Table of Content

15 December 2011, Volume 13 Issue 6

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Analysis of Factors Restricting the Stable Development of Chinas Grain Production and Countermeasures

ZHANG Jiang-li1, XIE Pei1, DAI Xiao-feng2

2011, 13(6):  1-5.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.01

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With the in-depth development of industrialization and urbanization and the continuous growth of consumer demand, stable development of Chinas grain production will be even more difficult in 2011-2015. Based on the statistic data from <Chinese Agriculture Yearbook>, etc. and starting from the current status and situation, this paper analyzed the major problems restricting the stable development of Chinas grain production. These restricting factors include undulation and dropping of grain crop sowing areas, lacking the matching construction between grain field infrastructure and water vacancy facilities, unreasonable layout of grain productivity and cultivation system, as well as the inadequate display of scientific and technological potential. The paper puts forward 4 countermeasures to ensure the stable development of Chinas grain production during the twelfth ‘Five Year Plan’ period for reference by related policy making departments.

Comparative Analysis of Vitamin C Contents and Anti-oxidization in Rice Varieties

ZHANG Chuan-yu1,2,3, ZHANG Zhi-jin3, HUANG Rong-feng3, ZHANG Zhi-li1,2,4

2011, 13(6):  6-11.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.02

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Vitamin C (VC), also known as ascorbic acid (AsA), is a pivotal antioxidant in response to plant oxidative stress. Many research results have revealed that VC functions in resistance to oxidative stress in different plant species including Arabidopsis and wheat, but little is known in rice. In this paper, the VC contents in rice varieties Zhonghua17, Nipponbare, Yangdao6 and Yangdao 2 were compared. and found that their VC contents were obvious different. Combining with the treatment of MV (Methyl Viologen), changes in superoxide anion and H2O2 levels among these varieties were also compared. The results showed that there was close relationship between VC contents and oxidative stress resistance of rice. Those results proved that VC played an important role in rice resistance to oxidative stress, which provided a basis for improving rice resistance to stress.

Applications of Phosphomannose Isomerase-based Selection System in Transgenic Plants

GUO Qian-qian1, SUN Xi-sen2, TANG Yi-xiong1, WU Yan-min1

2011, 13(6):  12-19.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.03

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Selective marker gene encoding antibiotic and herbicide, widely used in plant transformation, have potential risk for environment and human health. Therefore, non-resistance marker genes with bio-safety become a research hotspot in the area of transgenic plants. This paper presented a novel selective system for plant transformation, which utilizes the pmi gene encoding phosphomannose-isomerase as selective marker gene, and summarized the progresses of PMI on its function principle, bio-safety evaluation, application and detection in plant transformation. The paper also analyzed the existing problems of PMI as selective marker gene, and prospected the development trends of PMI, so as to establish a solid foundation for its extensive utilization in transgenic plants.

Improvement of Bt cry1Ah Gene Expression in Transgenic Maize (Zea mays L.) through Codon Optimization

LI Sheng-yan1,2, LANG Zhi-hong2, ZHU Li2, LI Xiu-ying1,2, ZHANG Jie3, HE Kang-la

2011, 13(6):  20-26.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.04

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The cry1Ah gene is one of novel insecticidal genes cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis isolate BT8. The sequences of cry1Ah gene had been optimized according to the codon bias of plant in former research. In this study it was optimized again according to the codon bias of maize. Two plant expression vectors pAhmG and pmAhb harboring cry1Ah gene by different codon optimization were constructed and transferred into maize (Zea mays L.) mediated by Agrobacterium. Ten and nine regenerated plants were PCR positive, respectively. Comparison of gene expression and insect-resistance in transgenic maize with different codon optimization was carried out through ELISA, Western blot detection and bioassay. The preliminary results showed that the foreign gene cry1Ah could be expressed and inherited stably in maize. The protein expression and insect-resistance in transgenic plants harboring the second codon optimization of cry1Ah gene were better than the first codon optimization. So, codon optimization can improve expression of foreign genes.

