Table of Content

15 February 2012, Volume 14 Issue 1

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Strategic Transformation Path Studies on Grain Food Processing Industry in China

LIANG Zhan-dong, WANG Xiu-dong

2012, 14(1):  1-6.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.01

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This paper studies the strategic transformation path model of Chinas grain food processing industry under new economic situation. On the basis of analyzing present status of Chinas grain food processing industry, combined with the major business of food processing industry, this paper puts forward the strategic transformation path model of core competency, and proposed the transfer and evolution models for different business, so as to provide theoretical and practical support for the development of Chinas grain food processing industry.

Strategy for Balanced Development of Three Major Industries in Chinas Rural Areas

NIU Kai

2012, 14(1):  7-17.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.02

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The development of three major industries in rural China, output value structure and employment structure represent very obvious non-symmetry performance, bringing about the uneven development of the three major industries in rural areas. This non-equilibrium state is bound to affect the sustainable and healthy development of rural economy. In order to promote the balanced development of these three major industries, the author analyzes in detail the balance and structural problems affecting the three main industries development, systematically explores the objective rule and real obstacles of the three major industries in rural areas, and puts forward policies and suggestions for the balanced development of these three major industries. It is of important strategic significance for optimizing rural industrial structure, improving material and cultural living standard of rural residents, and stimulating the rural economy in China for a long term, stable and rapid development.

Studies on Farmer Households Requirement for Maize Seed Technology and Channels Access to Information

GUO Shu-jing, LI Lu-ping, XU Zhi-gang

2012, 14(1):  18-24.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.03

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In China, the pressure for maize domestic supply and self-sufficiency is increasing continuously, but the maize yield per unit area increases very slowly. It is of great significance to understand farmer households preferences for maize seed technology and channels access to information, so as to guide famers to choose maize seed rationally, improve technology extension pattern, promote breeding of new varieties, and improve the level of maize production in China. In order to fully understand farmer households demand for new seed technology, their purchasing behaviors and the existing problems, based on a survey dataset from 640 farmer households in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Henan and Shandong Provinces, this paper systematically analyzes farmer households requirement for maize variety technology, channels access to sources of technical information, and problems facing farmer households when they are purchasing maize seed, so as to provide reference for new maize variety breeding and technology extension in the near future.

Studies on Cloning and Transcription of atp9 from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Mitochondria

SHI Ji1,2, ZHANG Rui1, SHI Qing-hua2, ZHANG Xiao1, GUO San-dui1

2012, 14(1):  25-32.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.04

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With cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) cytoplasmic male-sterile line P30A, maintainer line P30B and restorer line Y18 as plant materials, 1 627 bp flanking sequences of atp9 gene was obtained in fertile cytoplasm using Tail-PCR method, and different expression patterns of atp9 among young buds of three-line hybrid cotton were analyzed by Northern blot. The result showed that two transcripts of atp9 gene were detected in three-line hybrid cotton. One band showed clear hybridizing signal and another was weak. There were no obvious differences in transcription level. There were seven editing sites in the coding region of atp9, and the codon at 7th editing site changed into a termination codon, shortening the protein of ATP9 to the “standard” size. The atp9 gene editing frequency of maintainer line was significantly lower than sterile line and restorer line in the organ of young bud. We found that the editing frequency of atp9 had close relationship with the form of cotton cytoplasm, and nuclear background could also affect the editing frequency. Our study shows that mitochondrial atp9 gene may be related to cytoplasmic male sterility, but further analysis is needed.

Research Progress in Effects of Glutenin Subunits on Wheat Processing Quality

LIU Li, YANG Jin-hua, HU Yin-xing, CHENG Geng

2012, 14(1):  33-42.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.05

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The glutenin subunits play a very important role in wheat processing quality. The high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) linked by intermolecular disulfide bonds and form to a polymeric mixture that determine the rheological characteristics of dough. Up to now, the effects of HMW-GS on wheat processing quality have been well studied and the HMW-GS are widely used as a protein marker for quality screening of parents and progenies. However, less research on the relationship between LMW-GS and wheat processing quality has been carried out due to the larger number of expressed subunits and their overlapping mobility with the abundant gliadin proteins in the SDS-PAGE. In this paper, the effects of HMW-GS, LMW-GS and the ratio of HMW-GS/LMW-GS on wheat processing quality were reviewed. We also discussed about the future application of glutenin subunits in wheat quality breeding program, so as to provide a theoretical basis for using glutenin subunits in improving wheat quality.

