Table of Content

15 July 2024, Volume 26 Issue 7

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

International Comparison and Improvement Path Research of Beijing Seed Industry Science and Technology Innovation

Ci CHEN, Jing GONG, Jiang ZHAO

2024, 26(7):  1-13.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1038

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Science and technology innovation is the key to develop seed industry. Beijing is one of the regions with science and technology foundation， concentrated innovation resources and active innovation subjects in China’s seed industry. This paper compared scientific and technological innovation of Beijing with developed countries from 4 aspects including germplasm resources， breeding technology， R&D mode and competitiveness of seed enterprises， and systematically analyzed the key problems that restricted the scientific and technological innovation of Beijing seed industry. This paper focused on scientific and technological innovation， and put forward some suggestions to promote the scientific and technological innovation of Beijing’s seed industry from the aspects of strengthening the protection and utilization of germplasm resources， taking joint research on key breeding technologies， deepening the reform of seed industry system， improving the policy support system for breeding innovation， and promoting the joint forces between ministries and municipalities. It was expected to provide reference for technological innovation of the national seed industry.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Classification and Evaluation of New Wheat Lines Based on GT Biplot

Xianyin SUN, Qiuhuan MU, Yong MI, Guangde LYU, Xiaolei QI, Yingying SUN, Xundong YIN, Ruixia WANG, Ke WU, Zhaoguo QIAN, Yan ZHAO, Minggang GAO

2024, 26(7):  14-24.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0097

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In order to comprehensively and accurately evaluate the new wheat lines in drought-rich land experiment， 26 wheat lines participating in the National Dryland Group multi-point comparative experiment from 2020 to 2021 were selected as the materials. Multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze the changes of yield and quality traits under field conditions during the 2 years. The results showed that the 2-year variation coefficients of yield and quality traits of 26 new lines were 2.0%~74.2% and 2.1%~95.1%， respectively. The variation coefficients from high to low were stable time > wet gluten content > protein content > water absorption = yield per unit area > bulk density； correlation analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between yield and quality traits in 2 years. The stable time was positively correlated with protein content and water absorption， but negatively with yield. The correlation coefficient between stable time and protein content was higher in 2 years. Based on the correlation analysis， 26 new wheat lines in 2 years were grouped into 4 categories by cluster method. The results of clustering were shown in Genotype by trait （GT） biplot and cluster plot， respectively. The clustering results were consistent with the actual performance of the new lines. ‘Taikemai 4835’ ‘Luohan 35’ ‘Nongda 162’ and ‘Shannong 611436’ were divided into the same type for consecutive 2 years， and these lines were characterized by high yield and good quality. Above results provided theoretical basis for the rational evaluation and popularization of the new wheat lines.

Changes of Sugarcane Stem Node Growth Under Artificial Water Control and Natural Water Stress

Yiyun GUI, Haibi LI, Qiang LIANG, Rongzhong YANG, Jinju WEI, Debin WEI, Wenjiao LI, Xihui LIU, Hui ZHOU

2024, 26(7):  25-36.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0192

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In order to understand the effect of water stress on the internode length of sugarcane， 8 sugarcane varieties developed home and abroad with different drought tolerance were planted in barrels and in fields. Under the conditions of artificial water stress and natural rain-fed condition in fields， the plant height， stalk diameter and internode length of sugarcane were investigated during the harvest period. The results showed that， under the conditions of artificial water stress， drought caused 88% of sugarcane varieties to grow shorter， and the stem diameter of sugarcane decreased first and then increased （stem diameter of +13~+6 node） due to the artificial water stress and rehydration， and the internode length became significantly shorter and then increased. Under natural rain-fed condition infields， the plant heights of 8 sugarcane varieties in 2 test bases were 2.7~3.4 m in 2 years. Influenced by drought climate and other conditions， the relatively ideal sugarcane varieties judged by plant height were ‘ROC1’ ‘ROC22’ ‘GT21’ and ‘CP80-1827’. Compared with artifical water stress， natural drought led to the reduction of sugarcane stem diameter with the most details in +7 leaf stems， the internode length becomed shorter and the shortest internode appeared in +8 and +9 leaf stems. Under the conditions of artificial water stress， the varieties with strong drought tolerance showed the high internode water stress index （IWSI）and internode water stress recovery index （IWSRI）. While the varieties with strong drought tolerance showed the high IWSI and low IWSRI under natural rain-fed conditions in fields. In terms of recovery index， the normal internode length after drought rewatering was longer than that before drought， which showed that the moderate drought stimulated the growth of sugarcane. In general， water stress leaded to shorter plant height， smaller stem diameter and shorter internode length of sugarcane. The IWSI and IWSRI could be used to understand the growth difference of different sugarcane varieties stem nodes in response to water stress， and they could be as indexes to evaluate the drought tolerance of sugarcane varieties under drought conditions. The research on sugarcane drought tolerance could not completely rely on artificial water control to simulate drought， and the breakthrough research on sugarcane drought tolerance should focus on natural drought in field.

