灌水下限和施肥量对膜下滴灌小型大白菜耗水及光合特性的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0597

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探求河西冷凉灌区秋茬小型大白菜（Brassica pekinensis）节水节肥、高产高效的科学灌溉施肥制度，以当地秋茬主栽品种‘金皇后’为试材，研究膜下滴灌条件下不同水肥（低水，H1；中水，H2；高水，H3；低肥，F1；中肥，F2；高肥，F3）组合对小型大白菜耗水及其叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明，灌水量、施肥量及其交互均不同程度地影响小型大白菜的耗水和光合特性及产量。在不同水肥耦合作用下，小型大白菜耗水强度均于结球初期达到最大值，低水、中水和高水处理的耗水强度分别为0.003 2、0.003 3、0.003 4 m³·d^-1·m^-2。水肥耦合模式下，中水中肥处理小型大白菜的叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、经济产量较低水低肥处理分别提高4.4%、10.4%、27.3%、23.6%、62.3%，叶片胞间CO₂浓度降低3.0%。综合考虑小型大白菜的耗水、产量和光合利用等特性，甘肃河西走廊冷凉灌区露地秋茬小型大白菜的适宜水肥耦合模式为灌水量控制在田间持水量的70%，N、P₂O₅、K₂O的施用量分别为330、195、450 kg·hm^-2。以上结果为河西冷凉灌区秋茬小型大白菜水肥管理提供理论依据和技术支持。

关键词: 小型大白菜, 膜下滴灌, 耗水特征, 施肥, 光合特性

Abstract:

In order to explore the scientific irrigation and fertilization system of water saving， fertilizer saving， high yield and high efficiency of mini Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekinensis） in cold-cool irrigation area of Hexi， the mini Chinese cabbage planted in autumn were the research object， ‘Gold Queen’ was used as a test material， and the effects of different water levels （low， H1； middle， H2； high， H3） combined with 3 fertilizer levels （low， F1； middle， F2； high， F3） on water consumption， photosynthetic characteristics and yield of mini Chinese cabbage under drip irrigation were studied. The results showed that irrigation， fertilization， water and fertilizer coupling all affected the water consumption， photosynthetic characteristics and yield of mini Chinese cabbage. The water consumption intensity of mini Chinese cabbage reached the maximum at the early stage of heading under different water and fertilizer coupling effects. The water consumption intensity of low water， medium water and high water treatment was 0.003 2， 0.003 3 and 0.003 4 m³·d^-1·m^-2， respectively. Under the water and fertilizer coupling mode， the treatment of medium water and fertilizer increased the chlorophyll content， leaf net photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance， transpiration rate and economic yield by 4.4%， 10.4%， 27.3%， 23.6% and 62.3% respectively， and decreased the intercellular CO₂ concentration by 3.0%， compared with the treatment of low water and low fertilizer. Comprehensive analysis showed that the suitable water and fertilizer coupling mode of autumn mini Chinese cabbage in cold-cool irrigation area of Hexi corridor in Gansu province was as follows： the lower limit of irrigation was 70% of field capacity， and the amounts of N， P₂O₅，_{K₂O fertilizer were 330， 195， 450 kg·hm^-2. Above results provided theoretical bases and technical supports for water and fertilizer management of autumn mini Chinese cabbage in Hexi cold-cool irrigation area.}

Key words: mini Chinese cabbage, drip irrigation under mulch, water consumption characteristics, fertilizer application, photosynthetic characteristics

中图分类号:

S634

马彦霞, 陈静茹, 王晓巍, 张玉鑫, 张俊峰, 蒯佳琳. 灌水下限和施肥量对膜下滴灌小型大白菜耗水及光合特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2025, 27(3): 239-249.

Yanxia MA, Jingru CHEN, Xiaowei WANG, Yuxin ZHANG, Junfeng ZHANG, Jialin KUAI. Effects of Irrigation Lower Limit and Fertilizer Application Amount on Water Consumption and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Mini Chinese Cabbage Under Drip Irrigation[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025, 27(3): 239-249.

