含水率对黑水虻生物转化猪粪有机肥黏结流动的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0389

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黑水虻生物转化猪粪后获得的有机肥含水率介于40%~60%之间，其黏结流动参数难以通过常规手段获取。为探究含水率对有机肥黏结流动的影响，通过堆积角测定与离散元仿真相结合的方法，从数值上量化分析不同含水率（41.21%~60.52%）对有机肥颗粒流动与黏结能力的影响。结果表明，有机肥-不锈钢碰撞恢复系数、有机肥-不锈钢静摩擦系数、有机肥JKR（Johnson-Kendall-Roberts）表面能显著影响有机肥堆积角；有机肥含水率在41.21%~60.52%范围内，随着含水率的增加，有机肥-不锈钢静摩擦系数先增大后减小，在含水率56.56%时达到最大值，为0.39，而JKR表面能由0.22 J·m^-2逐渐升高到0.47 J·m^-2；有机肥直剪试验表明，当含水率大于40%时，有机肥颗粒间的内摩擦角逐渐减小，但颗粒间的内聚力随JKR表面能增大而增大，有机肥颗粒间易发生团聚现象，一定程度上阻碍颗粒流动，堆积角增大。研究结果可为转移、输送有机肥的机械设备研究提供基础数据支撑。

关键词: 黑水虻, 有机肥, 含水率, 黏结流动, 离散元

Abstract:

The moisture content of black soldier fly biotransformation pig manure organic fertilizer can reach 40%~60% under natural condition， but the flow parameters are difficult to obtain by conventional means. In order to explore the effect of moisture content on the bonding flow of organic fertilizer， the effects of different water content （41.21% ~ 60.52%） on the flow and bonding ability of organic fertilizer particles were quantitatively analyzed by the method of accumulation angle measurement and discrete element simulation. The results showed that the organic fertilizer-steel collided restitution coefficient，organic fertilizer-steel static friction coefficient and organic fertilizer Johnson-Kendall-Roberts（JKR）surface energy significantly affected the accumulation angle of organic fertilizer. With the rising of moisture content from 41.21% to 60.52%， the organic fertilizer-steel static friction coefficient firstly decreased and then increased，especially， which reached the maximum value 0.39 when the moisture content was 56.56%， the surface energy changed from 0.22 to 0.47 J·m^-2. The direct shear test of organic fertilizer showed that when the moisture content was greater than 40%， the internal friction angle between the organic fertilizer particles gradually decreased， the cohesion between particles increases with the increase of JKR surface energy， organic fertilizer particles were easy to agglomerate， which would restrict the flow movement of organic fertilizer to some extent， and the repose angle increased. The study was expected to provide numerical parameter reference for the black soldier fly biotransformation pig manure organic fertilizer application and development of mechanization.

Key words: black soldier fly, organic fertilizer, moisture content, bond flow, discrete element

中图分类号:

S216

周婷, 孙松林, 朱海英, 彭才望. 含水率对黑水虻生物转化猪粪有机肥黏结流动的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(10): 126-136.

Ting ZHOU, Songlin SUN, Haiying ZHU, Caiwang PENG. Effect of Moisture Content on Bond Flows of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Biotransformation Pig Manure Organic Fertilizer[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(10): 126-136.

图/表 12

图1 有机肥堆积试验注：1—万能试验机；2—钢质圆筒；3—肥堆；4—摄像机；5—计算机。

Fig. 1 Repose angle of organic fertilizerNote：1—Universal testing machine； 2—Steel cylinder；3—Fertilizer heap；4—Video camera；5—Computer.

图2 离散元仿真模型

Fig.2 Discrete element simulation model

表1 离散元仿真标定参数

Table 1 Parameters required for discrete element simulation

参数符号 Parameter notation	参数 Parameter	参数水平 Parameter level
参数符号 Parameter notation	参数 Parameter	-1	0	1
T₁	泊松比Poisson ratio	0.10	0.30	0.50
T₂	剪切模量Shear modulus/MPa	1.00	5.50	10.00
T₃	密度Particle density/（kg·m^-3）	1 600	2 000	2 400
T₄	有机肥-有机肥碰撞恢复系数 Organic fertilizer-organic fertilizer collided restitution coefficient	0.40	0.60	0.80
T₅	有机肥-有机肥静摩擦系数 Organic fertilizer-organic fertilizer static friction coefficient	0.10	0.55	1.00
T₆	有机肥-有机肥滚动摩擦系数 Organic fertilizer-organic fertilizer rolling friction coefficient	0.05	0.25	0.45
T₇	有机肥-不锈钢碰撞恢复系数 Organic fertilizer-steel collided restitution coefficient	0.15	0.40	0.65
T₈	有机肥-不锈钢静摩擦系数 Organic fertilizer-steel static friction coefficient	0.10	0.50	0.90
T₉	有机肥-不锈钢滚动摩擦系数 Organic fertilizer-steelr rolling friction coefficient	0.10	0.40	0.70
T₁₀	JKR表面能JKR surface energy/（J·m^-2）	0.05	0.40	0.75

