about how to structure intelligent agriculture (IA). It also summarizes the present status of agricultural science and technology in China. According to the intelligent sci-tech progress and urgent need for modern high science and technology in agriculture, for really reducing human participation in agriculture and maximizing economic benefit of the whole agriculture production, this paper introduces the control theory for large system of closed loop. Finally, it puts forward the viewpoint of establishing a large IA system; expounds the connotation and systematic construction of IA; and the anticipative benefit of developing IA.

Modern Information Technology Application in Chinas |Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Administration

ZHANG Li-jian1, WANG Wen-sheng2, HU Yu-jiao2

2010, 12(6):  5-9.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.02

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This paper describes the content of agricultural product quality safety administration informationalization in China, discusses the remaining problems in the regulatory system, investigates the design of the information system for agricultural product quality safety administration by technologies based on 3G and other next-generation information technologies. The designed systems include Chinas agricultural product quality safety surveying information system, Chinas agricultural product quality traceability system, and Chinas agricultural products quality safety contingency management information system. Finally, the paper proposes a four-point suggestion about the informationalization of agricultural product quality safety administration in China.

Research Progress on Plant Hormone Signal Pathways

WEN Xiao-jie, ZHANG Xue-yong, HAO Chen-yang, PU Wen, LIU Xu

2010, 12(6):  10-17.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.03

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Plant hormone is one kind of organic compound synthesized in vivo and plays an important role in plant growth, development and adaption to biotic and abiotic stress. This paper reviewed the progress of five phytohormone signal pathways and their interations  including auxin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, jasmonate acid and ethylene in plant growth and development, so as to provide the foundation for theory and utilization in plant hormone study.

Research Progress on Multi-Gene Transformation in Plant

BIE Xiao-min, SHE Mao-yun, DU Li-pu, LIN Zhi-shan, YIN Gui-xiang, XU Hui-jun, YE

2010, 12(6):  18-23.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.04

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With the rapid development of genetic engineering and molecular biology, the plant genetic improvement means are innovated continuously. For transgenetic plant, single gene transformation technology is insufficient to meet the needs of plant modifications, especially for some genes related to metabolism pathways and quantity traits. So multi-gene transformation comes into being and develops quickly. This paper reviewed the progress made on multi-gene transformation mediated with Agrobacterium and particle bombardment with tobacco, rice, and corn as examples. Problems and prospects of those techniques were also discussed to provide references to multi-gene transformation of main crops such as wheat etc. and to promote transgenic breeding.

Impacts of Transgenic Crops on Soil Microbes

LI Xin-xin1, LI Xiao-hui1, LI Liang1, PING Shu-zhen1, CHEN Ming1, ZHANG Wei1,

2010, 12(6):  24-27.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.05

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Under the overall international environment, along with the continuous development of transgenic technology in agriculture, the generalization and application of transgenic crops is progressing rapidly. At the same time, its risk assessment is also gaining high attention by the human beings. The effects of transgenic crops on soil microbes are regarded as one of the most important domain in risk assessment of environment. Taking the relative studies made in last ten years as theoretic reliance, this paper outlines the effects of GM (genetically modified) plants on soil microbes and provides information for systemic evaluation on  impacts of GM plant release to soil microbial communities.

Strategy and Application for Constructing Tobacco Mutant Library

LIU Xiao-bei1, WU Geng1, ZHANG Qian2, LIU Guan-shan3, LU Tie-gang2, WANG Yuan-yi

2010, 12(6):  28-35.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.06

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Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is one of the most important cash crops in the world and it is also a model plant for biotechnology research. At present, tobacco mutants has been widely used in functional genomics study and breeding, which will be further promoted by constructing an efficient and large-scale tobacco mutant library. This paper reviews the applications of chemical mutagenesis, ion radiation-induced mutagenesis and insertion mutagenesis in mutant library construction. In addition, considering the character of tobacco genome, new strategies of  tobacco mutant library construction were described in combination with new methods for functional genomics study, including whole genome overexpression strategy based on Gateway technology and EST-RNA interference strategy based on RMHR technology. How to utilize them to study tobacco functional genome is also discussed in this paper.

