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Table of Content

    15 October 2024, Volume 26 Issue 10
    AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM
    Reaearch on the Application of AI for Science in Agricultural Field
    Song FANG, Lihua JIANG, Jingjun CAO, Xiao WANG, Minghui QIU, Xiaoyi TIAN
    2024, 26(10):  1-10.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0473
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    In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI), driven by the three engines of algorithm, data and computing power, has developed rapidly, and achieved many remarkable achievements in frontier fields, such as AlphaFold3, nuclear fusion intelligent control, and novel coronavirus drug design. AI-driven scientific research (AI for Science, AI4S) has solved the bottleneck of scientific data analysis with high dimensions, large scale and span, and limited scientific experiments that restrict large-scale interdisciplinary scientific research activities, and promotes scientific research towards a new model with “platform collaboration” as the main feature. This paper reviewed the international situation of AI4S, the current development status of China’s smart agriculture and the practical dilemma, and combined literature, statistical data, and investigation case analysis to put forward the practical path to promote AI4S application in China’s agricultural development. AI4S would become a powerful engine to transform agricultural production from the traditional model of “looking at the sky, looking at the land and looking at the crops” to models such as intelligent perception, intelligent decision-making and visual management, and promote scientific research from the single-fighting “small farmer’s workshop” model to the platform scientific research of “Android model”. Researchers could share basic computing power, models, algorithms, databases and knowledge bases. On this platform, the research and development and application of the whole life cycle of the agricultural industry chain would be focused on, and scientific research innovation and application of results be accelerated through the “snowball effect”. Using artificial intelligence technology to realize digitalization, networking and intelligence of agricultural production, and support online iteration of theory-experiment. It is also necessary to improve the high-quality agricultural science digital resource system, appropriately advance AI key technologies and infrastructure, optimize the cross-innovation research ecology under the new paradigm, formulate agricultural data management norms, strengthen policy creation and supporting policy mechanisms to break through data barriers and to promote artificial intelligence + agriculture, and to strengthen agricultural science and technology innovation from the source.

    Research on Content and Evaluation Methods of Ecological Upgrading of Well-facilitated Farmland
    Jiahao KANG, YE TIAN, Wuhan DING, Yang ZHANG, Hu LI
    2024, 26(10):  11-21.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0466
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    Developing the content and key technologies of well-facilitated farmland ecological upgrading, as well as establishing a specialized evaluation indicator system, are effective approaches to promote agricultural green upgrading and achieve high-quality development. This paper summarized the practical experience of local well-facilitated farmland ecological upgrading and reviewed existing research achievements. The ecological upgrading of well-facilitated farmland primarily encompassed 5 aspects of field, soil, water, road, forest, including the construction of ecological field blocks, cultivation of ecological soil, establishment of ecological irrigation and drainage systems, laying of ecological road networks, and construction of ecological protection networks. Meanwhile, by combining existing evaluation standards and practical work requirements, a comprehensive evaluation indicator system was developed, which was highly applicable, sensitive, distinctive and process-based, to assess the upgrading effects from 4 dimensions: resource efficiency, energy conservation and emission reduction, ecological conservation, and high-quality safety. Finally, suggestions were provided regarding innovative investment mechanisms, formulation of technical procedures, and establishment of evaluation standards to ensure the ecological upgrading of well-facilitated farmland.

    BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE
    Study on Stigma Exsertion Pattern of BS Type Photo-thermo Sensitive Male Sterile Lines of Wheat
    Jieru YUE, Zhilie QIN, Qiling HOU, Shaohua YUAN, Xiaocong HAO, Jifang YANG, Xiucheng BAI, Changping ZHAO, Fengting ZHANG, Hui SUN
    2024, 26(10):  22-29.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0177
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    The flowering habits of wheat BS type photo-thermo sensitive male sterile lines affect its outcrossing performance, which affect the seed production yield of hybrid wheat. In order to clarify the effect of stigma exsertion on the outcrossing seed setting rate of sterile lines, 15 different sterile lines were used as materials, and 3 restorer lines possessed good combining ability and excellent seed production trait were selected. The changing patterns of stigma exsertion rate in sterile lines were investigated for 10 d, from the beginning of flowering, and the correlation between the stigma exsertion rate and outcrossing seed setting was also studied. The results showed that the stigma exsertion rate increased firstly and then decreased in most sterile lines. In the full flowering stage, the stigma exsertion was mainly concentrated in the middle of ears. BS278-2, BS163, BS366, BS210 exhibited good stigma exsertion characteristics. The correlation analysis showed that stigma exsertion rate was significantly positively correlated with the outcrossing seed setting rate of stigma exsertion florets. In conclusion, stigma exsertion was one of the crucial factors affecting outcrossing of sterile lines, and the sterile lines with stigma exsertion could be selected for increasing seed production yield. Above results provided scientific basis for the breeding of photo-thermo sensitive sterile lines with high outcrossing seed setting rate.