图/表 9

图1 小型大白菜生育期内的降雨量和平均温度

Fig. 1 Rain fall and average temperature during the growth period of baby cabbage

表1 小型大白菜不同生育阶段的灌水量和耗水量

Table 1 Amount of irrigation application and water consumption in different growth stages of mini Chinese cabbage

生育期Growth stage	持续时间Lastingtime/d	灌水量 Irrigation amount/（m³·hm^-2）			灌水次数Irrigation frequency
生育期Growth stage	持续时间Lastingtime/d	H1	H2	H3	H1	H2	H3	H1	H2	H3
定植期 Planting stage	—	272.5±0.00 a	272.5±0.00 a	272.5±0.00 a	1	1	1	272.5 ±0.00 a	272.5±0.00 a	272.5±0.00 a
定植期 Planting stage	—	272.5±0.00 a	272.5±0.00 a	272.5±0.00 a	1	1	1	272.5 ±0.00 a	272.5±0.00 a	272.5±0.00 a
苗期 Seedling stage	13	204.4±3.60 c	238.4±2.73 b	286.1±4.72 a	2	3	4	348.4±3.60 c	238.4±2.73 b	430.2±4.72 a
苗期 Seedling stage	13	204.4±3.60 c	238.4±2.73 b	286.1±4.72 a	2	3	4	348.4±3.60 c	238.4±2.73 b	430.2±4.72 a
莲座期 Rosette stage	11	183.9±2.73 c	238.4±4.09 b	292.9±5.45 a	3	4	7	223.9±2.73 c	278.4±4.09 b	332.9±5.45 a
莲座期 Rosette stage	11	183.9±2.73 c	238.4±4.09 b	292.9±5.45 a	3	4	7	223.9±2.73 c	278.4±4.09 b	332.9±5.45 a
结球初期 Initial heading stage	13	74.9±4.91 b	81.7±6.24 b	102.2±2.36 a	2	2	3	418.1±4.91 b	424.9±6.24 b	445.4±2.36 a
结球初期 Initial heading stage	13	74.9±4.91 b	81.7±6.24 b	102.2±2.36 a	2	2	3	418.1±4.91 b	424.9±6.24 b	445.4±2.36 a
结球中后期 Mid-late heading stage	19	81.7±2.36 c	115.8±1.36 b	136.2±3.60 a	2	3	4	401.9±2.36 c	436.0±1.36 b	456.4±3.60 a
结球中后期 Mid-late heading stage	19	81.7±2.36 c	115.8±1.36 b	136.2±3.60 a	2	3	4	401.9±2.36 c	436.0±1.36 b	456.4±3.60 a
全生育期 Full growth stage	56	817.4±2.73 c	946.8±11.15 b	1 089.9±12.49 a	10	13	19	1 664.9±2.73 c	1 794.3±11.15 b	1 937.3±12.49 a
全生育期 Full growth stage	56	817.4±2.73 c	946.8±11.15 b	1 089.9±12.49 a	10	13	19	1 664.9±2.73 c	1 794.3±11.15 b	1 937.3±12.49 a

图2 不同生育阶段小型大白菜耗水特征注：不同小写字母表示同一时期不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 2 Water consumption characteristics of mini Chinese cabbage at different growth stagesNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments of same stage at P<0.05 level.

图3 不同处理下小型大白菜的叶片SPAD注：不同小写字母表示同一生育期不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 3 SPAD of mini Chinese cabbage leaves under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments of same stage at P<0.05 level.

图4 不同处理下小型大白菜叶片的光合特性注：不同小写字母表示同一时期不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 4 Photosynthetic characteristics of mini Chinese cabbage leaves under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments of same stage at P<0.05 level.

图5 不同处理下小型大白菜的经济产量注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。

Fig. 5 Economic yield of mini Chinese cabbage under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图6 水肥施用量与小型大白菜叶片光合性状的相关性注：H—灌水量；F—施肥量；HF—水肥互作；SPAD—叶绿素相对含量；Pn—净光合速率；Ci胞间—CO2浓度；Tr—蒸腾速率；Gs—气孔导度；Y—经济产量；*和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著相关。

Fig. 6 Correlation of application rate of water and fertilizer and photosynthetic parameters in baby cabbageNote：H—Irrigation amount； F—Fertilization amount； HF—Water-fertilizer interaction； SPAD—Relative chlorophyll content； Pn—Net photosynthetic rate； Ci—Intercellular CO2 concentration； Tr—Transpiration rate； Gs—Stomatal conductance； Y—Economic yield； * and ** indicate significant correlations at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels， respectively.

图7 小型大白菜产量和光合性状响应水肥的变异性

Fig. 7 Yield and photosynthetic traits of mini Chinese cabbage response to the variability of water and fertilizer

图8 小型大白菜产量和光合性状可塑性指数对水肥的响应

Fig. 8 Response of yield and photosynthetic traits plasticity index of mini Chinese cabbage to water and fertilizer

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