Analysis of Differential Seed Metabolites Before and After Stratification of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance

Yongfang ZHANG, Shiyan DONG, Jiaxuan WANG, Xuhu GUO, Chang ZHANG, Yanxing WANG, Yuye WANG, Jingfeng WU, Tianfang BAO, Hongfa ZHANG, Ping YU, Fuheng LI

2024, 26(7):  37-49.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0183

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In order to deeply explore the seed dormancy mechanism of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance， the different metabolites of non-lamellarized seeds （NS） and germination seeds after lamellarization （GS） were analyzed by GC-TOF/MS （gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry）. The results showed that a total of 995 metabolites were detected， and there was a clear separation between NS and GS. There were 126 differential metabolites， among which 75 were extremely significant differential metabolites including 35 up-regulated and 40 down-regulated expressions. The metabolic pathways of the extremely significant differential metabolites were analysed and 10 key metabolic pathways were identified. The results of the chord diagram analysis showed that the lipids （including lipid-like molecules） was extremely significantly positive correlaed with benzenoids， while the benzenepropanoids （including polyketides） was extremely significantly negative correlation with organoxides. Above results provided theoretical basis of metabolomics for exploring the post-maturation germination of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance seeds， and researching the post-maturation and dormancy mechanisms of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance seeds.

Effects of Different Rooting Reagents on Rooting of Miniature Potted Rose Cuttings

Li MA, Tingting CAO, Youwei FAN, Zhiyu REN, Chun LIU, Suxia YUAN

2024, 26(7):  50-60.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0987

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Miniature potted rose has great ornamental value. At present， the industrialized production of miniature potted rose seedlings is low and the quality is uneven in the domestic cultivation and production， which seriously affects the commercial value of subsequent rose flowers. It is of great significance to study the cutting propagation technology of miniature potted roses to improve the quality of seedlings. To study the effects of different rooting reagent treatment on the growth and development of cutting seedling from 4 miniature potted rose varieties， different levels of Zhongshugenbao 201， indole-3-butyric acid （IBA）， 1-naphthlcetic acid （NAA）， 2，4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid（2，4-D） solution and combinations of reagents were set as treatments， and the water （CK1） and the company’s usual reagent （CK2， the rooting powder provided by Ziyu Flower Industry Co.， Ltd.） were used as controls. The root traits of cutting seedlings from 4 varieties were analyzed using principal component analysis， and the optimal rooting reagents treatment for cuttings was selected. The results showed that CK2 treatment had the best effect on promoting the growth and development of cutting seedling roots， and IBA and Zhongshugenbao 201 were followed. It was worth mentioning that most of the combination treatments of Zhongshugenbao 201 and IBA solution had good effects on the growth and development of cutting roots of 4 varieties， which were better than CK2， especially the combination of the 0.67 mL·L^-1 Zhongshugenbao 201 and 1 500 mg·L^-1 IBA， the root growth of cuttings in all tested varieties was excellent under this combination treatment.

Effect of Stumping on Leaf Functional Traits of Caragana korshinskii in Ecologically Fragile Area of Otog Banner

Lu LIU, Wei QI, Yuefeng GUO, Xiaxia FAN, Jiuwei CHI

2024, 26(7):  61-68.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0789

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In order to investigate the effects of stumping on leaf functional traits of Caragana korshinskii in the ecologically fragile area of Otog Banner， and screen the optimal height of stumping to promote the growth of Caragana korshinskii， the forest of Caragana korshinskii in the ecologically fragile area of Otog Banner， Ordos， Inner Mongolia， was as materials. The effects of stumping on leaf functional traits of Caragana korshinskii were analyzed by using the unstumping plants as control （CK） and the height of stumping at 0 （H1）， 10 （H2）， 15 （H3） and 20 cm （H4）. The results showed that the stump had no significant effect on carbon （C） content， and had significant effect on leaf area （SLA）， leaf tissue density （LTD）， leaf dry matter content （LDMC）， leaf nitrogen （N） content， C/N， net photosynthetic rate （P_n）， transpiration rate （T_r） and stomatal conductance （G_s）. The SLA， LTD， LDMC， N and C/N of H3 were significantly different from those of CK. Compared with CK， the increase of SLA， N， P_n， T_r and G_s after stumping were 7.87%~19.46%， 3.81%~18.75%， 17.71%~40.86%， 14.85%~35.30% and 13.93%~27.68%， respectively. The decrease of LTD， LDMC and C/N were 0.18%~1.20%， 1.51%~4.84% and 5.31% ~16.82%， respectively. The P_n and T_r showed “double peak” trend and G_s showed a “single peak” trend. The SLA， N， P_n， T_r and G_s were positively correlated with each other， and negatively correlated with LTD， LDMC and C/N， respectively. After stumping， Caragana korshinskii showed the “fast investment-return type” resource tradeoff strategy. The leaf functional traits of different stumping height treatments were showed H3>H2>H1>H4>CK， and the best treatment was H3， which indicated that 15 cm stump height should be adopted for improving the growth rate of Caragana korshinskii in Otog Otog Banner.