Study on Fungal Avirulence Genes Cloning and Their Interaction with R Protein

ZHANG Jie-qiong1, WANG Jin2, ZUO Kai-jing1

2010, 12(6):  36-42.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.07

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Avirulence genes (Avr) are hereditary factors of pathogen and could induce disease resistance of host plant. To clone Avr genes and study their structure and function, as well as their interactions with the host resistance (R) proteins are greatly important in understanding the molecular mechanism of plant resistance to fungus disease. Most AVR proteins (also called effectors) are rich in cysteine residues. They are translocated into host cells via haustoria or invasive hyphaes, and then induce hypersensitive response (HR). During this process, effectors are directly or indirectly recognized by cognate resistance proteins inside plant cells due to the interactions of certain domains between Avr and R proteins. This review summarized the progress on cloning and characterization of avirulence genes from several plant fungal pathogens and their interactions with plant resistance genes, so as to provide references for further research.

Research Progress on Molecular Biology Feature of |Noroviruses and Its Subunit Vaccine

SONG Wei, PENG Hui-zhen, ZHAO Ling-xia

2010, 12(6):  43-48.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.08

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Noroviruses (NVs) are recognized as the leading pathogen causing nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis epidemics. NVs can infect people of all ages and break out all year-round. Infant, children, the elderly and immunodeficiency people are more vulnerable. At present, vaccine is one of the most effective way to prevent (or control) the outbreak of noroviruses disease in clinic. Based on this, this paper reviewed the finding, epidemiological and molecular biological features of noroviruses and the research progress on its subunit vaccine. Through comparing the affinity to human histo-blood group antigen(HBGAs) between virus-like particles (VLPs) and P particles of noroviruses, the advantages and difficulties of producing oral P as subunit vaccine against noroviruses was discussed using plant expression systems especially tomato. The progress on the expressing P particles by transforming tomato in our laboratory was introduced simply, hoping to provide some references for producing oral vaccine by plant expression systems.

Research Progress on Classification, Physiological Function and Validity Evaluation of Probiotics

LI Jun-xun1, LUO Xue-gang1, GAO Jie2, HAO Ran1, ZHANG Tong-cun3,4

2010, 12(6):  49-55.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.09

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Probiotics are live microorganisms healthy for host organism. Dozens of studies have showed that probiotics are playing important roles in human health keeping for digestive tract, immunity and cardiovascular system, etc. This paper summarizes the classification and biological characteristics of probiotics and the research progress on their functions in regulating blood lipids, reducing blood pressure and blood sugar, preventing allergy and regulating immunity. It also introduces the evaluation of probiotics capability to adhere and colonize in digestive tract, its bioactivity protection technology, and representative commercial products, hoping to provide certain helps for developing relevant research  related to probiotics.

Progress and Application of Evaluation Method of Soil Quality

YUE Xi-jie, GE Xi-zu, WANG Xu-dong

2010, 12(6):  56-61.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.10

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At present soil quality evaluation is one of research focuses for soil science. The introduction of mathematical methods makes soil quality evaluation more objective and accurate. This paper introduces and evaluates several mathematical models commonly used currently. By Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, the qualitative and quantitative evaluation could be commendably combined. AHP model has good logical and systematic characteristics. The artificial neural networks (ANN), a non-linear relation between soil quality and evaluating indicators could be translated into neural network mode. It has strong self-organizing and self-adjusting ability. The set pair analysis (SPA) model considers the soil quality evaluating indicators and the indicators quality standards as one set pair combining the above two, so as to use their connection degrees to determine the different levels of evaluation. The fuzzy mathematical model takes the gradual changes and ambiguity of soil quality status into consideration, which makes the evaluation results more realistic. The introduction of GIS (global information system) and its combination with other mathematical methods make the dynamic evaluation of soil quality and management possible.