Studies on Identifying Pi-ta2 Rice Blast Resistant Genes in Yunnan Local Rice Varieties by Using SSR DNA Marker

LI Jin-bin1, LI Ding2, SUN Yi-ding2, ZHANG Qing1, XU Ming-hui2

2012, 14(1):  43-48.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.06

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Vertical resistant gene Pi-ta2 plays an important role in breeding blast resistant rice in Yunnan Province. In this study, the resistant gene Pi-ta2 in 220 rice landraces from Yunnan Province was effectively determined by using SSR marker OSR32. 15 accessions were selected for identification by artificial inoculation. The results showed that Pi-ta2 was found in 25 accessions from 123 indica (20.3%) and 51 accessions from 97 japonica (52.58%), which indicated that Pi-ta2 frequency in japonica is higher than indica. The cultivars with Pi-ta2 gene were distributed in 29 counties out of 5 rice producing regions, mainly in japonica rice producing area at southern region and north-eastern plateau in Yunnan province. The results indicated that the pathogenic assays with rice blast fungus were consistent with the detection by molecular marker OSR32. This study preliminary definitudes the distribution of resistance gene Pi-ta2 in Yunnan landrace rice resources. This will be of guiding significance for exploring blast resistant genes and distributing rice varieties.

Data Survey and Analysis of Transgene Flow Frequencies and Distances in Major Crops Ⅴ. Rapeseed

LI Yun-jing1, LU Chang-ming1, WANG Xu-jing2, JIA Shi-rong2, WANG Zhi-xing2

2012, 14(1):  49-56.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.07

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Prior to approval of commercialization, transgenic plants are required to be confined in order to prevent foreign gene dispersal. According to the current Chinese regulation of GMP biosafety assessment, the isolation distance for field experiment of GM rapeseed is 1 000 m, which is larger than required distance set by almost all countries and regions. According to the review of studies on rapeseed gene flow, the outcrossing rate of rapeseed (Brassica napus) is below 3%, and below 1% is the most cases. Isolation distance and buffer zone are effective ways to reduce outcrossing rate. Beyond 400 m the outcrossing rate becomes significantly lower than 0.01%, though it is much higher for the B. rapa, sterile lines and self-incompatible lines. It is suggested that biosafety management be based on the classification and threshold principles and that the isolation distance be adjusted to 400 m for common rapeseed varieties of B. napus while kept 1 000 m for the self-incompatible lines and sterile lines in the confined field experiment.

Molecular Mechanism of Flower Development in Important Ornamental Plants

LIAN Li-juan, YUAN Li-li, LIU Qing-lin

2012, 14(1):  57-64.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.08.

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Flower is an important economic organs of ornamental plants. The genes controlling flower development consist of inflorescence meristem identity genes, floral meristem identity genes and flower organ identity (homeotic) genes. This paper reviewed comprehensively the latest progresses on molecular mechanism of flower development related to these genes in ornamental plants, with emphases on the ABCDE and Quartet models, flower organ identity genes in rose and lily. We proposed strategies on molecular breeding through gene resources and ornamental characters, thus provided a foundation for further exploring the molecular mechanism of flower development and controlling with fixed objective the flowering time and flower shape of  ornamental plants.

Functional Analysis of an Arabidopsis Transcription Factor WRKY28 in Resistance to Alternaria brassicicola

WU Lin-tao, ZHONG Gui-mai, WANG Jian-mei, LI Xu-feng, SONG Xu, YANG Yi

2012, 14(1):  65-71.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.09

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WRKY is a superfamily of transcription factors in high plant. It involves in plant stress responses of biotic and abiotic and is key regulatory component of plant responses to microbial infection. Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY28 transcription factor contain one WRKYGQK domain and one Cys2His2 zinc-finger motifs, which is classified as a group IId WRKY protein. To elucidate the role of the WRKY28 proteins in the regulation of A. thaliana defense responses of pathogen, we generated transgenic A. thaliana that express their cDNAs under the control of CaMV35S promoter plant and antisense suppression of WRKY28 plant. After inoculation with Alternaria brassicicola, we found that the antisense suppression of WRKY28 plants was substantially more susceptible to necrotrophic fungal pathogens A. brassicicola than wild-type plants, on the contrast, transgenic overexpression of WRKY28 plants enhanced resistance to A. brassicicola. Thus, pathogen-induced WRKY28 transcription factor plays a positive role in plants defense responses to A. brassicicola.