Functional Analysis of SMAD2， SMAD3 and SMAD4 Genes in Ovarian Activity in Lesser Caecilian Sheep

Longbin WANG, Mingna LI, Yuzhu LUO, Jiqing WANG, Zhiyun HAO, Jiyuan SHEN, Huimin ZHEN, Yuting ZHANG, Shutong YANG

2024, 26(7):  69-79.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1118

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To investigate the biological functions of SMAD2， SMAD3 and SMAD4 genes in the reproductive activity of small-tailed cold sheep， which are important members of the SMAD gene family， the bioinformatics techniques were used to analyze the physicochemical properties， hydrophilicity and subcellular localisation of the SMAD2， SMAD3 and SMAD4 genes， as well as secondary structures， protein interaction prediction and enrichment analysis of gene ontology （GO） and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG）. The small-tailed sheep was as material， positive expression of SMAD2， SMAD3 and SMAD4 proteins in ovarian tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry staining （IHC）， and the real-time quantitative PCR （RT-qPCR） and western blot （WB） were used to determine the expression levels of SMAD2， SMAD3 and SMAD4 mRNAs and their encoded proteins in ovarian tissues and follicles of different diameters at different physiological stages. The results showed that SMAD2， SMAD3 and SMAD4 proteins were hydrophilic proteins with theoretical isoelectric points of 6.67， 6.73 and 6.50. The positive expressions in ovarian tissues at different physiological stages were mainly located in oocytes， follicular membrane cells and granulosa cells， and the highest proportion of α-helices and random nematic clusters in the secondary structure， which were associated with FOXH1， ACVR1B， SMAD1， TGFβR1， TGFβR2， ZFYVE9， SKI， SKIL， TGIF1 and ENSOARP0000001869 proteins. SMAD2， SMAD3 and SMAD4 genes played biological functions in the TGF-β receptor signalling pathway， TGF-β receptor binding， TGF-β activated receptor activity and were enriched in TGF-β signalling pathway. The expressions of SMAD2 and SMAD4 proteins were significantly higher in ovarian tissues at 42 h after bolus withdrawal than those at 18 h after bolus withdrawal， and their mRNA expression showed the consistent trends with proteins. However， the expressions of SMAD3 gene mRNA and its encoded protein were not significant in ovarian tissues between different physiological stages. The expressions of SMAD3 and its encoded protein were significantly higher in medium follicles than those in large follicles， while the expressions of SMAD2 and SMAD4 were no significant differences between different follicle diameters. In conclusion， SMAD2， SMAD3 and SMAD4 genes had different biological functions in ovarian cycling of small-tailed cold sheep， i.e. SMAD2 and SMAD4 genes were involved in ovarian physiological changes from early oestrus to preovulation in small-tailed cold sheep， but not in follicle development； SMAD3 was involved in follicle development. Above results provided a theoretical reference to further explore the molecular mechanism of the SMAD gene family in ovarian activity in small-tailed cold sheep.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

High Standard Farmland Construction Based on Multi-source Spatio-temporal Point Cloud Fusion Technology

Xialing LIU, Zhaoyan CUI, Hang YE, Xiaoqiang WANG, Li ZHENG

2024, 26(7):  80-92.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0228

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In the preliminary planning of high-standard farmland construction for large range and complex terrain area， there are some problems， such as incomplete， different size， scattered， irregular， inaccurate computation of the earthwork volumes， too long construction period etc. The multi-source temporal-spatial point cloud fusion technology was proposed based on airborne laser radar， high-definition digital camera， which made full use of the advantages of high-precision digital elevation model obtained by airborne laser radar data， strong currency and high resolution of digital orthograph model， and comprehensive large-scale topographic elements， which provided precise quantitative front-end basic data for high-standard farmland construction， and realized the rapid planning and accurate implementation of high-standard farmland construction projects. The results showed that the multi-source temporal-spatial point cloud fusion technology could be effectively applied to the preliminary construction of high standard farmland construction. It reduced the workload of field exploration. It could not only improve work efficiency and reduce costs， but also had great potential in reducing data missing and errors.