Data Survey and Analysis of the Transgene Flow Frequencies and Distances in Major Crops Ⅳ. Maize

AO Guang-ming1, WANG Zhi-xing2, WANG Xu-jing2, JIA Shi-rong2

2011, 13(6):  27-32.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.05

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Along with the rapid development of transgenic maize in recent two decades, maize has become the second largest transgenic crop worldwide. Parallelly, the research on maize gene flow and out-crossing has also been strongly promoted. It is known that 84%~92% of pollen grains deposited within 5 m from donor plant due to the maize pollen grains are relatively large and heavy. Based on the accumulated international data on transgene flow in maize, the maximum distance of transgene flow at a threshold value of0.1% (MTD0.1%) is to be 100~119 m. In order to study the co-existence of transgenic and non-transgenic maize after the large scale commercialization of transgenic maize, scientists have collected samples from non-transgenic maize surrounding the transgenic maize planting area. The data has shown that the MTD0.1% is 80 m.

Inter-laboratory Validation of A Plasmid Reference Molecule Suitable For Genetically Modified Canola RT73 Event-Specific Detection

LI Xiang1, ZHU Qing-hua1, GAO Qin1, LV Rong1, PAN Liang-wen1, LI Jun-yi2, ZHANG

2011, 13(6):  33-40.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.06

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In this study, the applicability of a reference molecule pEASY-RT73 suitable for event-specific detection of genetically modified (GM) canola RT73 in conventional and real-time PCR assays was validated by inter-laboratory trail. The analysis of 8 labs reports showed that the plasmid pEASY-RT73 was highly specific to GM canola RT73, rapeseed endogenous gene HMG and PEP detections. In qualitative PCR, the limits of detection (LODs) that could be detected by all 8 participants were 20 copies of plasmid DNA for PEP and RT73 event-specific sequence detection and 50 copies for HMG detection. In real-time PCR assay, LODs were determined to be about 10 copies for HMG and RT73 event-specific sequence detection and 50 copies for PEP. The PCR instruments and reagents have little impact on the results even though there are many differences among 8 labs. These results indicate that reference molecule pEASY-RT73 can be used as a new type of reference material for conventional and real-time event-specific PCR detections of GM canola RT73.

Studies on Positive-Negative Selection System in Plant Gene Targeting

LI Shan-shan1, AN Shu-hong2, LIU Yu-hui1

2011, 13(6):  41-45.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.07

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Gene targeting is one of the important tools in reversed genetics and a powerful tool in functional characterization of plant genes. Positive-negative selection system is used to identify correct transformants upon gene targeting. Using selection systems can reduce work load and greatly improve gene targeting efficiency. In recent years, with continuous studies and improvement, the use of positive-negative selection in plant gene targeting has become normal. This paper expounds the principle of the method and summarized its research progress, which will be of significant value f or gene targeting study in the future.

Research Progress on Plant RNA-dependant RNA Polymerase

XU Tao, WANG Lei

2011, 13(6):  46-53.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.08

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RNA-dependant RNA polymerase (RDR) could synthesize RNA strand complementary using single-stranded RNA as template to produce double-stranded RNA. Then the double-stranded RNAs are processed into 20~24 nt small interfering RNAs (siRNA) by DCL similar to cellular RNaseⅢ-like, which could transcriptionally or posttranscriptionally repress the expression of target genes. Through gene silencing pathway, RDR participates in multiple biological processes, such as plant developmental regulation, stress response and epigenetic modification. Thorough understanding about the expression profile, biochemical property and biological function of plant RDR will benefit the development and utilization of plant gene silencing.

Effect of Cytochalasin B on Microtubules, Microfilaments and Chromosomes during in Vitro Maturation of Bovine Oocytes

LIU Xin*, HU Xiao-ming*, BAI Chun-ling, CHENG Lei, GAO Yu, LIU Yang, LI Guang-pe

2011, 13(6):  54-60.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.09

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Cytochalasin B (CB), a reagent inhibiting actin polymerization, can inhibit the assembly of actin and prevent cytokinesis and polar body (PB1) emission, and it usually is used to study the formation and dynamic changes of meiotic (mitotic) apparatus. In this study, the effect of CB on meiotic spindle configuration, chromosome alignment and separation was investigated after the oocytes were incubated at the presence of 7.5 μg/mL CB. The results showed that CB inhibited the emission of PB1 and resulted in the formation of abnormal patterns of chromosomal alignment and separation such as the incomplete separation of homologous chromosomes. CB treatment caused meiotic arrest at anaphase Ⅰ stage and induced the formation of 2 groups of chromosomes, which then moved toward in proximity or merged entirely to yield the formation of diploid oocytes. Meanwhile, CB treatment led to the disfiguration of spindle microtubules and induced 2 spindles, a large spindle, and multiple-poles spindles. CB also affected the microfilament distribution. Almost no or less microfilaments were observed around the chromosomes, and their distribution in the sub-cortical areas was less and uneven. These results suggested that meiosis require synergetic action of microtubules and microfilaments. CB caused the disfigurations of meiotic spindles by interfering the dynamic pattern formation of microtubules and microfilaments, and ultimately inhibited the emission of polar bodies.

