Table of Content

15 April 2012, Volume 14 Issue 2

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Strategy Studies on Biological Safety of Genetically-modified Organism in China

FAN Yun-liu1, HUANG Da-fang1, PENG Yu-fa2

2012, 14(2):  1-6.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.01

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Transgenic technology is a rapidly developed agricultural technique for improving crops. At present, it is paid close attention by the people. Owing to the factor that transgenic crop breeding is correlated with ecological environment and human health, the issue of bio-safety has been debated at all times and is experiencing questioning and testing under the strict management of the country. This paper summarized the characteristics of genetically-modified organism (GMO) bio-safety and the achievement gained in managing GMO bio-safety in China, and analyzed the existing issues in GMO bio-safety, so as to help the public to correctly understand the transgenic technology and its products,  to make GMO develop healthily, thus it can serve the agriculture production and promote social development.

Development of Carbon-sinking Agriculture in Australia and its Enlightenment to China

JIA Jing-dun1*, WEI Xun1*, JIN Shu-qin2

2012, 14(2):  7-11.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.02.

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When the pressure of greenhouse gas emission reduction keeps growing, measures of emission reduction are actively taken all over the world. With the industrial reduction potential getting smaller, the research and practice of emission reduction turn to agriculture gradually. Agricultural system can be carbon sources and carbon sink. This paper summarizes the latest policy instrument on the development of carbon-sinking agriculture in Australia, including the practice of carbon tax, carbon trading mechanism, carbon offsets, and to promote low-carbon agricultural technology. Drawing on Australian experience, combined with the domestic agricultural situation, China could further develop carbon-sinking agriculture through the following ways: First, to levy carbon tax on the non-agricultural sectors with high emission. Second, establish the appropriate carbon trading and compensation mechanism. Third, to encourage the relevant technology research and development. Fourth, to promote the change in agricultural production and agricultural modernization.

Thoughts about the Countermeasures for Developing Rural Knowledge Service in China

WU Zhen-kun1,2, LI Si-jing1

2012, 14(2):  12-16.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.03.

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Rural information service can not really help to solve problems, such as legal disputes about agricultural goods and materials and reduction of crop, when appeared the phenomenon of rich in information but poverty in knowledge. Rural knowledge service can solve above-mentioned problems, when it became a new way of rural science and technology service. This paper clarified the differences between the rural knowledge service and rural information service, on the basis of expounding the connotation of rural knowledge service, then put forward several countermeasures and suggestions for rural knowledge service in China in the near future.

Exploration and Practice of Developing High-Yielding Agriculture to Ensure Food Security

ZHANG Yong-en1,2, CHU Qing-quan1, WANG Hong-guang1

2012, 14(2):  17-21.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.04

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To realize grain security has always been the cardinal task in the process of Chinese nation seeking for survival and development. China Food Security Research Center of China Agricultural University proposed “‘123, 234’ Grain and Feed High Yield Projects” in 1998 and has carried out a long-term research. Based on this study, the necessity, feasibility of developing high-yield agriculture was analyzed, and the strategy of ensuring food security was expounded. 3 different prospections for future grain yield increase were presented, and the major existing problems, countermeasures and suggestions for developing high-yield agriculture were briefly elaborated.

Practice and Research Progress on Agriculture Insurance in China During the Past 10 Years

YANG Xiao-juan, LIU Bu-chun, LIU Yuan

2012, 14(2):  22-30.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.05.

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Agriculture insurance has developed rapidly as an effective risk disperse tool in China when it is confronting with quite huge natural disaster risks. This article introduced and analyzed the role and present status of agriculture insurance in China, its mode, products, farmer needs for insurance, risk zoning and premium rate making; and also pointed out that the deficiency of agricultural laws and regulations, the contradiction between the farmers objective needs for agricultural insurance and the insufficient agricultural insurance products, the low quality of agricultural insurance products, the immaturity of catastrophe risk disperse system and the deficiency of transforming agricultural insurance research achievements into reality. Those are the main problems occurred in the process of agricultural insurance practice and research activities. Before ending, we put forward several schemes to solve these problems.