Current Status and Expectation for the Protection of Plant New Varieties in China

WANG Li-ping1, LIU Ping1, LV Bo1, ZHANG Xin-ming1, ZHOU Jian-ren2

2010, 12(6):  62-67.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.11

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This paper summarizes the progress made in protecting and developing agricultural and forestry plant new varieties from the aspects of establishing laws and regulations for plant breeders right, constructing the protection system of plant new variety, expending protection category and developing test guideline. This paper points out the existing problems such as dim protection consciousness for plant new variety, uneven application numbers and unbalanced genus distribution, serious false tort and hardship in safeguarding legal rights. The paper also puts forward that the efficient harmony among legislation, administrative protection and justice administration should be strengthened to make protection of plant new varieties suit the international tendency, and the UPOV(1991 act) treaty should be joined in proper time.

Construction and Identification of Potato Tuber SSH Library Induced by Low Temperature

CHEN Xia, SONG Bo-tao, YANG Jian-wen, XIE Cong-hua, LIU Jun

2010, 12(6):  68-74.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.12

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A SSH (suppression subtractive hybridization) library was constructed to identify the genes of potato tubers response to low temperature, with wild species S. berthaultii CW2-1 tubers as material, which was treated at 4℃ (tester) and 20℃ (driver), respectively. A library including 2 112 positive clones was constructed by PCR identification. 274 differentially expressed fragments (P/N>3) were obtained through Northern blotting. Then 53 fragments were selected randomly for sequencing and homologous analysis. And 29 non-redundant gene fragments were acquired, which showed high quality of the library. Among them 4 ESTs (expression sequence tags)  were selected randomly for further analysis, The results showed that the expression levels in the tubers of CW2-1 were higher at 4 ℃ than at 20℃ by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR; while stored at 4℃, their expression levels were also different between CW2-1 and E1 (E-potato 1, a potato cultivar sensitive to cold sweetening). This indicated that some cold-responsive genes in potato tuber were enriched by the SSH library constructed.

Study on the Regulation of Cold-responsive Genes in CBF Signaling Pathway from Capsella bursa Induced by |ABA、MeJA and SA

ZHOU Ming-qi, WU Li-hua, SHEN Chen, LIN Juan

2010, 12(6):  75-80.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.13

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During the long evolution many plants have developed an in-built ability to adapt and resist low temperature stress. The CRT binding factor (CBF) pathway is one of the important cold responsive mechanism, in which a delicate and complex network regulated by a series of cold-associated genes closely related to various plant signaling molecules. In order to explore the regulation of plant signaling molecules on CBF pathway, Capsella bursa-pastoris was selected as research material in this paper. The regulation of abscisic acid (ABA), methyle jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) on the expression of CbICE53, CbCBF, CbCOR15a, CbCOR15b, CbCAX51 and CbRCI35 in Capsella bursa-pastoris were studied by RT-PCR. The results showed that the expression patterns of these genes presented different characteristics under treatments with 3 signaling molecular, which had laid a foundation for further demonstrating the function of plant signaling molecules in the regulatory network of CBF pathway.

Effect of Different Reaction Conditions on Carrot Fiber Properties Modified by Cellulase

LIU Huan1, ZHANG Xiao-ming2, WANG Xin-wei1, MA Zhong-su1

2010, 12(6):  81-85.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.14

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Carrot fiber (CF) made from carrot pomace was modified by cellulose and then used to investigate the effect of cellulose content and reaction time on average length, average width, L/W, sugar content and accessibility of CF. The composite action of cellulase modified CF was also analyzed. The result showed that with the increasing of cellulase concentration and reaction time, the average length, average width, L/W decreased, while the sugar content and accessibility increased. Considering quantum conservation and reaction time of cellulose used, 0.4 mg/mL and 2 h were optimal for the average length, average width, L/W, sugar content and accessibility of CF.