Effects of 60Co-&gamma|Ray Irradiation on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Tobacco

DU Shi-zhang1, Liu Ting-ting2, FENG Bin1| TIAN Xia2, GONG Yuan-ya2, SUN Ying-ku

2012, 14(1):  72-75.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.10

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Effects of 300Gy 60Co-γ ray irradiation on the activities of 3 antioxidant enzymes in tobacco were studied in this paper. The results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidas (POD) and catalse (CAT) in tobacco were gradually increased. All the activities of SOD POD and CAT reached the maximums at 12 h and then gradually decreased. Similar results were also observed in the expression of sod, pod and cat genes. These results indicated that the activities of antioxidant enzymes could play an important role in tobacco tolerance against irradiation.

Strategies for Enhancing Expression of Foreign Genes in Transgenic Plant

LIU Xiao-qing, CHEN Ru-mei

2012, 14(1):  76-84.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.11

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In transgenic research and production practice, researchers often expect target gene can efficiently express in transgenic organisms, so as to achieve the objective-obtaining crops highly resistant to insecticide and herbicide, or using plants as bioreactor to produce vaccines, antibiotics and other medical products and industrial proteins, including enzymes with high added-value etc. In this paper, by a lot of research literatures, we reviewed various strategies, which could enhance the efficiency of foreign gene expression. From the integration of the foreign gene, the regulation of foreign gene in transcription level and the protein separation after the foreign gene expression selecting 3 levels to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of relevant strategies, so as to offer reference for the construction of expressive vectors in transgenic research.

Cloning, Enzymology Characteristics Analysis of a Xylanase Gene from Phialophora sp. P13

CHENG Fei-fei1,2, ZHAO Jun-qi2, SHI Peng-jun2, LI Jiang1, YAO Bin2

2012, 14(1):  85-90.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.12

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Xyn11P13, a glycoside hydrolase family 11 xylanse gene, was cloned from Phialophora sp. P13. The full-length gene consists of 705 bp and encodes 234 amino acids, including a putative signal peptide of 19 residues at N-terminus. The mature xylanase was expressed in Pichia pastoris. In shaker flask culture, XYN11P13 was produced with activity of 11.8 U/mL. XYN11P13 showed the optimal activity at pH 5.5, it retained >80.0% of the maximal activity at pH 3.5~7.0, and showed high stability over the pH range 4.0~10.0. The optimum temperature was 65℃, it retained 80% of the maximal activity at 75℃, and was stable at 60℃. The specific activity, Km and Vmax values towards beechwood xylan were 137 U/mg, 6.9 mg/mL and 209 μmol/min/mg, respectively. XYN11P13 was strongly resistant to most metal ions. All these favorable properties make XYN11P13 attractive for potential applications in food and animal feed industries.

Expression in E.coli and Preparation of CP4-EPSPS Protein

LIU Shu-peng, LI Gang-qiang, WANG Nan, LIU De-hu

2012, 14(1):  91-97.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.13

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The CP4-EPSPS gene was cloned into a bacterial expression vector and transformed into E. coli strain Transtta. The expressed protein was detected by SDS-PAGE. The results showed that target protein accounted for about 40% of the total soluble protein. After the nickel affinity column purification for 2 times, the purity of the CP4-EPSPS recombinant protein can reach up to 99.9%, and its N terminal sequence analysis was consistent with the expected result. Using the purified CP4-EPSPS protein as standard substance, we successfully detected the hetero-protein level in 3 CP4-EPSPS transgenic tobacco lines through ELISA. The CP4-EPSPS expression level in the GMO plant was 0.292 μg/g, 0.477 μg/g and 0.703 μg/g, respectively. We conclude that the CP4-EPSPS expression and purification system can provide a steady source for tracing and inspecting the CP4-EPSPS transgenic plant.