Analysis on Outputs of Rice Research Papers Based on Web of Science

SUN Xiu-huan, LU Wen-ru

2012, 14(2):  31-39.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.06.

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Based on the key word of ‘Rice’ recorded by Web of Science database during the period from 2001 to 2010, this paper analyzes the distribution of subjects, countries/regions, research institutes, key journals, especially the research institutes within mainland China and their cooperative foreign institutes. This paper also summarizes the rice research hotspots based on ESI Web of Science database. The result indicated that articles about rice research in the world have increased year by year. Japan, USA and China are the leading countries in this respect. Sino-US cooperative papers take the majority. The core journals about rice research are “Plant and Cell Physiology”, “Theoretical and Applied Genetics” and “Plant Physiology”. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang University and University of Tokyo are the top 3 institutions that owned the largest numbers of publications. While in China, the institutes issued more papers are Institute of Nanjing Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, and College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University. The research hotspots in rice are transgenic rice, quantitative trait loci, rice genome, rice blast, cultivated rice and etc.

Evaluation on Regeneration Ability and Infectious Sensitivity to Agrobacterium of Mature Embryos of Twelve Newly Developed Wheat Cultivars

LI Xin, LIU Ling-yun, DU Li-pu, YIN Gui-xiang, XU Hui-jun, YE Xing-guo

2012, 14(2):  40-46.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.07

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The regeneration rate of wheat mature embryos is relatively low. Especially, the regeneration ability and transformation potential of the mature embryos of newly developed wheat varieties remains unknown. Twelve wheat cultivars developed in recent years in the main wheat regions of China were used in this study to investigate their regeneration characteristics and infectious sensitivity to Agrobacterium using the mature embryos as explants, including Yangmai18, Yangmai15, Yangmai16, Xindong18, Xiaoyan166, Zhoumai22 etc. The results indicated that the regeneration frequency from the mature embryos of these 12 wheat lines varied from 0 to 35.3%, in which Zhoumai27 was the highest followed by Yangmai19(27.9%), Xindong18 (21.1%) and Shimai B07-4056 (200%), but for the rest varieties the rate was less than 20.0%. When the mature embryos of the tested wheat cultivars were pre-cultured for 7 days and infected by Agrobacterium harboring GUS-Int gene, histochemical staining assay showed that the transient expression rate of GUS was between 0 and 33.3%, among which Zhoumai18 was the highest, followed by Yangmai15 (23.8%), while Yangmai18, Zhoumai22, Zhoumai27 and Shimai B07-4056 just gave blue spots with very low percentage (6.7%~9.1%), and no GUS expression was found in other wheat varieties. It is concluded that Zhoumai27 and Yangmai19 are appropriate varieties for mature embryo culture; Zhoumai18 and Yangmai15 are sensitive varieties to Agrobacterium infection, when their mature embryos are used as explants. The evaluation of new wheat varieties on regeneration ability and transformability based on mature embryo culture could prove basis for the improvement of wheat by cell engineering and genetic engineering approaches.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Development and Analysis of Evolving Characters of Main Production Areas in China

DONG Wen-zhao, ZHANG Xin-you, HAN Suo-yi, TANG Feng-shou

2012, 14(2):  47-55.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.08.

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The main peanut producing areas in China have experienced greater changes since the 1980's, and shown some remarkable characters. It is of important significance to analyze the evolving characters of main peanut producing area for guiding production and shaping policy. This paper analyzed the peanut production situation since the establishment of new China. The results showed that the expansion of peanut planting area in China has become smaller, and raising yield per unit of land and improving quality is the ultimate outlet for peanut industry development in main peanut producing areas of China. Along with the industrial development, peanut varieties with superior quality and for special purposes will further expand in their planting scale. Peanut processing industry will develop in-depth, so as to stimulate the benefits of peanut industry improving constantly.

Segregation Distortion Analysis of Molecular Markers in RIL Population of Brassica napus

DING Guang-da1,2, YANG Mei1,2, LI Xing-mei3, SHI Lei1,2, XU Fang-sen1,2

2012, 14(2):  56-61.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.09.