Research on Sensor-based Agricultural Greenhouse Data Direct Reporting System and Intelligent Control

Xiaofei XIONG, Wenqian WU, Hongyan HUO, Xin ZHANG, Yan YU, Dong AN, Tong ZHANG, Jianwei WU

2024, 26(7):  93-102.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0925

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The rapid development of agricultural internet of things， big data， artificial intelligence and other technologies have provided strong support for data collection， analysis and regulation of greenhouse vegetable production. In order to meet the requirements of intelligent direct reporting scenarios for greenhouse environmental data， this study developed the deployment specifications of greenhouse environmental sensors. 3 greenhouse control temperature prediction models based on LSTM， CNN-LSTM， and CNN-LSTM-Attention were designed and compared. Among them， CNN-LSTM-Attention prediction model had the best performance， with MSE， MAE and R² of 0.457 0， 0.319 5 and 0.987 3， respectively. The ARIMA-based sensor data error correction method was designed and the difference between the predicted soil moisture data and the actual measurement was not significant. The parameter threshold model of environmental information of common greenhouse fruit and vegetable crops was integrated， and the mobile end of greenhouse data direct reporting and intelligent regulation system was developed. Thus， it could guide the standardized deployment of greenhouse environmental sensors， temperature prediction and error correction， and auxiliary decision-making for common greenhouse fruit and vegetable cultivation. Above results provided technical means for data collection， business analysis， and greenhouse control in greenhouse data direct reporting scenarios， and contributed to the high-quality development of the smart greenhouse vegetable industry.

Prediction of Anthocyanin Content in Perilla frutescens Leaves Based on RGB and CIELab

Dongyu LIU-XU, Xiaoxiao GUO, Chenqing FU, Rui HAN, Guohui LI, Xiuping WANG

2024, 26(7):  103-110.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0164

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In order to promote the breeding of Perilla frutescens varieties with high anthocyanin and guide the production management of Perilla frutescens under the stress of adversity， Perilla frutescens was as the research object， the field leaves were collected and taken photos with a digital camera. The image color of photo was analyzed by red green blue color space （RGB） and CIELab color space. And the relationship between color parameters and leaf anthocyanin content was analyzed for screening out color parameters with high correlation coefficient. Univariate regression inversion model was established， and finally the best predictive model of anthocyanin content in the leaves of Perilla frutescens was obtained. The results showed that in RGB color space， the normalized redness intensity （NRI） and normalized greenness intensity （NGI） had significant correlations with anthocyanin content， and the correlation coefficient of NGI was greater than that of NRI. When the contribution ratio of leaves front and leaves back was 2∶1， the correlation between NGI and anthocyanin content was the highest with the correlation coefficient 0.853 2. Compared with different models，it was found that the exponential model established with NGI as the independent variable had the best fitting effect with the correlation coefficient 0.838 1 and the coefficient of determination （R²） 0.755 0. In the CIELab color space， a^* had the best correlation with anthocyanin content， and the correlation coefficient reached the maximum （0.735 6） when the contribution ratio of leaf front and leaf back was 2∶1. The power model based on a^* had the best fitting effect，and the correlation coefficient and R² were 0.743 8 and 0.679 8， respectively. The NGI model and a^* model were respectively used to estimate the content of anthocyanin in leaves. After verification， it was found that the prediction effect of the a^* model was better with higher accuracy and stability. Therefore， the model of a^* was used as the best model to predict the content of anthocyanins in Perilla frutescens leaves.

Application of Improved YOLOv5 Model in Citrus Recognition in Natural Environment

Jun TIE, Jie ZHAO, Lu ZHENG, Lifeng WU, Bowen HONG

2024, 26(7):  111-120.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0994

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Green citrus in complex natural environment had different growth forms and similar color to the background color， so a detection method based on hybrid attention mechanism and improved YOLOv5 model was proposed to effectively identify green citrus. Firstly， the method improved the network structure of YOLOv5 by adding a hybrid attention mechanism in the backbone network etc.， embedding SE （squeeze and excitation） attention in layer 2 and CA （coordinate attention） attention in layer 11 of the backbone network； secondly， it improved the feature fusion structure of the network model， the lower branch was placed before the model C3 module， by combining the YOLOv5 model and concat feature fusion operation，and then the features were fused with another upper branch； finally， the classification loss function of the model was improved， and the classification loss function of the YOLOv5 model was changed to Varifocal Loss function to enhance the extraction of green citrus feature information and improve the accuracy of green citrus detection. According to the natural environment and the characteristics of the citrus itself， the self-built dataset was classified and 3 sets of comparison tests of citrus under different classification scenarios were designed to verify its effectiveness. The test results showed that the improved YOLOv5-SC model had higher precision and better robustness for the recognition of green citrus in natural environment， which accuracy was 91.74%， average accuracy was 95.09%， and F₁ was 89.56%， and it provided technical support for smart picking of green fruits.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Analysis on Structure and Diversity of Fungi Community in Rhizosphere Soil and Root System of Camellia oleifera Root Rot