Research Progress on Computer Vision Technique in Fruit Quality Inspection

REN Yong-xin, SHAN Zhong-de, ZHANG Jing, ZHAN Li

2012, 14(1):  98-103.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.14

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Fruit quality inspection is an important basis for its classification. With the development of computer and image processing technology, decreased computer hardware cost and increased performance of computer, the application of computer vision technology have been widely used in fruit inspection. In order to promote the application of this technique and fully utilize the latest research findings, this paper reviews the different computer vision inspection technique for specific fruit variety both in external and internal quality inspections, summarizes the research progress gained at home and abroad, and prospects the research direction for computer vision technology, so as to provide reference for fruit researchers in China.

Application of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) Technology in Pratacultural Scientific Research and its Prospect

SUN Fei-da1, CAI Yi-min2

2012, 14(1):  104-109.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.15

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The technology of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used in many research areas, due to its fast speed, high efficiency, low cost and without any damage to environment, especially its timely usage in outdoor moniioring. This paper illustrates the principle and characteristics of NIRS, and introduces its applications in monitoring forage nutritional elements, seeds quality, plant composition, soil physical and chemical properties, grass insect pests diseases, and turfgrass management in color and planting. It also prospects the real-time dynamic monitoring for forage soil environment, root system distribution, carbon storage, range rodents damage and developing portable equipment for real time outdoor monitoring, so as to promote the application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technology in pratacultural science and technology and its application in production.

Effect of Recommend Fertilization on Summer Maize in Different Soil Groups

WANG Yi-lun, MIAO Yu-hong, GUI Hui-ping, SU Rui-guang, TAN Jin-fang

2012, 14(1):  110-115.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.16

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In order to increase the efficiency of fertilizer utilization and grain yield of summer maize, Field experiment was carried out to study the effect of Nutrient Expert(NE) and ASI recommend fertilization on the yield, economic benefit of summer maize, and N, P, K utilization efficiency by NE recommend fertilization in yellow-cinnamon soil, cinnamon soil and fluvo-aquic soil of Henan Province. The results showed that NE and ASI recommend fertilization could get the same yield as farmer accustomed fertilization with less fertilizer in the 3 soil types. Economic efficiency was the best in fluvo-aquic soil. In the base of NE, the yield increased rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was 17.35%, 9.58% and 6.86%, respectively, in yellow-cinnamon soil. It was 21.93%, 12.83% and 8.10%, respectively, in cinnamon soil. It was 8.46%, 8.64% and 7.06%, respectively, in fluvo-aquic soil. N, P and K utilization efficiency was 31.38%~40.84%, 20.15%~24.47% and 45.58%~49.95%, respectively. The agronomic efficiency was 5.23~10.26 kg/kg, 12.99~16.52  kg/kg and 9.57~11.83 kg/kg, respectively. Fertilizer utilization efficiency was higher in yellow-cinnamon soil, but was lower in fluvo-aquic soil. ASI recommend fertilization could increase the yield and economic benefit obviously in Yellow-cinnamon soil. NE recommend fertilization could improve the yield and economic benefit significantly in fluvo-aquic soil.

Development and Utilization of Rubber Seed

YUAN Jiang, HU Ming-fu, BI Er-peng, WU Guo-yu

2012, 14(1):  116-121.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.17

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Rubber seed, as one of the by-products of natural rubber plantation, is a rich and cheap resource. It can be used as a material for rubber breeding and reproduction, and also has high value for development and utilization. It is a great asset for rubber planting industry. This paper expounds the values of rubber seed in industry, food, medicine, forage and energy, and analyzes the current status of studies and utilization on rubber seed, so as to promote the development and utilization of rubber seed.