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A genetic linkage map comprising 733 molecular markers of Brassica napus was constructed using F10 population consisting of 124 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between P-inefficient cv. B104-2 and P-efficient cv. Eyouchangjia. Segregation distortion analysis was performed among the 733 polymorphic markers. The result indicated that 218 markers (29.7%) showed significant segregation distortion(P<0.05), favoring either the marker alleles of female parent B104-2 (136,62.4%) or male parent Eyouchangjia (82,37.6%). Totally, 24 segregation distortion regions (SDRs) were detected among 13 different chromosomes. Based on this result, the phenomenon and causes for the segregation distortion were analyzed and discussed in this paper.

Prediction of Tobacco Leaves Strips Yield and its Relationship with Other Physical Characteristics

SHI Shuang-shuang1, YE Xie-feng1, ZHOU Ya-ning2, LUO Ding-qi3, ZHANG Yong-hui3,

2012, 14(2):  62-66.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.10.

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In order to study the relationship between strips yield and other physical characteristics, stepwise regression analysis, partial-correlation analysis and path analysis methods were used to analyze 35 flue-cured tobacco samples. The results showed that leaf length（X1）, thickness（X3）, tensile strength（X6）, environmental moisture content(EMC)（X8）and stem content（X9）were the main physical indexes that affected strips yield（Y^）. The relationship between leaf length, tensile strength, EMC and strips yield was positive correlation at significant level. There was a significant negative correlation of thickness, stem content in tobacco with strips yield. Tobacco leaf length was the most important decisive factor that influenced the stem content in tobacco leaves. Thickness was the most limiting factor that influenced strips yield. These 5 factors and their interaction determined 99.97% of the tobacco leaves strips yield. The model（Y^=51.173 8+0.679 9X1-0.569 2X3+8.009 4X6+3.268 8X8-0.492 1X9,R2=0999 72）for predicting the strips yield of tobacco leaves was established.

Research Progress on Two Component System of Bacteria

HAO Yan-hua, ZHANG Wei, CHEN Ming

2012, 14(2):  67-72.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.11

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Bacteria needs complex and accurate signal transduction system to adapt to the changes in cellular and environment. Two component systems are abundant in prokaryotes, which consist of a histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). They regulate cellular signal transduction pathway, according to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. This review mainly introduces the progress made in structure, mechanism and function research, and explores the role of two component systems in cell signal transduction.

Research Progress in Type Ⅰ Pullulanase from Bacteria

SUN Xiao-chen, CHU Xiao-yu, WU Ning-feng

2012, 14(2):  73-80.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.12

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TypeⅠpullulanase typically hydrolyzes the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages of pullulan or branched oligosaccharides in an endo-way to produce maltotriose or liner oligosaccharides, respectively. This enzyme plays a very significant role in the food, chemistry and medical industries, because they can degrade different saccharides with other glycoside hydrolases producing various products. At present, studies on this enzyme focus not only on screening novel strains, but also on obtaining type Ⅰ pullulanase with proper properties to suit industrial production. This review summarizes the research progress on type Ⅰ pullulanase from bacteria in some fields, such as catalytic properties, separation and cloning of gene, producing enzyme by microorganism. The industrial application of this enzyme and prospect of its research are also discussed.

Several Major RACE Technologies and their Application

XU Ye1, LIU Ya-ting1,2, DAI Wen-qiong3, ZHU Xiao-yuan1, CHEN Xue-jiao1, WU Fa-ji

2012, 14(2):  81-87.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.13

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Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) is a kind of technology, which can rapidly amplify mRNA ends with advantages of rapid, stable and high-success-rate. This paper expounded the principle of classic RACE, Adapter-Ligated RACE, RLM-RACE, Cap-switching RACE, cRACE, RCA-RACE, and their advantages and disadvantages, and their application at present.  The paper also put forward suggestions and foreground for RACE application, so as to provide reference for scientists to choose the most appropriate RACE technology.

Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody Against Bt Cry1Ac by Using Synthetic Peptide as Hapten

HU Xiao-yuan, ZHANG Qi-shu, DUAN Wei, JIANG Guo-hua, LI Ling

2012, 14(2):  88-94.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.14

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In order to prepare monoclonal antibody Bt Cry1Ac, we got the amino acid sequence of Bt Cry1Ac protein from NCBI, and synthesized specific Bt Cry1Ac peptide, according to its antigenicity, hydro-philicity and accessibility on the basis of its structural features by computer assisted analysis. The peptide was linked with carrier keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KHL), and then used for immunized mouse as antigen. 34 strains of hybridoma, which can produce monoclonal antibodies to the peptide, have been obtained by cell fusion technique. One hybridoma strain（6G9）, which was specific to natural Bt Cry1Ac was selected by indirect ELISA and Western blot. The result showed that the monoclonal antibody of hybridoma strain（6G9） can react specifically with the synthetic peptide and Bt Cry1Ac protein, but can not react with Bt Cry1Aa and Bt Cry1Ab proteins by ELISA and Western blot. This result of experiment showed that the monoclonal antibody of hybridoma strain（6G9）can distinguish transgenic Bt CrylAc cotton and general cotton by ELISA, and it can recognize specifically Bt Cry1Ac protein in cotton.

Studies on Selecting High-yield Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate Producing Strain by Heavy-ion Irradiation

ZHANG Nan, ZHANG Bing-lin, WANG Wan-ru, XU Jun-quan, ZHANG Dong-ming, XUE Lin-gu

2012, 14(2):  95-100.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.15

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As a new biodegradable polymer materials, Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has attracted wide attention from people day by day. This study adopts heavy-ion mutation breeding technology, using 12C6+ ion beams to mutate the PHB producing strain-Bacillus Z-3, then screen a PHB high yielding strain A11 from a mount of mutant strains. Its PHB output can reach 1.404 g/L. This is 1.33 times as compared with the original strain. The results indicate that heavy-ion mutation breeding technology has good mutagenic effects. It is an effective method and way to microbial mutation breeding.

Poverty and Crop Diversity: An Empirical Analysis of Agricultural Production in Remote Areas of Northern China

CUI Yong-wei1, DU Cong-hui2

2012, 14(2):  101-108.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.16

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The present study finds that in the remote areas of northern China, farmers still rely on cultivating minor grain crops, whose genetic resources are very rich in those areas. We use comparative statistics analysis and econometric approach to examine the diverse cropping of local farmers in the poverty stricken regions, taking into account that the differences between rich and poor farm households are based on farmer survey data. We find out that the poor farm households are tending to crop diversity. Here we would like to suggest that both government and scientific research organizations invest more for infrastructure construction, minor grain crops study, and strengthen their technical extension at the same time, so as to change the situation, in which the minor grain crops are neglected. Paying more attention to minor grain crops is beneficial not only for the poverty alleviation work in these areas, but also for poor farm households to enjoy the achievements of the economic and social development in the locality. Besides, the local crop genetic resources are protected, and the sustainable agricultural developments in these remote areas are realized.

Research Progress on Cultivation Pattern, Forming Regulation and Approach of High-Yielding Broadcasted Rice

HU Ya-jie1, ZHANG Hong-cheng1,2, GONG Jin-long1, LONG Hou-yuan1, DAI Qi-gen1,2,

2012, 14(2):  109-117.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.17

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The evolution process of broadcasted rice cultivation was reviewed and summarized in this paper. Several patterns of high yielding cultivation in broadcasted rice were highlighted. The process of seedling establishment and its eco-physiological characteristics of broadcasted rice were expounded. The biological advantages, high-yield forming regulation and approaches of broadcasting seedling rice were also clarified. The existing problems for large scale broadcasted seedling rice production were analyzed and the solving measures were put forward. Finally, the development of broadcasted rice in the future was forecasted.