Yalin YANG, Fengjinglin WU, Jianxin CHEN, Ziqiang WU, Li LIU, Donghua ZHANG, Huancheng MA, Jianrong WU

2024, 26(7):  121-135.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1006

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To clarify the fungal community composition， diversity， functional characteristics and environmental factor relevance in the root system and inter-rhizosphere soil of Camellia oleifera with root rot at different disease levels， internal transcribed spacer（ITS） sequences of fungi within the fibrous roots and rhizosphere soil of C. oleifera of 5 disease classes were sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology in Lianghe county， Dehong prefecture. The results showed that the diversity （Shannon index） of fungal communities within the diseased C. oleifera fibrous roots and rhizosphere soil would decrease， and the total operational taxonomic units（OTUs）， endemic OTUs and abundance （Chao1 index） of fungi in the roots showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend； the uniformity and abundance of fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of diseased C. oleifera increased. At the phylum level， Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the common dominant phylum in the fibrous roots and rhizosphere soil， while Glomeromycota and Mortierellomycota showed a decreasing trend in abundance in the fibrous roots. At the genus level， the abundance of Dendrosporium， Cordana， Matsushimamyces， Pezicula and Melanconium increased significantly after the disease. The main influenced factors of soil fungal community structure in C. oleifera understory were available potassium， organic matter， pH and available phosphorus， and the results of combined analysis of fungal community and environmental factors showed that some beneficial fungi and phosphorus were positively correlated， and some pathogenic fungi and potassium were negatively correlated.FUNGuild functional analysis showed that the fungi in the root and rhizosphere soil of camellia oleifera were mainly saprophytic， and the abundance of symbiotic nutritional fungi in healthy C. oleifera was the highest and gradually decreased after the disease； the phytopathogenic functional group in the root system of C. oleifera became the dominant functional group after the grade Ⅱ disease. In summary， after the disease of C. oleifera， the diversity of fungi decreasesd， the abundance of some beneficial fungi in the fibrous roots decreased， the abundance of phytopathogenic and saprophytic fungi increased， and the colonization of bush mycorrhizal fungi played an important role in regulating the disease and health relationship of C. oleifera. For the C. oleifera base in Lianghe county， Dehong prefecture， it was necessary to apply more potassium and phosphorus fertilizers and reduce the application of nitrogen fertilizers， which could increase the abundance of some beneficial fungi and reduce the abundance of pathogenic fungi to mitigate the occurrence of root rot of C. oleifera.

Identification of Continuous Cropping Tobacco Root Exudates and Screening of Potential Allelopathic Substances

Xixin ZHOU, Shilin YUAN, Liu YANG, Tao XIA, Yi ZHANG, Wei FAN

2024, 26(7):  136-146.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0034

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To explore the components of allelopathic substances contained in tobacco root exudates under long-term continuous cropping， quartz sand cultivation and continuous soil cultivation 2 tobacco culture experiments were set up， root exudates of non-continuous cropping and continuous cropping tobacco at different growth stages were extracted， and the extracted root exudates were identified and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry（UHPLC-MS/MS）， then potential allelopathic substances in the root exudates of continuous cropping tobacco were screened by database comparison， difference analysis and time cluster analysis. The results showed that a total of 11 potential allelopathic substances were screened， namely alkaloids， terpenes， amines， organic acids， benzic acids and derivatives， fatty acids， phenols， amino acids and peptides， coumarins， cinnamic acid and derivatives and others. The relative content of alkaloids， terpenes， amines and organic acids accounted for 73.3% of all compounds. L-nicotine， ursolic acid， β?-aminopropionitrile， 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid， precocene Ⅱ， monoethylhexylphthalic acid， caprolactam， gingerol， L-lactic acid， diethyl phthalate， and methyl 2，3-dihydro-3，5-dihydroxy-2-oxo-3-indoleacetate were potential allelopathic substances with relatively high levels in continuous tobacco root exudates. This study provided a theoretical basis for the study of allelopathic substances in tobacco roots and the research on methods to alleviate tobacco continuous cropping disorders.

Screening， Identification and Biocontrol of Bacteria Degrading Ginseng Phenolic Acid Autotoxic Substances