Cloning, Expression and Activity of cry1Ib6 Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis

ZHANG Qing-li1,2, LI Hai-tao1, ZHAO Shi-yuan1, LIU Rong-mei1, ZHAO Yong2, GAO Ji

2011, 13(6):  61-65.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.10

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Bacillus thuringiensis could produce insecticide crystal proteins (ICPs), which had strong toxicity to sensitive insects, but no toxicity to higher animals and human. A full length of 2.1 kb cry1I gene fragment was obtained by PCR amplification using primers designed according to cry1I-type gene sequences with the plasmid DNA of Bt LB52 strain as template. It could express 79.9 kDa protein in the Escherichia coli by the expression vector pEB. By AlginX analysis, its protein was composed of 712 amino acids. The molecular weight was 79.9 kDa, and the isoelectric point was 6.54, a weak acid protein. By blasting on NCBI, the cry1Ib6s amino acid sequences had 98% similarity with Cry1Ib3, with 12 amino acids different. The gene has been registered in GenBank with accession number ADK38579 and was named as cry1Ib6 by International Nomenclature Committee. Cry1Ib6 protein products had high toxicity to Plutella xylostella, with Lethal concentration (LC50) 1.196 μg/mL, which provided a new gene for  insect-resistant transgenic plants.

Steric Chaperone-Lipase Specific Foldase

ZHENG Xiao-mei, CHU Xiao-yu, WU Ning-feng, FAN Yun-liu

2011, 13(6):  66-71.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.11

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Lipases represent the most important class of enzymes used in industry. The enzymes originating from Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species are wildly used. But a huge energetic barrier traps kinetically disable lipases in folding state to fold rightly. Research found that these enzymes were usually encoded in an operon together with a second gene, which coded for a lipase-specific-foldase, Lif. It is necessary for obtaining enzymatically active lipase. Lifs are so-called steric chaperones, which exert their physiological function by lowering energetic barriers when folding their cognate lipases, thereby providing essential steric information needed for folding lipases into their enzymatically active conformation. In this review, we elaborated the discovery, classification, mechanism, and perspective for application.

Breeding of High Efficient Degumming Strain Erwinia carotovora CXJZU-120 for Fiber Crops

ZHENG Ke*, DUAN Sheng-wen*, LIU Zheng-chu, FENG Xiang-yuan, CHENG Li-feng, ZHENG

2011, 13(6):  72-77.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.12

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In order to obtain high efficient degumming strain for fiber crops, the strain CXJZU-120 was screened by UV mutagenesis treatment of CXJZ95-198 for 120 s. By studying the biological characteristics and function of degumming, the results showed that strain CXJZU-120 with stable characters, could finish ramie degumming within 5.5~6.0 h. The removal rate of non-cellulose materials was 87.22%. The strain had a high activity of pectinase, β-mannanase and xylanase in fermentation liquid after cultivation for 10 h, which reached 211.2 U/mL, 3748 U/mL and 96.6 U/mL, respectively. It showed dark brown after cultivation for 16.0~17.0 h in slant medium, bluish green appeared after cultivation for 5.0~5.5 h in fermentation liquid, and it began to present blue color when inoculating on ramie for 5.0~5.5 h. These results indicated that the ability of degumming and performance of enzyme production of the mutant strain CXJZU-120 were increased compared with the original strain. And because of the characteristics of rapid-reproduction and presentation of special colors in ramie fermentation, the strain CXJZU-120 has important significance in degumming application for fiber crops.

Alternative DNA Amplification Methods Propitious to GMO Detection

LIU Xin

2011, 13(6):  78-81.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.13

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Nucleic acids, especially forign recombinant DNA, are targets for analysis of genetically modified organisms (GMO). DNA amplification of targets has become  the core technology in GMO detection, such as qualitative and quantitative PCR. Along with the increase of GMO and the expansion of planting range, original detection methods have some limitations such as lack of true multiplexing properties. Alternative nucleic acid amplification methods with promising characteristics are summarized in the paper. Special focus is given to the possibilities of using these alternative methods for GMO detection in future.