    Screening and Evaluation of Drought Resistance Index for Maize Hybrids During Seedling and Germination Stages
    Yuan HE, Xiaotong GU, Liqing FENG, Huijun DUAN, Yongsheng TAO
    2024, 26(10):  30-40.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0809
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    To screen the drought resistance indicators of the main maize hybrids for relatively large acreages at germination and seedling stages, the released maize hybrids were used as test materials. 2 treatments were set up including control and drought stress (PEG-6000 with mass fraction of 20%). Germination rate, germination potential and germination index were measured at germination stage, and MDA content, chlorophyll content, root dry weight, canopy dry weight, plant dry weight, plant fresh weight, root to shoot dry weight ratio and dry to fresh ratio were measured from the seedling stage to the three leaf one heart stage. A comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance and screening of drought resistance indicators for maize varieties were conducted using drought resistance coefficient, weighted drought resistance coefficient, principal component analysis, membership function analysis and other methods. The results showed that the germination rate, germination potential and germination index of maize hybrids showed different degrees of decline during the germination period. The drought resistance coefficients of germination rate, germination potential and germination index varied widely, ranging from 7.33 to 97.78, 14.81 to 97.69 and 33.25 to 98.59, respectively. Based on the drought coefficient and cluster analysis, the hybrids were divided into 3 categories: drought resistant, moderate and sensitive, which correspond to the total comprehensive evaluation values (Ti) of 0.00~0.35, 0.53~0.66 and 0.77~0.96, respectively. There were 11 sensitive varieties during the germination period, including Zhengdan 958 (V1), Jingdan 28 (V3) and Huanong 138 (V5) etc. There were 4 drought resistant varieties, including Xianyu 335 (V2), Jingke 968 (V4) and Xianyu 047 (V7) etc. The MDA and chlorophyll contents in the leaves of the maize varieties at the seedling stage were significantly increased compared to the control (CK), while the other 6 traits showed varying degrees of change. Based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis of drought resistance coefficient and weighted drought resistance coefficient, the varieties were grouped into 3 categories: drought resistant, moderate and sensitive. The mean values of their total comprehensive evaluation values (Ti) were 0.30, 0.49 and 0.55, respectively. There were 5 sensitive varieties during the seedling stage, including Xianyu 1140 (V8), MC817 (V16) and Zhengdan 958 (V1) etc. There were 7 drought resistant varieties, including Jingke 968 (V4), Xianyu 047 (V7) and Nongda 372 (V9) etc. Therefore, the identification of drought resistance at the germination and seedling stages of maize requires the application of comprehensive evaluation methods to effectively assess drought resistance, especially for maize production in Huanghuaihai region with scarce water resources and available water resources were severely limited. It was more important to study the drought resistance evaluation of maize varieties at the seedling and germination stages under the single seed sowing mode.