Environmental Impact on Alkali Soil Amelioration using FGD Gypsum

LI Yan1, ZHANG Feng-ju2, WANG Shu-juan1, LUO Cheng-ke2, ZHAO Bo1,

2010, 12(6):  86-89.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.15

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The calsium ions in FGD (flue gas desulfurization) gypsum could replace the natrium ions (Na+) in alkali soil to cause its amelioration. FGD gypsum samples from 10 coal-fired power plants were collected and analyzed. Its calcium sulfate contents and heavy metal contents were gotten. The results showed that the concentrations of calcium sulfate and As, Hg, Pb, Cr, and Cd were different among the samples. The content of calcium sulfate in FGD gypsum was about 51.8~89% and the concentrations of heavy metals were lower than the limits permitted by the National Environmental Quality Standard for Soil (GB15618-1995). Oil sunflower was planted on the alkali soil ameliorated by the FGD gypsum collected. The five-year continuous monitoring revealed that the concentrations of heavy metals in soil ameliorated by FGD gypsum were not affected, which provided reliable data and proof for large-scale utilization FGD gypsum to alkali soil amelioration.

Breeding of Thermo-sensitive Genic Male Sterile Line Xiangling 628S

FU Chen-jian, QIN Peng, HU Xiao-chun, SONG Yong-bang, SUN Zhen-biao, YANG Yuan-z

2010, 12(6):  90-97.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.16

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Thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line Xiangling 628S is selected from the cross of dwarfing mutant SV14S of line Zhu1S by the technique of somaclonal variation and high blast-resistant variety ZR02. Xiangling 628S holds various elite traits, such as the critical temperature of fertility alteration below 23℃, stable male sterility, great ability in reproduction and crossing, wild compatibility, high combining ability, fine grain quality, fertilizer tolerance and lodging resistance and so on. Since the line Xiangling 628S has been nationally approved in 2008, 3 of its combinations have been nationally approved and 6 of its combinations have been provincially approved, which has showed a broad and bright application prospect.

Genetic Diversity of Wheat Landraces from Xinjiang Region using SSR Markers

WANG Hong-fei1, LI Hong-qi2, CONG Hua1, ZHANG Yan-feng1, XIAO Jing1, SONG Yu1, Y

2010, 12(6):  98-104.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.17

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Genetic diversity of wheat landraces from Xinjiang was investigated at DNA level. 75 wheat accessions were evaluated using 42 SSR markers distributed over whole wheat genome. The result indicated that 317 alleles were detected at 42 SSR loci from 75 accessions of local varieties. The alleles number of per locus was from 2 to 15, with an average of 7.55. Mean PIC (polymorphism information content) value of SSR primer was 0.696, with variation range from 0.169 to 0.905. The average allelic number of genome was D＞B＞A, while the genetic diversity indices was B＞D＞A. The cluster analysis indicated that these 75 accessions of Xinjiang wheat landraces could be divided into 3 groups and 8 sub-groups, which had close relation with the ecotype of these accessions. Winter wheat and spring wheat landraces belonged to different groups or sub-groups. The genetic diversity of spring wheat landraces was higher than that of the winter wheat landraces. In conclusion, the rich genetic diversity of Xinjiang wheat landraces could be used to broaden genetic basis of wheat cultivars.

Generation of Maize Plants Transformed with ABP9 gene

GAO Jian-qiang, ZHAO Fang, ZOU Wei-hua, LIANG Hua, ZHAO Jun

2010, 12(6):  105-108.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.18

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ABP9 is involved in ABA signal transduction, control of ROS and enhancement of plant tolerance to abiotic stress.  In order to obtain ABP9 transgenic maize plants to provide new material for stress-resistant breeding, a plant vector overexpressing transcription factor ABP9 driven by constitutive promoter Ubi was constructed and transformed into maize inbred Qi319 through Agrobacterium mediated transformation system. Transgenic maize plants were obtained by screening with herbicide glufosinate and PCR amplification of ABP9 with two different pairs of gene-specific primers.