Yongjun XIE, Xiaozhuo PAN, Fuhui CHEN, Kaibo YIN, Jiayue JIN, Yibing WANG

2024, 26(7):  147-155.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0651

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with the increase of ginseng planting years， the accumulation of autotoxic substances in the soil results in the occurrence of continuous cropping obstacles， which significantly impeding the robust advancement of ginseng cultivation. The biodegradation of autotoxic compounds in the soil is as an effective strategy to mitigate the continuous cropping obstacles. The bacteria degrading phenolic acid autotoxic substances were isolated and identified from the ginseng rhizosphere soil. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing along with physiological and biochemical experiments， the degradation strains were classified and identified. The degradation rate was assessed through UV spectrophotometry， while the culture conditions were refined through a single-factor experiment. The biocontrol of degradation strains on ginseng seeds with phenolic acid stress was investigated. The results showed that 10 strains of bacteria capable of degrading autotoxic substances were isolated from the inter-root soil of ginseng， predominantly belonging to the genus Pseudomonas. Preliminary degradation experiments indicated that strain S1 exhibited the highest degradation rate on salicylic acid， reaching 65.32%， and was identified as Burkholderia. The results of single-factor experiment indicated that the degradation rate of strain S1 was 88.58% with calcium nitrate as the nitrogen source， cultivation temperature of 30 ℃， and 500 mg·L^-1 autotoxic substances， which was higher than before optimization. Strain S1 could alleviate the inhibitory impact of salicylic acid on the growth of ginseng seeds， achieving a growth promotion efficiency of 12.56%. In conclusion， the Burkholderia S1 strainisolated from soil exhibited a commendable biocontrol effect， which had promising application value for mitigating continuous cropping obstacles.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Active Ingredients and Action Mechanism of Agricultural Plant Jiaosu

Bing LI, Xiumin ZHU, Dai LI, Junxia DU

2024, 26(7):  156-165.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0660

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Agricultural plant Jiaosu is a product containing specific bioactive ingredients which is derived primarily from plants through microbial fermentation. It could be applied in agriculture， animal husbandry and soil improvement. Agricultural plant Jiaosu plays significant roles in enhancing crop yields， soil quality and pest resistance， making it a key player in the establishment of green ecological agriculture. In this paper， the classification， characteristics and various effective components of agricultural plant Jiaosu were briefly introduced； the positive effects on crop yield increase， antibacterial properties， soil enhancement and environmental protection of agricultural plant Jiaosu were summarized； the mechanisms were analyzed， the existing issues were identified， and the future development of agricultural plant Jiaosu was discussed.

Study on Antifungal Effect and Composition of Ultraviolet on Nutritional Wastewater

Chongtao LIU, Tong LI, Yangyang LI, Zhuangzhuang LIU, Yangyang CAI, Jianchao SONG, Wantong ZHANG, Bin SHANG, Xiuping TAO

2024, 26(7):  166-173.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1075

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To evaluate the antifungal effect of Fusarium oxysporum and composition of ultraviolet irradiation on nutritional wastewater， taking 2 typical fungi， Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. Cucumerinum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.Lycopersici as materials， and the sterilization experiment of nutrient wastewater was conducted， which 3 different levels of irradiation intensity according to 1.3， 2.7， 3.8 mW·cm^-2， and 3 irradiation time applications including 1， 3， 5 min were carried out. The results showed that， UV irradiation had obvious antifungal effect on 2 kinds of pathogenic fungi in vitro culture， and with the increase of irradiation dose， the mycelium grew slowly， the colony morphology shrank， the spore reproduction and the germination rate decreased， and 100% sterilization rate was achieved at the highest dose of 1 140 mJ·cm^-2 （3.8 mW·cm^-2， 5 min）. Similarly， the highest dose treatment under the inoculated nutrient solution significantly inhibited the growth of spores and reached a killing rate of more than 95%. In addition， after the highest dose of UV irradiation， the removal rates of organic matter in the 2 nutrient solutions were 92.3% and 83.3%， respectively， while the contents of total nitrogen and total phosphorus did not change significantly， which indicated that while UV irradiation could effectively disinfect， it would easily trigger the loss of organic matter in nutrient solution and affect its subsequent recycling. Above results provided basic data for the application of ultraviolet sterilization technology in the circulation system of facility horticulture.

Effect of Additives on Stability Immersed in Water of Biochar Based Long-acting Fertilizer