    Analysis of High-efficiency Transcriptome of Nitrogen in Millet Seedlings and Gene Mining
    Xueyan XIA, Jihan CUI, Meihong HUANG, Shuai GUO, Meng LIU, Yu ZHAO, Yiwei LU, Wenqin ZHAO, Jingxin WANG, Shunguo LI
    2024, 26(10):  41-57.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0288
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    Nitrogen use efficiency is an important factor affecting the yield and quality of millet. It is of great significance to screen millet varieties with high nitrogen efficiency and explore the important genes controlling nitrogen use efficiency and their mechanism for improving nitrogen use efficiency of millet, reducing fertilizer use, protecting the environment and ensuring food security. By comparing phenotypic traits, nitrogen absorption capacity, it showed that nitrogen-efficient varieties had high ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen absorption capacity than nitrogen inefficient varieties. 3 nitrogen level treatments were set, 0, 3 and 6 mmol·L-1 and after the rice seedlings at two-leaf one-stage were treated for 7 d. Taking 0 mmol·L-1 nitrogen treatment as control, a total of 16 000 differential expression genes (DEGs) were obtained by RNA-seq. Through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, it was found that amino acid synthesis and metabolism, defense-related metabolism, acetaldehyde acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism, and carbon fixation of photosynthetic organisms, pyruvate metabolism, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism played important roles in regulating the biological reaction of nitrogen metabolism. 3 348 transcription factors were predicted, which belonged to 46 families, among which the largest number of predicted transcription factors is the MYB-related family (189), followed by the bHLH family (182), the WRKY family (158), the MYB family (156) and HB- Other families (153). Through WGCNA analysis, the top 30 genes with KME values were screened, and 7 of them were annotated to genetic information. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression trends of Seita.9G488700Seita.2G368800 and Seita.5G063300 were basically same as RNA-seq results, which mainly regulated the transportation and metabolism of glucose transporters and carbohydrates. .

    Difference Analysis of Different Maturity of Upper Tobacco Leaves Based on Non-targeted Metabolomics
    Caihong ZHANG, Li ZHANG, Weimin WANG, Jiongping ZHAO, Dan HAN, Zicheng XU, Zhongwen ZHANG, Huifang SHAO
    2024, 26(10):  58-70.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0226
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    To explore the effects of different harvest maturity on internal quality of upper leaves and metabolomics of tobacco, Yunyan 87 was used as the experimental material, and the leaves were sampled with SPAD value of 30~35 (BM1), 25~30 (BM2), 20~25 (BM3), 15~20 (BM4). The effects of different harvest maturity on the agronomic traits, chemical composition coordination, sensory quality and metabolomics of upper leaves were analyzed. The results showed that the upper leaves of BM3 treatment had better coordination of chemical components and the highest sensory evaluation score. A total of 230 differential metabolites were screened from 4 treatments, mainly including organic acids, alkaloids, sugars, amino acids, alcohols and nucleosides. Bioinformatics analysis showed that L-tryptophan, chlorogenic acid, palmitoleic acid, concanavalin, creatine, sorbitol, trigonelline, α-linolenic acid, glyceric acid, traumatic acid, choline, matairesinol, deoxyinosine, rutin, L-phenylalanine, guanine, L-proline, L-methionine, glucaric acid, nicotine, oleic acid, L-serine, flavic acid, L-glutamic acid, syringic acid, eugenol and tryptophan might be the key metabolites during the maturation of upper tobacco leaves. Differential metabolites were significantly enriched in pathways such as amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, vitamin metabolism and lipid metabolism. Among them, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid metabolism pathways played an important regulatory role in the formation of oil and aroma substances during tobacco leaf maturation.

    Transcriptome Analysis of Stigma Response Mechanism of Blueberry with Different Pollination Intensity
    Wei JI, Ying FAN, Jiaxing HUANG, Huipeng YANG, Jin XU, Xiaoying LI, Yueqin GUO, Yueguo WU, Jilian LI, Jun YAO
    2024, 26(10):  71-82.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0112
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    Pollination is essential for blueberry production. In order to explore the stigma response mechanism and its characteristics under different pollination intensities, the stigma acceptability of ‘Bluesouth (M7)’ was compared at different florescence ages, and the pollen viability was determined. Transcripome sequencing and analysis were performed on the stigma of blueberry under 3 pollination intensities. The results showed that, with the increasing of flowering age, stigma receptivity of ‘Bluesouth (M7)’ showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing gradually, with the strongest receptivity on the second day of flowering. Pollen from 3 different pollination intensities showed different vigor. Blueberry stigma transcriptome data analysis revealed that with the increase in pollination intensity, the expression levels of gene CPK17 and gene MIOX1 were significantly upregulated. The GO (gene ontology) enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed that the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolic process, inositol oxygenase activity and cell wall organization were significantly enriched. KEGG (kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) enrichment analysis showed that the pathways related to plant-pathogen interaction and inositol phosphate metabolism were significantly enriched. It was inferred that the increase of pollination intensity might affect the germination and growth of pollen tube, and then affect the fertilization process. These findings suggested that increased pollination intensity might impact the process of stigma and pollen recognition, and facilitate pollen tube growth through involvement in signal transduction and hormone synthesis between stigma and pollen. Above results provided a theoretical reference for understanding the mechanism of stigma response to different pollination intensities of blueberry, and provided scientific basis for precise pollination of blueberry.

    Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Key Chlorophyll Synthesis Related Gene CaPOR in Coffea arabica
    Zhenwei ZHANG, Xiangshu DONG, Jing YANG, Xuejun LI, Meijun QI, Kuaile JIANG, Yonglin YANG, Butian WANG, Xuedong SHI, Junchao QIU, Zhihua CHEN, Yu GE
    2024, 26(10):  83-97.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0365
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    Chlorophyll plays a pivotal role in the process of photosynthesis and the accumulation of organic substances in plants. Pro tochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prochlorophyllide, the precursor of chlorophyll, into chlorophyll a in the chloroplast. It is a critical enzyme for the light-induced greening of angiosperms and is indispensable for photosynthesis. To explore the genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis in Coffea arabica leaves, the transcriptome sequencing analysis was used to identify the chlorophyll synthesis-related genes in C. arabica. Furthermore, the real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis was used to examine the expression of key genes. The results showed that CaPOR gene family members shared similar physicochemical properties and conserved motifs. The promoter regions were primarily composed of light response elements and growth and development elements. Through a combination of chromosome localization, collinearity analysis, and codon usage bias analysis, CaPOR gene had formed a gene cluster in C. arabica, and there was an acceleration of gene duplication, which might be driven by the base mutation and natural selection. The expression levels of 7 selected CaPOR genes were markedly higher in mature leaves than those in young leaves, which was positively correlated with the change in chlorophyll synthesis during the growth and development of C. arabica leaves. Above results provided reference for the chlorophyll synthesis in C. arabica leaves and the functional exploration of POR genes.

    Analysis of Response Mechanism of Ligusticum chuanxiong to Cadmium Stress Based on Transcriptome and Metabolome
    Wanjing XU, Fang PENG, Doudou ZHAO, Jiaojiao LUO, Shan TAO, Hailang LIAO, Changqing MAO, Yu WU, Xiu ZHU, Zhengjun XU, Chao ZHANG
    2024, 26(10):  98-109.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0022
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    In order to understand the changes of gene expression and metabolites of Ligusticum chuanxiong under different levels of cadmium (Cd) stress, and explore the response mechanism of Ligusticum Chuanxiong to Cd stress, a pot experiment was conducted, and 4 Cd stress treatment levels of 1, 3, 6, 9 mg·kg-1 were set with clean soil without adding Cd solution as control group,and RNA sequencing(RNA-seq) and ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) were used to identify key genes and metabolic pathways for resistance to Cd stress in Ligusticum chuanxiong. The results showed that a total of 8 569 differentially expressed genes were screened, including 6 859 up-regulated genes and 1 710 down-regulated genes. Compared with the control group, there was only 1 common differential gene in the 4 Cd-treated groups, CML19, which might be the key gene for resistance to Cd stress in Ligusticum chuanxiong. The metabolome labeled and quantized 1 238 different metabolites, and 76 metabolic pathways were annotated in the KEGG database, including amino acid metabolism, biosynthesis of aminoacyl-tRNA and biosynthesis of fatty acids. The joint analysis showed that Ligusticum chuanxiong played an important role in the resistance to Cd stress by regulating different amino acids to maintain its own metabolic balance when subjected to different levels of Cd stress. Above results provided scientific support and theoretical basis for the resistance of Ligusticum chuanxiong to Cd stress, and provided a basis for the subsequent cultivation and breeding of Ligusticum chuanxiong resources and related research on alleviating Cd stress.

    INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
    Research Progress of Deep Learning in Typical Behavior Recognition of Livestock and Poultry
    Zhiyuan ZHU, Haifeng WANG, Bin LI, Wenwen ZHAO, Jun ZHU, Nan JIA, Yuliang ZHAO
    2024, 26(10):  110-124.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0168
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    The typical behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, standing and fighting, are closely related to the production capacity, health status as well as welfare of livestock and poultry, which affecting the production and economic benefits of livestock and poultry in farms. In fact, the traditional manual observation of livestock and poultry is not only time-consuming and laborious, but also highly subjective. So currently, the trend of large-scale livestock and poultry farming is accelerating. With the rapid development of machine learning as well as continuous optimization of neural networks, algorithms and computility, technologies such as computer vision, speech recognition, biometric recognition and natural language processing can accurately and efficiently monitor the information of livestock and poultry as well as analyze the physiological and health status of livestock and poultry, showing broad application prospects in the field of livestock and poultry. This article introduced the development history of deep learning technology, and then expounded the research progress of deep learning technology in behavior recognition of common livestock and poultry species such as cattle, pig, sheep and chicken, providing technical reference for future researches and practical applications. Meanwhile, this article summarized the problems and improvement strategies of deep learning technology in behavior recognition of common livestock and poultry from aspects of model versatility, data set diversity as well as the comprehensiveness of digital behavior results, aiming to provide theoretical reference for technicians to promote the further development of deep learning in the application of typical behavior of livestock and poultry.