Comparative Studies on Comprehensive Economic Cost of Wood-based Biomass-fired and Coal-fired Cogeneration Plant

WEI Xun1, MA Zhong2, JIA Jing-dun1, JIN Shu-qin3

2012, 14(1):  122-130.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.18

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This paper established a comprehensive economic cost model involving the environmental cost. The economic and environmental performance of biomass-fired and coal-fired cogeneration plant was compared using this model. The reasons which make the biomass energy less competitive in the market, and the development potential of biomass-fired and coal-fired were analized. It is concluded that the economic cost of biomass energy is still too high, due to the expensive material and imported equipment, which make the biomass energy less competitive in the market, while the environmental benefit is still remarkable. Comprehensive economic cost of biomass was superior to coal-fired cogeneration. The biomass combustion heating is more cost and environmental effective than biomass combustion generation at the present. With the decrease of fossil fuel reserve, investments will spontaneous pour into technology development of biomass energy driven by the market, in order to cut down the cost; and the policy support which including raw material supply, technology research and development and market cultivation will accelerate the technology progress of biomass energy.

Analysis on Chromo-plast Pigment Content of Different Genotype Flue-cured Tobacco Upper Leaves in Bijie Area

WANG Miao1, ZHAI Xin2, CHEN Xue2, NIU Lu-lu1, ZHOU Ya-cong1, WEI Peng-cheng1, ZH

2012, 14(1):  131-135.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.19

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Chromo-plast pigment plays an important role in tobacco growth. In this paper, changes in chromoplast pigment content of tobacco upper leaves planted in Bijie area was studied. The result indicated that the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid in upper leaves showed a downward trend during the growing and development period. After modulation of flue-cured tobacco, tobacco upper leaves chromo-plast pigment contents of different genotypes under the same altitude were significantly different. The tobacco upper leaves chromo-plast pigment contents of the same genotype under different altitudes were also remarkably different. The ratio change of chlorophyll/carotinoid of Yunyan No.87 is high altitude>low altitude>middle altitude, while the ratio of Yunyan No.97 and Bina No.1 is middle altitude>high altitude>low altitude.

Studies on Regional Test of Newly Introduced Cassava Variety in Guizhou

OU Zhen-gui, LI Qing, LUO Ya-hong, TIAN Da-qing, ZHOU Zheng-bang

2012, 14(1):  136-141.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.20

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Cassava is one of the 3 main tuber and root crops. It is widely used with high comprehensive efficiency. It is of important significance to ensure national food security and increase farmers income. In this study, 8 cassava varieties introduced in 2010 were used for regional test with SC201as the control, in order to select proper varieties adapted to cultivation condition in Guizhou Province. The results indicated that SC5 (48 474 kg/hm2), GR911 (44 187 kg/hm2) and GR3 (44 148 kg/hm2) had the highest yield, while GR3 (32.17%) and GR891 (31.84%) had the highest fresh starch content. By comprehensive evaluation, GR3, SC5 and GR911 were the best varieties to be popularized in Guizhou Province as main varieties.

Initial Studies on NPK Nutrients Absorption of Melastoma dodecandrum Lour under Artificial Cultivation

QIU Cai-fei1,2, PENG Chun-rui1,2, LIU Guang-rong1,2, QIAN Yin-fei1,2, SHAO Cai-h

2012, 14(1):  142-145.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.21

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Melastoma dodecandrum Lou is a multi-purpose wild plant. Finding out the needed fertilizer characteristics is a key to success for artificial cultivation. Effect of N, P and K to Melastoma dodecandrum Lour growth and nutrient distribution under artificial cultivation was studied in this paper. The results showed that N, P, K can effectively increase Melastoma dodecandrum Lours branch umber, leaf number, leaf size, flowering capacity, fruit number and dry mater quantity. N fertilizer is the most effective, followed by K and P fertilizer. The study also founds that coordinated application of 3 elements can promote the absorption of each element, and the growth of Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. The cooperative effect of nutrients was NPK>NK>NP>PK.

Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Research on Blood Lymphocytes of Aquatic Invertebrates

QI Rui-rong1, LI Qiang1, YU Yi2, LI Hua1

2012, 14(1):  146-151.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.01.22

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In recent years, the monoclonal antibodies in aquatic invertebrates is more and more widely applied, but  being mainly reported in shrimp、shellfish and some other aquatic animals, such as: sea cucumber. They were mainly used in recognition and identification of blood lymphocytes, and preliminary researches were also carried out by monoclonal antibodies on ontogenesis and differentiation. In this paper, we review the application of monoclonal antibodies on classification, distribution, ontogenesis and functions of blood lymphocytes in aquatic invertebrates based on the literatures reported at home and abroad.