控释尿素和普通尿素配施对旱地玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0200

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究控释尿素与普通尿素配施对旱地玉米生长发育、水氮利用效率及产量性状的影响，以先玉335为试验材料，设置不施氮（CK1）、全施普通尿素（CK2）、全施控释尿素（CK3）和普通尿素与控释尿素按照7∶3（T1）、5∶5（T2）、3∶7（T3）比例配施，分析不同处理玉米叶片SPAD值、干物质积累、阶段耗水量、水氮利用效率及产量性状变化。结果表明，T3处理的SPAD值和全生育期干物质积累量较高，均衡了玉米生育期耗水进程，通过协调全生育期氮素养分的均衡供应达到以水促肥的效果，氮肥利用率为38.8%；同时，T3处理的旱地玉米产量和水分利用效率较高，分别为13 354.5 kg·hm^-2和33.60 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1，较其他施氮处理增加14.6%~30.1%和6.8%~15.4%；分析各产量构成因素表明，T3处理的穗粒数和百粒重显著提高，分别为642.2粒和30.8 g，较其他施氮处理增加2.0%~6.0%和3.9%~12.0%。由此表明，70%控释尿素+30%普通尿素配施更有利于促进春玉米生长发育，实现高产和水氮高效利用。

关键词: 控释氮肥和尿素配比, 产量, 水肥利用效率, 生长发育指标

Abstract:

To evaluate the impact of mixed applying between controlled-release urea and conventional urea on maize growth， yield and use efficiency of water and nitrogen in dryland， taking Xianyu 335 as material， and 3 mixed applying of conventional and controlled-release urea were set according to the ratio of 7∶3 （T1）， 5∶5 （T2）， 3∶7 （T3）， and no nitrogen fertilizer （CK1）， conventional urea only （CK2） and controlled-release urea only （CK3） were as controls. The changes of SPAD value， dry matter accumulation， water consumption， yield and use efficiency of water and fertilizer were determined. The results showed that T3 treatment had high SPAD value and dry matter accumulation during the whole growth period， which balanced the water consumption process and supply of nitrogen nutrients with the nitrogen use efficiency 38.8%. The yield and water use efficiency of T3 treatment were 13 354.5 kg·hm^-2 and 33.60 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1， respectively， which increased by 14.6%~30.1% and 6.8%~15.4% than other nitrogen treatments. And the grain number per spike and 100-grain weight of T3 treatment were 642.2 and 30.8 g， respectively， which increased by 2.0%~6.0% and 3.9%~12.0% than other nitrogen treatments. Therefore， the combination of 70% controlled release urea and 30% conventional urea could improve the growth of spring maize in dryland， and promote yield and water and fertilizer utilization.

Key words: mixture of controlled release nitrogen and urea, yield, water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, growth index

中图分类号:

S513

党翼, 张建军, 赵刚, 樊廷录, 王磊, 李尚中, 周刚. 控释尿素和普通尿素配施对旱地玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2022, 24(6): 156-165.

Yi DANG, Jianjun ZHANG, Gang ZHAO, Tinglu FAN, Lei WANG, Shangzhong LI, Gang ZHOU. Effects of Mixed Applying of Controlled-release Urea and Conventional Urea on Yield，Water and Nitrogen Utilization of Maize in Dryland[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022, 24(6): 156-165.

图/表 8

图1 玉米生育期及37年平均旬降雨量

Fig 1 Rainfall of ten-days in duration period and average of 37 years

图2 不同处理在各生育期叶片的SPAD值注：不同小写字母表示同一时期不同处理间差异在P<0.05水平显著。

Fig. 2 SPAD value of leaf at different stages under different treatmentsNote： Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments of same stage at P<0.05 level.

图3 不同处理不同生育时期单株干物质积累变化注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异在P<0.05水平显著。

Fig 3 Dry matter accumulation per plant at different stages under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

图4 不同处理玉米花前和花后的单株干物质积累量注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异在P<0.05水平显著。

Fig. 4 Dry matter accumulation per plant at pre?flowering and post?flowering under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

表1 不同处理在各生育阶段的耗水量 (mm)

Table 1 Water consumption at different stages under different treatments

处理 Treatment	播种-苗期 Sowing-seeding		苗期-拔节期 Seeding-jointing		拔节期-抽雄期 Jointing-tasseling		抽雄期-灌浆期 Tasseling-filling		灌浆期-收获期 Filling-harvesting		全生育期 Whole stage
处理 Treatment	耗水量 ET	降雨量 Rainfall	耗水量 ET	降雨量 Rainfall	耗水量 ET	降雨量 Rainfall	耗水量 ET	降雨量 Rainfall	耗水量 ET	降雨量 Rainfall	耗水量 ET
CK1	16.6±1.4 c	50.5	81.6±2.4 ab	23.1	148.5±4.2 b	183	81.5±6.6 ab	158.3	57.1±4.7 c	35.3	385.3±6.9 c
CK2	20.8±2.3 bc	50.5	68.9±5.9 bc	23.1	157.5±4.6 ab	183	92.9±5.5 a	158.3	52.2±1.2 c	35.3	392.2±8.2 c
CK3	24.4±3.9 abc	50.5	61.7±4.6 c	23.1	168.1±8.4 ab	183	83.1±4.4 ab	158.3	50.3±1.9 c	35.3	387.7±8.9 c
T1	30.1±1.3 a	50.5	75.4±7.0 abc	23.1	161.7±7.0 ab	183	80.0±8.6 ab	158.3	50.2±7.7 c	35.3	397.5±8.7 bc
T2	23.1±9.1 abc	50.5	82.8±2.6 ab	23.1	170.1±12.6 a	183	76.5±6.8 ab	158.3	72.9±2.6 b	35.3	425.5±8.6 ab
T3	25.7±6.7 ab	50.5	91.1±6.3 a	23.1	176.3±14.4 a	183	68.1±5.0 b	158.3	80.8±4.0 a	35.3	442.2±8.9 a

图5 不同处理花前花后的耗水量注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异在P<0.05水平显著。

Fig. 5 Water consumption in pre?flowering and post?flowering under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

表2 不同处理产量性状及水分利用效率

Table 2 Yield characteristic and water use efficiency under different treatments

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield/（kg·hm^-2）	水分利用效率 WUE/（kg·hm^-2·mm^-1）	百粒重 100-grain weight/g	穗粒数 Grain No. per ear
CK1	11 620.5±460.0 d	30.15±1.9 c	29.4±1.7 b	611.3±16.6 c
CK2	12 478.5±473.5 cd	31.85±2.1 bc	31.6±1.5 ab	630.4±21.9 bc
CK3	13 314.0±216.6 bc	34.35±1.8 ab	33.0±2.7 ab	647.1±25.9 ab
T1	13 354.5±417.9 bc	33.60±1.5 b	30.8±1.6 ab	642.4±17.4 abc
T2	14 166.0±493.3 b	33.30±0.7 b	33.2±0.9 ab	654.8±17.1 ab
T3	16 230.0±400.7 a	36.70±1.6 a	34.5±1.7 a	668.2±19.1 a

图6 不同处理氮肥利用效率注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异在P<0.05水平显著。

Fig. 6 Nitrogen use efficiency under different treatmentsNote：Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.

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