    Weed Identification and Location for Crop at Seedling Stage Based on Enhancing and Fine-tuning Weather Data
    Mingkang PENG, Yu CUI, Qiyuan XUE, Yunzhen YIN, Zhe YIN, Wuping ZHANG, Fuzhong LI
    2024, 26(10):  125-134.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0947
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    Weeding is a crucial method for boosting crop yield, and the precise identification of weed species is imperative for effective weed control. In this study, the SXAU weed dataset was established and the weather data enhancement and online data augmentation were combined to enhance the weed feature extraction capability of Yolov8. This enhancement aimed to improve the model’s practical application effectiveness while concurrently reducing the power consumption of computer hardware. Through the implementation of transfer learning, the Yolov8 model was initially pre-trained on a public weed dataset and subsequently fine-tuned using the SXAU weed dataset to swiftly acquire the relevant parameters needed by the neural network for weed feature recognition. Employing the Yolov8 algorithm in conjunction with the RealSense D435i depth camera, this approach involved utilizing a deep learning algorithm to derive the two-dimensional coordinates of crops and weeds within the image. Subsequently, the depth camera was employed to acquire three-dimensional coordinate information, facilitating spatial positioning of the crops and weeds. Experimental results demonstrate that, following the incorporation of weather data enhancement and fine-tuning, the model achieved an average detection accuracy of 97.43% and F1 value of 94.82%. The average detection time was 13.032 ms, surpassing performance metrics of Yolov7-tiny, Yolov5, Effcientdet, and other models. This research offered valuable insights for studies on lightweight weed identification, as well as the identification and spatial positioning of intelligent weeding robots.

    Analysis and Optimization of the Airflow Field in a Head-air Heat Pump Dryer Based on Fluent
    Zimin CHEN, Jiangting MO, Guangsheng CHEN, Xiaoxuan GUO, Xianwen ZHU
    2024, 26(10):  135-144.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0203
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    As the main energy-saving drying equipment for fruit and vegetable products at present, the uniformity of the internal flow field is very important to the efficiency and quality of drying. In this paper, the internal flow field of top-wind heat pump drying oven was optimized using the research method of Fluent dynamic grid numerical simulation optimization and experimental verification, which improved the inter-layer uniformity and drying efficiency of the flow field. Based on the structural characteristics of the headwind drying box, a controllable moving air deflector mechanism was innovatively designed, and 3 schemes including uniform motion, segmented uniform motion and uniform + stagnation compound motion were compared. The simulation results showed that the uniform + stagnation compound motion scheme had the best interlayer uniformity of flow field. After optimization, the uneven coefficient of air volume distribution between layers was as low as 7.02%, and the effectiveness of the optimization scheme was verified by the experiment of green plum drying. The standard deviation of water content of each layer after optimization was 0.01. The system provided reference for the flow field design and structure optimization of the top-wind heat pump drying oven.

    Research on Tobacco Precise Recognition Method Based on UAV Image Data
    Tianjun TANG, Yang CHEN, Jun HU, Haotian JIANG
    2024, 26(10):  145-157.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0163
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    In order to effectively reduce the impact of weeds on the identification of visible light images of tobacco and achieve accurate identification of tobacco, quadrotor UAVs were used to collect digital orthophoto map (DOM) at cultivation of tobacco base in Guizhou mountainous areas. According to the spectral characteristics of ground objects, CRDVI (color recombination difference vegetation index) was constructed, and OTSU was used to determine the segmentation threshold to achieve tobacco identification and extraction, and it was compared and analyzed with the common visible and difference vegetation index (VDVI), excess green (ExG), and improved green red vegetation index (MGRVI). The results indicated that CRDVI could effectively remove the impact of weeds on tobacco recognition and extraction; CRDVI outperformed VDVI, ExG, and MGRVI in identifying tobacco in plots with high weed coverage; the integrity of CRDVI recognition and extraction in the 3 experimental and validation sample areas was above 89%, with high extraction accuracy. The experiment confirmed that CRDVI could quickly and accurately extract tobacco and effectively restrain the influence of weeds, which provided a reference for the identification and extraction of characteristic Cash crop in mountain areas.

    ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
    Progress of Research on Alleviating Obstacles of Continuous Cropping by Soil Sterilization and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
    Yaping FAN, Baiquan SONG, Changxian WANG
    2024, 26(10):  158-167.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0386
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    The continuous cropping obstacles have been widespread in horticultural production, and the reasons were complicated. It has done serious harm to the ecosystem consisting of soil, plants and rhizosphere microorganisms. The economical and convenient soil sterilization technologies effectively alleviate the obstacles, among the sterilization technologies, high temperature sterilization and reductive soil disinfestation improve soil environment. Meanwhile, symbiotic associations between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plant root systems is helpful to reconstruction of rhizosphere ecosystems. Focused on the continuous cropping obstacles, this paper reviewed the effect of high temperature sterilization, reductive soil disinfestation and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the obstacles alleviation and their mechanisms. Furthermore, meaningful research works in this field were prospected. The review provided a theoretical and technical basis for the alleviation of continuous cropping obstacles in horticultural production.

    Evaluation of the Growth-promoting Effect of Trichoderma harzianum on Tobacco and Its Induced Resistance to Black Shank Disease
    Junjia CHANG, Jiaxin GAI, Gang TAO, Zhuanlonghai MO
    2024, 26(10):  168-176.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0225
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    To investigate the growth-promoting effects of Trichoderma harzianum on tobacco and its induced resistance mechanisms against tobacco black shank disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae, 5 Trichoderma strains were screened. The results showed that the strain T. harzianum ACCC 32808 (TH32808) was demonstrated the strongest inhibition (62.00%) among 5 strains of Trichoderma. The growth-promoting effects of TH32808 on different tobacco varieties and its induced resistance against tobacco black shank disease were assessed. The results showed that, under pot condition, TH32808 exhibited different ability on promoting the growth of different tobacco varieties. Under TH32808 treatment, the fresh weight of Honghuadajinyuan increased by 8.30%, the control efficacy against black shank disease in Honghuadajinyuan was 51.74%. In Honghuadajinyuan and K326, the catalase activity peaked on the 4th day, reaching 1.42 and 2.15 times that of CK, the peroxidase activity peaked on the 2nd day, being 2.49 and 2.29 times that of CK, the superoxide dismutase activity peaked on the 4th day, reaching 1.17 and 1.15 times that of CK, respectively. Moreover, TH32808 could induce resistance against black shank disease, key genes involved in the metabolic pathways of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene, such as NPR1PDF1.2EFE and NtSGT1, all exhibited an upregulation trend. Above results provided fungal resources and theoretical basis for the biological control and induced resistance research against black shank disease in tobacco.

    BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY
    Simulation of Sediment Reduction Effect Under Different Scenarios in Red Soil Erosion Watershed in South China
    Meixia LIANG, Xinqiang ZHANG, Bingqing LIN
    2024, 26(10):  177-185.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0261
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    In order to reveal the sediment reduction effect of different scenario measures in southern red soil erosion watershed and realize regional sustainable development, a typical granite red soil erosion watershed in southern China (Zhuxi watershed, Chiangting, Fujian) was selected as the study area. Based on the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model, the sediment production and drainage conditions in the watershed were simulated, and the sediment reduction effects of different scenarios were quantified through different soil and water conservation measures and different land use adjustment scenarios. The results showed that the simulation reached the precision level required by the SWAT model and the average annual runoff volume and amount of sediment in the Zhuxi watershed from 2013 to 2017 were 4.793×107 m3 and 1.037×107 kg, respectively. Under scenarios simulation, the“compound”measure of mixed tree, shrub and grass and the measure of grassing the whole slope could improve the vegetation coverage and reduce the sediment loss more effectively. Moreover, the average annual sediment reduction rate per unit area reached 3.49% under different land use modes. Above results could provide reference for the ecological restoration measures of sediment control in red soil erosion watershed.