表2 PB筛选试验结果

Table 2 Pile angle result of Plackett-Burman design

序号 No.	参数水平 Parameter level										堆积角 Repose angle/（°）
序号 No.	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	T₅	T₆	T₇	T₈	T₉	T₁₀	堆积角 Repose angle/（°）
1	1	-1	-1	-1	-1	1	-1	1	-1	-1	25.77
2	1	1	-1	-1	-1	-1	1	-1	1	-1	14.07
3	1	1	1	-1	-1	-1	-1	1	-1	1	54.29
4	1	1	1	1	-1	-1	-1	-1	1	-1	11.30
5	1	1	1	1	1	-1	-1	-1	-1	1	21.69
6	-1	1	1	1	1	1	-1	-1	-1	-1	22.29
7	1	-1	1	1	1	1	1	-1	-1	-1	14.06
8	-1	1	-1	1	1	1	1	1	-1	-1	52.31
9	1	-1	1	-1	1	1	1	1	1	-1	35.82
10	1	1	-1	1	-1	1	1	1	1	1	67.48
11	-1	1	1	-1	1	-1	1	1	1	1	50.51
12	-1	-1	1	1	-1	1	-1	1	1	1	50.94
13	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	1	-1	1	1	74.62
14	1	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	1	-1	1	50.06
15	-1	1	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	1	-1	23.89
16	-1	-1	1	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	1	57.07
17	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	27.64
18	-1	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	-1	1	1	59.01
19	1	-1	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	-1	1	56.59
20	-1	1	-1	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	-1	31.52
21	-1	-1	1	-1	1	-1	-1	1	1	-1	31.98
22	-1	-1	-1	1	-1	1	-1	-1	1	1	32.03
23	-1	-1	-1	-1	1	-1	1	-1	-1	1	51.46
24	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	11.94
25	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	41.89

表3 PB筛选试验方差分析

Table 3 Analysis of variance of Plackett-Burman design

来源 Resources	自由度 Df	效应 Effect	离均差平方和 Adi SS	均方 Adi MS	F值 F value	P值 P value
模型Model	11		6 406.13	582.38	4.46	0.006^**
线性Liner	10		6 396.24	639.62	4.89	0.005^**
T₁	1	-1.80	19.37	19.37	0.15	0.707
T₂	1	-0.96	5.51	5.51	0.04	0.841
T₃	1	-5.62	189.73	189.73	1.45	0.250
T₄	1	-0.20	0.25	0.25	0.00	0.966
T₅	1	4.55	124.03	124.03	0.95	0.348
T₆	1	4.35	113.36	113.36	0.87	0.369
T₇	1	10.87	709.16	709.16	5.43	0.037^*
T₈	1	11.87	845.38	845.38	6.47	0.025^*
T₉	1	2.52	38.10	38.10	0.29	0.598
T₁₀	1	26.93	4 351.35	4 351.35	33.29	0.000^**
弯曲Bend	1		9.89	9.89	0.08	0.788
误差Error	13		1 699.32	130.72
合计Sum	24		8 105.45

表4 最陡爬坡试验结果

Table 4 Results of steep climbing test

序号 No.	有机肥-不锈钢碰撞恢复系数 Organic fertilizer-steel collided restitution coefficient	有机肥-不锈钢静摩擦系数Organic fertilizer-steel static friction coefficient		JKR表面能 JKR surface energy/ （J·m^-2）	仿真结果 Simulation result/（°）	含水率41.21%有机肥堆积角Repose angle of 41.21% moisture organic fertilizer		含水率60.52%有机肥堆积角Repose angle of 60.52% moisture organic fertilizer
序号 No.				JKR表面能 JKR surface energy/ （J·m^-2）	仿真结果 Simulation result/（°）	试验值 Test value/（°）	相对误差 Relative error /%	试验值 Test value/（°）	相对误差 Relative error /%
1	0.15	0.10	0.05		12.81	37.25	65.61	45.53	71.86
2	0.25	0.25	0.20		26.22		29.61		42.41
3	0.35	0.40	0.35		44.36		16.03		2.57
4	0.45	0.55	0.50		67.23		44.59		32.28
5	0.55	0.70	0.65		71.44		47.86		36.27