Establishment of Event-Specific Qualitative PCR for Detecting Transgenic Carnation ‘Moonlite’

LI Peng*, PAN Ai-hu*, JIA Jun-wei, JIANG Ling-xi, BAI Lan, TANG Xue-ming

2010, 12(6):  109-113.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.19

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An event-specific transgenic detection method for ‘Moonlite’ was established. By thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) technique, the flanking sequences of the exogenous integration in the genome of ‘Moonlite’ were cloned and sequenced with the specific nested primers based on the left border. According to the left flanking sequence, the event-specific primers were designed to amplify the fragments, which could span the exogenous DNA and carnation genome and the event-specific qualitative PCR detection method for transgenic carnation ‘Moonlite’ was established. The results showed that the qualitative PCR assay was accurate, rapid and efficient for detection of ‘Moonlite’.

Cloning, Expression and Characterization Studies on Xylanase Gene, xynA15, from Alicyclobacillus sp.A15

WANG Jian-she1,2, BAI Ying-guo2, YIN Jun1, YAO Bin2

2010, 12(6):  114-119.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.20

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Alicyclobacillus sp.A15 was isolated from the outflow of a hot spring in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, China. xynA15 was cloned from the strain through homogolous cloning and TAIL-PCR, which consists of 990 bp and encodes 329 amino acids and one stop codon. Then it was inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-22b (+) and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Xylanase activity was detected in the cultured supernantant after induced by Isopropyl-β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The optimal temperature and pH was 50℃ and 7.0, respectively for XynA15 activity. XynA15 contains higher activity at 35~60℃ and better thermal stability at 50℃.

Effect of Humic Acid on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Tobacco Field

YE Xie-feng1, LING Ai-fen2, LIU Qing-hua3, HAO Wei-hong4, LI Yan-tao4, XUE Qing-

2010, 12(6):  120-125.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.21

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Field experiments were carried out to research the effect of Humic acid on soil physical and chemical properties in tobacco fields at Jiaxian County, Henan Province in 2006-2007. The results showed that after humic acid was used, soil ability to maintain moisture increased, especially in fast growing period; soil bulk density decreased and soil degree of porosity increased. Application of humic acid can improve available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter content of the seasonal soil, but there was no significant difference in available nitrogen and organic matter content between the treatments and the control. Compared with fertilizer treatment, application humic acid could increase soil nitrogen validity in the whole growth period; soil available phosphorus content was higher than the control, especially in rosette stage it was 5~20 mg/kg more than the control. The content of soil available potassium kept a high content level at latter stage of tobacco growth. The effect of treatment T2 (750 kg/hm2) was the best.

Architecture Design of Digital Library Platform Based on Cloud Computing

PEI Hong-luo1, WANG Yun-sheng2, JIANG Hong-tao1, CHENG Bin-bin1, YAO Li-gen1

2010, 12(6):  126-129.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.22

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With the development of library and information sciences, network technology, storage technology, multimedia processing technology and data mining technology etc., digital library comes into being. Its function and application services will be changed greatly by the emergence and development of cloud computing. Based on analyzing the issues needed to be solved by digital library platform, its target system model founded on cloud computing was drawn, and the design of digital library platform Framework with three-tier structure (model data layer, control algorithm layer and application layer) was described in more detail.

Connecting Rural China: Public Investment Record of Quasi-commercial Electricity and Telephone Agencies in Chinas Villages

XU Jing-qin1,2, LUO Ren-fu1, ZHANG Lin-xiu1, SCOTT Rozelle3

2010, 12(6):  130-141.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2010.06.23

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Using a nationally representative public investment dataset collected from 2 459 villages in 6 provinces, the paper focuses mainly on the public investment record of quasi-commercial electricity and telephone agencies in Chinas Villages. The empirical results show that as a profit maximization unit, quasi-commercial enterprises investment strategy is some what different from public investment. If no government strains, quasi-commercial enterprises invest less in poor and mountainous villages with regards to electricity and telephone projects. However, although informal connection (Guanxi) is very important in getting public projects funded by public organizations, it does not work in quasi-commercial enterprises decision process when implementing the electricity and telephone projects. The chief conclusion of the paper is that with some government strains attached, the quasi-commercial enterprises could correct their behavior by adopting a more pro poor approach. If it is true, then the quasi-commercial enterprises will be an important and effective complement funding sources for the public projects in rural china villages in the future.