    Soil Particle Composition and Nutrient Characteristics of Wind Erosion Pits in Sandy Grassland
    Juan YANG, Yong GAO, Ruidong WANG, Tianxiao GAO, Wenyuan YANG, Min HAN
    2024, 26(10):  186-194.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0060
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    In order to investigate the evolutionary characteristics of soil quality of grassland wind erosion pit development and its impact on the structure and function of grassland ecosystems, wind erosion pits at different development stages of typical sandy grassland in Duolun county were as a research object, surrounding unwind-eroded grassland as control (CK). Soil particle size composition and nutrient characteristics of grassland wind erosion pits were analyzed by means of field observations and indoor indicator measurements. The results showed that the average particle size of the study area was 1.65~3.55 μm. The average particle sizes of the unwind-eroded grassland and the extinction stage were significantly higher than those of other development stages, and the average particle size of the active development stage was the lowest. The soil particle size gradually coarsened during the development of the wind erosion pit, the content of coarse sand increased to 9.72% in the active development stage, which the distribution of soil particle was the worst. Powder particle was reduced to 0.87% and 0.88%, respectively, in the active development stage and activation stage. As the wind erosion pits gradually moved towards extinction, the soil particles becomed finer, the coarse sand decreased, and the clay particles keeped increasing in extinction stage. The soil organic matter (SOM), available potassium (AK) and available phosphorus (AP) contents were significant differences among different development stages of wind erosion pits, while there was no significant difference in alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (AN) content. The development of wind erosion pits could cause significantly loss of soil SOM and AK, AP content decreased in initial develop stage and then increased in active development stage, and AN content varied less during the development of the wind erosion pits.

    Effects of Slow-release Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Water Use of Rice Under Rain-storing Intermittent Irrigation
    Yi ZHANG, Jun HE, Baolong ZHANG, Caijun ZHANG, Xuehua GAN
    2024, 26(10):  195-205.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0135
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    In order to explore the water-saving and high-yielding benefits of slow-release fertilizers for rice under the rain-storing intermittent irrigation mode, a bucket test experiment was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics, yields and water consumption of rice under different water and fertilizer treatments in the Zhanghe irrigation district of Hubei province. The growth characteristics, yield and water use of rice under different treatments were studied under 2 irrigation modes (traditional flooding irrigation, W1; rain-storing intermittent irrigation, W2) coupled with 2 fertilization types (traditional fertilizer, N1; slow-release fertilizer, N2). The results showed that the combination of rain-storing intermittent irrigation and slow-release fertilizer had an inhibitory effect on tillers in the early and middle stages of rice growth, which effectively controlled ineffective tillers. The drought and flood stress had significant inhibitory effect on the height of rice plants, and the final yield showed no significant difference under the same irrigation mode and fertilizer type. However, under the slow-release fertilizer treatment, rain-storing intermittent irrigation reduced water usage by 38.39%, reduced the number of irrigations by 9 times, reduced drainage by 56 mm, increased rainwater utilization efficiency by 13.82%, reduced water consumption by 23.68%, and increased water use efficiency by 37.98% and irrigation water use efficiency by 73.28%. Above results showed that the combination of rain-storing intermittent irrigation with slow-release fertilizer could stabilize rice yields, reduce irrigation and drainage volume and frequency, improve rainwater and water use efficiency, and have good water saving and yield increase effects.

    Dynamic Changes of Cotton Phenological Stages in Alar Reclamation Area of Southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020
    Zhen CHENG, Jianlong NIU, Yuting MA, weiyang LIU, Xuewei JIANG, Xueqi LIANG, Hongqiang DONG
    2024, 26(10):  206-214.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0107
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    Phenology is the sensor of climate change, which can objectively reflect the impact of climate change on cotton growth cycle. In order to explore the dynamic changes of cotton phenological stages in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang under the background of climate warming and humidification, the cotton phenological stages data were selected and the statistical methods such as anomaly, cumulative anomaly, Mann-Kendall nonparametric test and sliding t test were used to analyze the dynamic changes and abrupt changes of cotton phenological stages in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020 .The results showed that the average cotton sowing stage, seedling stage, squaring stage, flowering stage, boll opening stage and stopping growth stage appeared on April 14, April 29, June 3, July 2, September 17 and October 20, respectively, which the range were 25, 23, 20, 22, 44 and 24 d, respectively, in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020. The cotton sowing stage and seedling stage showed a very significant advance trendy with “significantly advanced-slightly advanced” process change. The flowering stage and stoping growth stage showed a significant advance trendy with“significantly advanced-slightly advanced” process change. And the advanced of the boll opening stage and the delayed of the squaring stage showed no significant changes. The characteristics of cotton squaring stage, flowering stage and boll opening stage were obvious which mainly delayed of squaring stage, advanced of boll opening stage, the delayed and advanced of flowering stage in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020. And the characteristics of stage changes in sowing stage, seedling stage and stoping growth stage of cotton were not obvious in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020. The results could provide theoretical basis for better evaluation of cotton growth and scientific management of cotton field in reclamation area under the background of warming and humid climate.