表5 Box-Behnken Design方案及结果

Table 5 Scheme and results of Box-Behnken design

序号 NO.	T₇：有机肥-不锈钢碰撞恢复系数Organic fertilizer-steel collided restitution coefficient	T₈：有机肥-不锈钢静摩擦系数Organic fertilizer-steel static friction coefficient	T₁₀：JKR 表面能 JKR surface energy/（J·m^-2）	Y：堆积角 Repose angle/（°）
1	0.25	0.25	0.35	32.89
2	0.45	0.25	0.35	37.94
3	0.25	0.55	0.35	42.28
4	0.45	0.55	0.35	45.99
5	0.25	0.40	0.20	43.51
6	0.45	0.40	0.20	42.59
7	0.25	0.40	0.50	38.97
8	0.45	0.40	0.50	41.47
9	0.35	0.25	0.20	29.68
10	0.35	0.55	0.20	40.71
11	0.35	0.25	0.50	33.35
12	0.35	0.55	0.50	43.64
13	0.35	0.40	0.35	39.92
14	0.35	0.40	0.35	38.61
15	0.35	0.40	0.35	42.51

表6 Box-Behnken Design二次回归模型方差分析

Table 6 ANOVA of Box-Behnken Design quadratic model

来源 Resources	自由度 Df	均方 SS_Adj	离均差平方和 MS_Adj	F值 F value	P值 P value
模型Model	9	275.110	30.568	23.50	0.001^**
T₇	1	0.684	0.684	0.53	0.501
T₈	1	135.795	135.795	104.41	0.000^**
T₁₀	1	79.002	79.002	60.75	0.001^**
T $72$	1	0.644	0.644	0.49	0.513
T $82$	1	40.759	40.759	31.34	0.003^**
T $102$	1	7.897	7.897	6.07	0.057
T₇T₈	1	0.109	0.109	0.08	0.784
T₇T₁₀	1	0.504	0.504	0.39	0.561
T₈T₁₀	1	10.693	10.693	8.22	0.035^*
误差Error	5	6.503	1.301
失拟项Lack of fit	3	4.211	1.404	1.23	0.479
纯误差Pure error	2	2.291	1.146
合计Sum	14	281.613

表6 Box-Behnken Design二次回归模型方差分析

Table 6 ANOVA of Box-Behnken Design quadratic model

来源 Resources	自由度 Df	均方 SS_Adj	离均差平方和 MS_Adj	F值 F value	P值 P value
模型Model	9	275.110	30.568	23.50	0.001^**
T₇	1	0.684	0.684	0.53	0.501
T₈	1	135.795	135.795	104.41	0.000^**
T₁₀	1	79.002	79.002	60.75	0.001^**
T $72$	1	0.644	0.644	0.49	0.513
T $82$	1	40.759	40.759	31.34	0.003^**
T $102$	1	7.897	7.897	6.07	0.057
T₇T₈	1	0.109	0.109	0.08	0.784
T₇T₁₀	1	0.504	0.504	0.39	0.561
T₈T₁₀	1	10.693	10.693	8.22	0.035^*
误差Error	5	6.503	1.301
失拟项Lack of fit	3	4.211	1.404	1.23	0.479
纯误差Pure error	2	2.291	1.146
合计Sum	14	281.613

表7 模型验证试验结果

Table 7 Model verification test results

组别 Group	含水率 Moisture content/%	堆积角试验值 Repose angle test value/（°）	堆积角仿真值 Repose angle simulation value/（°）	相对误差 Relative error/%	有机肥-不锈钢碰撞恢复系数 Organic fertilizer-steel collided restitution coefficient	有机肥-不锈钢静摩擦系数Organic fertilizer-steel static friction coefficient	JKR表面能 JKR surface energy/（J·m^-2）
A₁	41.21	37.25	37.84	1.56	0.43	0.34	0.22
A₂	44.46	38.67	39.53	2.18	0.29	0.35	0.24
A₃	51.37	41.62	42.73	2.60	0.35	0.36	0.32
A₄	56.56	42.83	41.52	3.06	0.26	0.39	0.32
A₅	60.52	45.53	46.81	2.73	0.43	0.38	0.47

图3 有机肥含水率与堆积角的关系曲线

Fig. 3 Relationship between water content and physical accumulation angle of organic fertilizer

图4 不同含水率有机肥法向应力-抗剪强度关系

Fig. 4 Relationship between normal stress and shear strength of organic fertilizers with different moisture content

图5 不同含水率有机肥的内聚力和内摩擦角的变化曲线

Fig. 5 Variation curve of cohesion and internal friction angle of organic fertilizer with different moisture content

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