Effect of Nitrogen Application on Accumulation and Distribution of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Dry Matter of Mid-season Hybrid Rice in Winter Paddy Field

XU Fu-xian, XIONG Hong, ZHANG Lin, GUO Xiao-yi, ZHU Yong-chuan, ZHOU Xing-bing,

2012, 14(2):  118-126.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.18

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The experiment was conducted with 18 mid-season rice combinations grown under the conditions of nitrogen application (AN) and no nitrogen application (NN). The results indicated that the grain productive rate showed P (292.47~328.04 g grain/g P)＞K(95.39~107.12 g grain/g K)＞N(57.35~70.35 g grain/g N), highly significant positive correlations were observed between the grain productive rates of N、P、K and harvest index of grain. N、P、K and dry matter DM accumulation above ground plants were increased by AN, and the increasing amount of P was bigger than that of K, but their increasing amount were mainly distributed in stems and leaves. The accumulation of N、P、K above ground plants were increased by AN, which was the common function of DM and N、P、K content increased, the effect of increasing N、P、K content (66.30%~80.16%) was bigger than that(19.84%~33.70%) of DM. Significant or highly significant negative correlations were observed between N、P、K content above ground plants and their grain productive rate, the ratio of N、P、K uptake amount above ground plants of 18 mid-season rice combinations was 1∶0.20~0.21∶0.61~0.66, 73%~80% N、P  were distributed in grain, 73%~75% K  were distributed in stems and leaves.

The Study of Canopy Photosynthetic Available Radiation for Korla Fragrant Pear

MEI Chuang1, QIN Wei-ming2, MUHTAR Zari1, YANG Zhen1, LIU Juan1, LI Jiang1

2012, 14(2):  127-133.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.19

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In order to understand the diurnal variation, characteristics of 3 dimensional distribution of Photosynthetic Available Radiation (PAR) and the size of leaf area index (LAI) on 2 kinds of shape for Korla Fragrant Pear, in the HOBOware automatic weather station and SUNSCAN canopy analysis system were used. The results showed that there were big differences of the diurnal variation of PAR in different azimuths of the 2 tree forms. A single peak curve expressed the general tendency of “low-high-low”, and the PAR of different tree forms exhibited a unstable floating. There were 2 tendencies of 3 dimensional distribution of PAR. The PAR of delayed-open central leader shape was gradually descended from upper to lower, outer to inner, and had a larger fluctuation in the upper canopy, but in the lower was opposite. The PAR of open center shape was gradually descended from inner to outer, upper to lower. The mean value of LAI in different directions of delayed-open central leader shape was all greater than these of open center shape. By compared the mean value of LAI of different tree forms in different periods, it was considered that the mean value of LAI in senescence phase was obviously greater than full fruit period.

Progress in Studying Effects of Bio-reactor Type on Anaerobic Fermentative Bio-hydgrogen Production

WANG Lei1, XIE Li1, LUO Gang2, ZHOU Qi1

2012, 14(2):  134-144.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.20

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Recently, fermentative hydrogen production with organic wastewater or waste becomes a research focus in the field of bio-energy production, for it is a good way of garbage disposal and energy production. The type of bio-reactor is considered to have important effects on both microbial community structures and mass transfer efficiency between biomass and substrates, which could influence the hydrogen production and stability of the process. In this paper, immobilized-and suspended-cell H2-producing systems are compared based on biomass growth in forms of granular, bio-film, gel-entrapped bio-particle. Reactor configurations such as continuous stirred tank reactor, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, expanded granular sludge bed, anaerobic packed bed, anaerobic fluidized-bed, hybrid bio-reactor and their impacts on bio-hydrogen production are summarized. Finally, suggestions and perspectives are proposed to provide guidance for further research.

Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Detecting Pathogenic Microorganisms in Aquaculture

HUANG Hua1, DU Tian-shu2, LI Qiang1, WANG Yi-nan1, LI Hua1

2012, 14(2):  145-150.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2012.02.21

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Along with the improvement of intensive aquaculture, the harm of pathogenic microorganisms on aquaculture becomes serious day by day. The main biohazards are bacteria and viruses. The appearance of monoclonal antibodies has produced tremendous and far-reaching impact on various areas of biology, of course, including aquaculture. In this paper we overviewed the application of monoclonal antibodies for detecting aquatic pathogenic microorganisms.