Hao WANG, Pengjie JIN, Shan GAO, Mingxuan ZHAO, Changai ZHANG, Shengdao SHAN

2024, 26(7):  174-182.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0900

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Biochar based long-term fertilizer can be prepared by extrusion granulation process with cow dung biochar， digestate， chemical fertilizer and ferric oxide as main materials and quicklime， portland cement and pregelatinize starch as auxiliary materials. In order to study the influence of addition of excipients on the stability of biochar based long-acting fertilizer in water immersion， 8 treatments according to the differences in the addition of excipients were set up. By analyzing the compressive strength， soaking resistance， soaking quality loss， soaking nutrient release rate， pH， electrical conductivity（EC） and other indexes of fertilizers in different treatments， the influence of different excipients on the stability of fertilizers in water immersion was comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that the addition of portland cement and quicklime could reduce the compressive strength of fertilizer particles， but could significantly improve the stability of fertilizer particles in water immersion. The addition of pregelatinize starch not only significantly reduced the compressive strength of fertilizer particles， but also was not conducive to improving the stability of fertilizer particles in water immersion. compared with no excipients， the soaking resistance of adding quicklime only， adding portland cement only and without adding pregelatinized starch increased by 24.00%， 19.20% and 45.60%， respectively， and the soaking quality loss decreased by 8.61%， 6.96% and 12.04%， respectively； within 56 d， the cumulative release of nutrients was reduced by 16.20%， 11.87% and 21.34%， respectively. Compared with adding 3 excipients， the nitrogen accumulation rate of without adding quicklime， without adding portland cement and without adding pregelatinized starch increased by 2.11%， 1.27% and -8.66%， respectively， and the phosphorus cumulative release rate increased by 19.66%， 15.30% and -8.93%， respectively， during 56 d of immersion； the cumulative potassium release rate decreased by 1.95%， 0.92% and -5.15%， the mass loss increased by 2.32%， 1.29% and -8.86%， and the soaking resistance decreased by 10.07%， 5.04% and -30.94%， respectively. Therefore， when using this technology to produce biochar based fertilizer， portland cement and quicklime could be recommended as auxiliary materials to improve the water stability of fertilizer， and it was not recommended to add pregelatinized starch.

Study on Characteristics of Visible and Near Infrared Reflectance Spectra of Soil Organic Matter

Shifang WANG, Haiyan SONG

2024, 26(7):  183-188.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0309

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To optimize the calculation speed of the soil organic matter （SOM） content prediction model， 50 soil samples were used to extract and screen the characteristic spectral bands of SOM by using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis method. The results showed that the reflectance spectra of the soil was strongly negatively correlated with SOM content in the range of 555~662 nm， with a characteristic band at 601 nm. After different preprocessing methods， the reflectance spectra of soil and SOM content showed a strong correlation， and the characteristic bands increased， mainly around 601， 1 221， 1 410， 1 665， 1 880， 2 110 and 2 200 nm. By analyzing the Pearson correlation curves between the reflectance spectra at different soil moisture levels and SOM content， the characteristic bands were observed around 601， 1 450， 1 930 and 2 200 nm. With an increase in soil moisture content， the correlation of the characteristic band at 601 nm gradually weakened， while the correlation of the moisture-related characteristic bands at 1 450， 1 930 and 2 200 nm increased. When the soil moisture content exceeded 10%， the reflectance spectra of soil and SOM content showed a positive correlation. The identified characteristic bands of SOM and soil moisture provided theoretical support for the development of a rapid detection model for SOM.

Effects of Different Soil Amendments on Growth of Scutellaria baicalensis and Soil Enzyme Activities in Continuous Cropping

Zitian PU, Hong WANG, Bin ZHAO, Xinxin WANG

2024, 26(7):  189-198.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0981

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In order to investigate the impact of various soil amendment materials on soil enzyme activity and Scutellaria baicalensis growth in continuously cropped soil， an indoor pot experiment was conducted. The experiment set 6 treatments including a control without any amendments （CK）， and with biochar application （T1）， humic acid （T2）， humic acid and biochar （T3）， vermicompost （T4）， vermicompost and biochar （T5）. The agronomic indexes and soil enzyme activities of Scutellaria baicalensis were compared between soil of non-cultivated （Y₀） and continuous cropping Scutellaria baicalensis for 3 years （Y₃）. The results showed that at Y₀ condition， the shoot biomass of Scutellaria baicalensis was significantly higher than CK， and the root biomass of Scutellaria baicalensis in 5 treatments had no significant difference compared with CK. At Y₃ condition， except T2 treatment， the shoot and root biomass of Scutellaria baicalensis were significantly increased compared with CK. Under 2 soil treatments， T5 treatment had the best effect on total nitrogen content and T4 treatment on phosphorus content and potassium content； T3 treatment to soil sucrase activity and T1 treatment to alkaline phosphatase activity increased the most. At Y₀ condition， urease activity of T4 treatment was significantly increased compared with CK，catalase activity of all treatments decreased significantly； at Y₃ condition， only urease activity of T2 treatment was significantly increased and catalase activity of T1 treatment was significantly decreased. The nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium content of Y₀ was significantly correlated with activities of sucrase and urease， while the nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium content of Y₃ was significantly correlated with the activities of urease and catalase. At the same time， at Y₃ condition， T5 treatment was more closely related to nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium content in Scutellaria baicalensis and sucrase activity. In summary， T1 and T5 treatments could both increase Scutellaria baicalensis biomass and nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium content at Y₃， and the addition of biochar had significant effects on the enzyme activity of continuous cropping soil. T5 treatment had a significant effect on alleviating the barrier of continuous croppping of Scutellaria baicalensis. Above results provided a theoretical basis for alleviating the barrier of continuous cultivation and improving the quality of Scutellaria scutellaria.