Studies on Remote Sensing Monitoring Method for Spatial Distribution of Winter Wheat Critical Phenology

SI Wen-cai, LIU Jun-ming

2011, 13(6):  82-89.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.14

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Crop phenology is of important significance for dynamic monitoring of crop growth and field management. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can accurately reflect the crop phenology within a wide range of crop areas. In this paper, SPOT/VEGETATION Maximum Value Composite (MVC) NDVI data in period of 10 days from 2000 to 2009 were used to extract the winter-wheat phenology in Hebei Province. The NDVI time series curves are reconstructed by Savitzky-Golay (S-G) filter with air temperature. Ln the beginning of green-turning and heading stages of winter wheat, the observed result are analyzed by dynamic threshold method. According to the monitoring results, the winter wheat phenology in Hebei Province shows a special distribution rule of postponing from south to north, and the results of 10 years remote sensing monitoring were consistent with the ground observations of phenology. This indicates that the method proposed in this paper can be used in monitoring winter wheat Critical phenology in Hebei Province.

Research Progress on Visualization of Horticultural Plants

YUAN Xiao-min1,2, WEN Wei-liang1, GUO Xin-yu1, LU Sheng-lian1

2011, 13(6):  90-98.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.15

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Horticultural plant is an important part of agricultural and forestry plants. Studies on its visualization can be used in landscape designing, crop disease supervision and yield forecasting, etc. This paper expounds the progress made in horticultural plant visualization in recent years and introduces the research progress on topological structure simulation of horticultural plant from 4 aspects including parameterized modeling, methods based both on image reconstruction and measurement data 3 d reconstruction, and altemate type designs. The paper also sets forth the technology applied in reality drawing of horticultural plant, and prospects the development trend of horticultural plants visualization. All these would provide reference and guidance for correlated research.

Analysis on Edible Quality Differences between Vzrieties of Indica Rice with Medium Amylose Content

ZHOU Zhi-bao1,2, WANG Xiao-ling1, YU Chuan-yuan1, LEI Jian-guo1, WANG Zhi-quan1,

2011, 13(6):  99-105.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.16

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In order to study the edible quality differences  between indica rice varieties, 24 indica rice varieties with medium amylose content, which had reached the first class standard of edible quality by Ministry of Agriculture, were analyzed. The result indicated that the length/width, alkali spreading value, gel consistency, breakdown viscosity of rice were significant positive correlated with edible quality, but the edible quality were negatively related to grain width, chalky rate, protein content, consistence viscosity, setback viscosity. Results also showed that varieties with better edible quality have smaller grain width, chalky rate, protein content, consistence viscosity, setback viscosity, but higher grain length/width, alkali spreading value, gel consistency, breakdown viscosity. Grain length/width, alkali spreading value, gel consistency were 3 decisive factors influencing edible quality through path analysis statistical method. All these results have provided basis for further improving the rice quality assessment, and also theoretical reliance for plant breeders to conduct selection.

Progress in Studying Effects of Aloe Polysaccharides and Aloin Against Radiation

ZHONG Ying1, YE Qing2, QIAN He2

2011, 13(6):  106-109.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.17

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The research and development of products with anti-radiation function has become the focus of health food industry, since people realize the various radiation hazards in our living environment. The paper presents the research progress made in using aloe polysaccarides and aloin against radiation. Through comparative analysis, aloe polysaccarides and aloin are proved to be the main functional components of aloes radio-resistance. This provides theoretical and practical foundations for anti-radiation products development, utilization and their market extension as well.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Cotton Planting and Suggestions for its Sustainable Development

JIN Shu-qin1, DU Min1, WEI Xun2, SUN Yu3

2011, 13(6):  110-117.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.18

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Pesticides and chemical fertilizers are intensively used in cotton cultivation, which causes various problems such as health damage, water and air pollution, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. On the basis of internal and external research findings, this paper summarizes different environmental impacts effected by imputing various kinds of chemical products during cotton cultivation. Through tracing relevant research findings on climate change, this paper also summarizes the GHG emission factors of different inputs regarding cotton planting, and it is the first attempt to calculate the total GHG emission of cotton planting. As estimated in 2009, the emission intensity of cotton field was 3 928.05 kg CO2 equivalent per hectare, and the total emission of cotton planting was 19.45 million tons of CO2 equivalents. There is huge potential to reduce GHG emission in cotton planting process. It is of vital importance to explore cleaner production mode for sustainable development of cotton industry.