    Impact of Nitrogen Application Rate on Metabolism and Quality of Upper Leaves of Yunyan 121
    Hongbin ZHENG, Cong WANG, Qiliang XI, Zhongwen ZHANG, Weimin WANG, Xin WANG, Jin GUO, Huanhuan HE, Weilong LU, Zicheng XU, Wenchao WANG, Wei JIA
    2024, 26(10):  215-225.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0587
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    To enhance the quality and usability of tobacco upper leaves, and screen suitable nitrogen application rate for Yunnan 121 in the Qujing tobacco-growing region, the field experiments were conducted with nitrogen application rates of 82.5, 105.0 and 127.5 kg·hm-2. Agronomic traits were recorded under different treatments, the ultrastructure of mature upper tobacco leaves was examined, and the metabolomic was analyzed. After curing, the indicators such as external quality, chemical composition, sensory quality, etc., were measured. The growth status and upper leaf quality of Yunnan 121 under different nitrogen application rates were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that there was no significant difference on the growth of tobacco plants under 3 nitrogen application rate treatments, with the lowest comprehensive disease incidence observed in 105.0 kg·hm-2 nitrogen treatment. With increasing nitrogen application rates, the degradation of chloroplasts in the upper leaves of Yunnan 121 slowed down, and the volumes of starch granules and eosinophilic granules gradually increased, with the highest accumulation of eosinophilic granules of leaves in 105.0 kg·hm-2 nitrogen treatment. Nitrogen application levels influenced the metabolic patterns of upper leaves in Yunnan 121, primarily focusing on the pathways of oxalic acid and phenylpropane metabolism. Under the 105.0 kg·hm-2 nitrogen treatment, the post-curing appearance quality, chemical composition, sensory quality, and economic traits of upper leaves in Yunnan 121 were superior to the other 2 nitrogen application levels. Consequently, it should be considered that pure nitrogen of 105.0 kg·hm-2 could effectively improve the quality and usability of upper leaves in Yunnan 121 in the Qujing tobacco-growing region.

    Effect of Moisture Content on Composting with Spent Substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus
    Liang CHEN, Keqin WANG, Hui QI, Hua PENG, An LIU, Dongning WEI, Ming DENG, Xiaofen WU
    2024, 26(10):  226-233.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0261
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    In order to investigate the effect of moisture content on the composting of Pleurotus ostreatus spent substrate, different moisture contents (46%,54%,59%,65%) spent substrate were used for composting after carbon nitrogen ratio(C/N)adjusted to about 30∶1, then the temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), seed germination index (GI), nutrients and organic matter content of Pleurotus ostreatus spent substrate were determined during composting progress. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the average fermentation temperature during the whole composting process. However, the fermentation temperature of spent substrate with 65% moisture content was lower than those of spent substrate with 46%, 54% and 59% moisture contents in the first 17 d, and higher than those of 46%, 54% and 59% in the last 22 d of composting process. The total nutrients of spent substrate with different moisture contents were all more than 4.00% after 17 d composting. When composting for 39 d, the total nutrients and N, P, K contents of all treatments did not differ significantly, the GI of all treatments were more than 100%, and the pH and EC of all treatments also reached the standard of NY/T 525—2021, but only the spent substrate with initial moisture content of 46% and 54% reached the moisture standard of NY/T 525—2021 (≤30%). In summary, the Pleurotus ostreatus spent substrate with moisture content of 46%~54% could be fermented into qualified organic fertilizer after adjusting the C/N. Above results provided scientific basis for the fertilizer utilization of Pleurotus ostreatus spent substrate.