Effects of Carbon Source with Different Bioavailability on Vermicomposting

Lingwei KONG, Kongtan WANG, Liwen MAI, Yupeng WU, Xiongfei WANG, Zhaobi WANG, Jiacong LIN, Qinfen LI

2024, 26(7):  199-209.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1026

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Traditional vermicomposting raw material formulation relies on mass ratio， volume ratio， or carbon nitroger ratio（C/N） formulation methods， which ignore the differences in bioavailable fractions of organic matter from different carbon sources and are irrational. To investigate the effects of different bioavailable carbon sources on the growth and reproduction of earthworms and carbon and nitrogen fixation of compost， this study conducted a 60 d vermicomposting experiment with a compound of cow manure （nitrogen source） and carbon source materials with low， medium and high bioavailability （pineapple peel residue， rice straw and tomato straw） at C/N 30. The results showed that the average daily increase of earthworms was up to 6.4 times. The highest humus content （15.11%） but the lowest total organic carbon fixation rate （39.63%） was found in the treatment with the easy-to-use carbon source pineapple peel residue； the highest total number of earthworms （385） and the highest total nitrogen fixation rate were found in the treatment group with the difficult-to-use carbon source tomato straw. The higher the proportion of carbon source waste with high bioavailability， the greater the earthworm weight gain； the higher the proportion of carbon source waste with low bioavailability， the higher it could promote earthworm reproduction； the total organic carbon fixation rate of earthworm manure after earthworm transformation ranged from 39.63% to 59.28%， and the total nitrogen fixation rate ranged from 65.04% to 95.59%. This study illustrated the effects of different carbon sources on earthworm production and carbon and nitrogen fixation， and provided a reference for the improvement of vermiculture and low-carbon solid waste composting process.

INNOVATIVE METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Principles of Microbial Electrochemical Technology and Its Application in the Recycling of Livestock and Poultry Wastes

Kunhong JIANG, Zhenying XU, Zhenzhen GUO, Lin BAI, Xiaoxia HAO, Dongmei JIANG, Shixiu QIU

2024, 26(7):  210-222.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1053

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The environment has been under great pressure as a consequence of the livestock waste discharged in the course of intensive production of livestock and poultry farming. By studying the elemental theory of respiratory metabolism， comprised of small molecule acid metabolism of Geobacter sulfurreducens， the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of Shewanella oneidensis， as well as extracellular electron transfer directly contacted and mediated by electrically conductive pili and electron shuttle substances， the central carbon metabolism pathway， basic extracellular electron transport process and main regulatory mechanisms of model electroactive microorganisms were examined. Owing to insights into the respiration and metabolism of electroactive bacteria， a variety of microbial electrochemical systems （MES） mainly based on microbial fuel cell， microbial electrolytic cell and electric-field-assisted aerobic compost had been developed and optimized. Not only MES were employed to reduce contents of hazardous substances including chemical oxygen demand， greenhouse gases， antibiotics and resistance genes， but they were also used to improve power generation efficiency， cathode high value-added products and humus contents of compost. The research progress of microbial electrochemical theory and thoroughly demonstrates the application of microbial electrochemical technology in the recycling of livestock and poultry waste were reviewed， so as to provide reference and theoretical foundation for the study of livestock waste utilization.

Multidimensional Evaluation and Optimization of High Temperature Short Time Process of Astragalus membranaceus

Xiaoyu SHI, Lianqing JIAO, Min YU, Yixin TIAN, Anni JIAO, Yilin LUAN

2024, 26(7):  223-233.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1049

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In order to optimize the high temperature short time （HTST） process parameters of Astragalusmembranaceus and investigate the effects on the quality of Astragalusmembranaceus from many angles， based on the criteria importance though intercrieria correlation （CRITIC） method， orthogonal design was used to optimize the sterilization process parameters of Astragalusmembranaceus. The sterilization temperature， sterilization time and fineness of pulverization of the medicinal materials were inspected， and the sterilization rate， the content of 5 compounds and the free radical clearance rate of 1，1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH·） were determinated.The effects of sterilization on the 3 indexes were evaluated by intuitive and variance analysis. The structure of common peaks was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）. Partial least square regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between flavonoids and antioxidant activity of common peaks. The results showed that the sterilization temperature was a significant factor （P<0.05）. The optimal sterilization process parameters were determined as： sterilization temperature （170±2） ℃， sterilization time 5 s， fineness of pulverization 50 mesh. The microbial standard test of the 3 batches of samples after sterilization according to the optimized process all met the requirements of Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. The contents of 5 compounds and DPPH? clearance rate had no significant change compared with that before sterilization. The similarity of fingerprints before and after sterilization was greater than 0.900， and the correlation results of spectral dynamic analysis were basically consistent with the experimental results and structural characteristics of the compounds. In conclusion， high temperature short time had obvious killing effect on microorganism in Astragalus membranaceus， but had no obvious effect on their quality， indicating that this method was suitable for the sterilization of Astragalus membranaceus.