Effect of Soil Water Stress on Different Composition Types of Peanut Seed Protein

SONG Wen-Wu, DING Hong, CHEN Dian-xu, SUN Kui-xiang, ZHANG Yu-feng, ZHANG Zhi-Me

2011, 13(6):  118-125.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.19

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To understand the drought resistance mechanism of peanut and screen peanut genotypes with drought resistance and high water use efficiency, the protein composition, protein types and corelation of different peanut varieties were studied under moderate soil water stress condition and by artificial control. The results showed that albumin was preponderant in peanut seed protein, accounting for over 92%, with the highest 95% of the total peanut seed protein. The globulin content was relatively low, accounting for 4% of the total peanut protein. The glutenin content was the lowest, only taking 3.43%, and the prolamin was trace amount. Among these 4 components, the globulin contents were the most different among varieties. The average concentration of peanut kernels protein component was slightly increased under drought stress, for which albumin content played very important role. The SDS-PAGE indicated that the protein compositions of peanut seeds were determined by genetic characteristics. Soil moisture did not affect the electrophoresis pattern of protein composition of same species (lines), but influence the depth of their strips. The profiles of albumin and globulin bands were darker under soil moisture stress indicating an increase of responsive protein components. The albumin protein bands under treatment and the globulin bands of No. 29 variety were increased obviously, a intensive response to drought.

Countermeasure for Water Quality Protection and Effectiveness in Lake District of Japan

ZHAO Jie-chun1,2, BAI Wen-bo1,2, ICHIJI Ya-ma-shi-ta3, LI Yu-zhong1,2

2011, 13(6):  126-134.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.20

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Japan has had water contamination problems in some lakes along with industrial and agricultural development as well as population growth since the late 60 s. Ministry of Environment Government of Japan developed a “lake water quality protection special measures law” in order to protect lake water quality. At the same time, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan developed a series of strategies and environmental-friendly agricultural production technical measures, such as “agricultural environmental practices”, “sustainable agricultural modes of production,” “farmland, water, environmental protection measures” in the lake regions to promote the water quality protection and sustainable development. The formation, implementation and development of water quality protection countermeasures were introduced based on the Biwa and Kasumigaura Lakes experiences in this paper, and the status, effectiveness and problems of the environmental-friendly agricultural policy were presented also. This review will provide enlightenment on sustainable agricultural development and water environment protection for China.

Dilute Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment for Producing Fuel Ethanol from Triarrhena Sacchariflora (Maxim.) Nakai

LIAO Wo-ri-han1, LIU Rui-xiang1, SUN Qi-zhong2, GAO Feng-qin2

2011, 13(6):  135-139.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.

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Triarrhena sacchariflora (Maxim.) Nakai could produce fuel ethanol. Further research about it could reduce petroleum crisis. The changing rule of the contents of cellulose, semi-cellulose and lignin in the samples after treatment were clarified via 4 single-factor experiments under pretreatment conditions. And optimum conditions of dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment for producing fuel ethanol from Triarrhena sacchariflora (Maxim.) Nakai were ensured through orthogonal experiment. The results show that the best 2 pretreatment conditions were: ① sulfuric acid concentration: 1.5% (g/mL), solid-liquid ratio: 1∶6, time: 30 min, temperature 120℃; cellulose content increased by 15.28%. ② 1.5%, 1∶8, 15 min, 120℃; cellulose content increased by 15.11%. These results have provided reliable basis for producing fuel ethanol from Triarrhena sacchariflora (Maxim.) Nakai.

Effect of Low Dose of Formalin on Culturing European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in RAS and BAF

LI Xiang-ping1,2, LIU Ying2, CHENG Jiang-feng1

2011, 13(6):  140-146.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2011.06.22

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In order to discuss the effect of low dose and long duration of formalin on fish and recirculating aquaculture system(RAS), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was taken as material to study in RAS. European seabass was treated with 4 formalin concentration (0 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 60 mg/L and 90 mg/L). The results showed that the survival rate (98%) and WGR (350.26%) of European seabass had no significant difference (P>0.05) compared with the control group after being treated with 30 mg/L formalin. The 90 mg/L formalin treatment could significantly weaken the removal rate of nitrite. The activity of intestinal AMS and trypsin in stomach was significantly (P<0.05) increased in European seabass which was treated with 30 mg/L formalin. The 60 mg/L formalin treatment could damnify fish liver. European seabass suffered mild adversity stress after being treated with 60 mg/L and 90 mg/L formalin. The treatment of 90 mg/L formalin decreased the BAFs efficiency in wiping out nitrite (P<0.05), and the impact on removing ammonium was delayed compared with that on removing nitrite.