Table of Content

15 May 2024, Volume 26 Issue 5

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Spatial-temporal Pattern Evolution and Matching Analysis of Maize Production and Consumption in China

Yan CAO, Yantao YANG, Guogang WANG

2024, 26(5):  1-10.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0305

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Maize is the largest food crop in China， which has a profound impact on China’s food security. Based on the gravity center model， the moving direction， distance and moving speed of the center of gravity of maize production and consumption in China from 1999 to 2022 were calculated using geographic information system （GIS）， and the spatial matching of production and consumption were analyzed using the coupling model. Combined with natural， economic， political and other factors， the reasons for the change were studied. The results showed that the center of gravity of maize production in China moved from southwest to northeast from 1999 to 2022， moving 148.55 km to the northeast， with an average moving speed of 6.46 km·a^-1. The center of gravity of corn consumption showed the general characteristics of circular change from southwest to northeast to southeast to southwest to northeast， and the stage characteristics were obvious. The coupling distance between the center of gravity of production and consumption showed the overall characteristics of rising first and then decreasing， but the increase was far greater than the decrease. The coupling distance changed from 471.02 km （1999） to 513.02 km （2022）， and the center of gravity coupling distance reached the maximum value of 557.91 km in 2013. Since 2020， the coupling distance between maize production and consumption had increased again， and the spatial matching had declined again， which had brought challenges to food security in the new era. Therefore， some suggestions were proposed， such as optimizing the corn regional interest coordination mechanism， building a multi-agent interest linkage mechanism and support policy system， optimizing the spatial pattern of maize regional production and consumption， and implementing regionally differentiated food policies.

Research on the Performance Evaluation Index System for Management Positions in Agricultural Research Institutes

Guanghao CUI, Zhifang CHEN, Jianzhong LU

2024, 26(5):  11-19.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0178

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The managerial positions in agricultural research institutes constitute an indispensable force， playing a significant role in promoting agricultural technological innovation and development. Aming at the pressing need for performance assessment of managerial roles in agricultural research institutes， this paper conducted a thorough analysis of relevant national policies and the requirements of managing research institutions.Based on the nature of agricultural research institutes and the specific characteristics， systematic analysis and expert interviews were employed to identify key performance evaluation indicators. The importance of each level of indicators and the degree of consensus among experts were verified， and a comprehensive performance assessment index system for managerial positions within agricultural research institutes was established. This system comprised of 4 primary indicators， 13 secondary indicators， and 25 tertiary indicators. Furthermore， the analytic hierarchy process and questionnaire surveys were utilized to determine the weights of the index system. The results offered valuable insights and guidance for the formulation of performance evaluation and related policies for managerial positions within agricultural research institutes.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Bioinformatics and Expression Pattern Analysis of Rice RR Gene Family

Mingdi CHEN, Guihua HU, Haiwen ZHANG, Wangtian WANG

2024, 26(5):  20-29.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0190

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The rice response regulators （RR） family play important roles in plant growth and development， so it is important to explore the evolution and biological characteristics of the RR genes in rice. There were 22 RR genes in rice， including 15 A-type and 7 B-type genes. Analysis results showed that the rice RR proteins differed in their physicochemical properties， among which the B-type RRs were all hydrophilic proteins （GRAVY<0）； homologous sequence analysis revealed that there were 5 paralogous gene pairs in the rice RR genes， namely， OsRR8 and OsRR15， OsRR5 and OsRR11， OsRR9 and OsRR10， OsRR1 and OsRR2， and OsRR20 and OsRR18， which were predicted to have similar functions with known functional genes； the conserved Motif 1 and Motif 3 both belonged to the REC superfamily， which acted as response regulators to receive signals from the two-component phosphotransferase system， and they distributed among 22 OsRR proteins. The analysis of regulatory elements and expression pattern revealed that RR genes had potential ability in the regulating hormone signals transduction such as abscisic acid， salicylic acid， jasmonic acid， gibberellin， and growth hormone， and participated in plant defense against stress such as low temperature， drought， and light and anaerobic signals response， and also involved in the the regulation of different developmental processes of rice etc. functions. The bioinformatics analysis of rice RR gene family provided a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of their functions， and layed the foundation for further revealing the growth， development， and signal transduction mechanisms of plant.

Functional Study and Transcriptome Analysis of Corn Gene ZmCCoAOMT1 Involved in Lignin Synthesis Pathway

Jiarui XU, Yiru WANG, Shaogeng ZHAO, Kun LI, Jun ZHENG

2024, 26(5):  30-43.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0186

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Silage corn with high-quality roughage source for animal husbandry is an excellent forage crop. Caffeoyl-CoA-O-methyltransferase （CCoAOMT）， a key methyltransferase， plays an important role in the lignin synthesis. In this study， the EMS single-base mutant of ZmCCoAOMT1 gene was obtained from EMS mutant library of corn inbred line B73， and the function of ZmCCoAOMT1 was demonstrated based on phenotypic analysis， physiological and biochemical analysis and gene expression analysis. It was found that the mutation of ZmCCoAOMT1 reduced the degree of lignification， significantly decreased the stem lignin content， and declined G （guaiacyl lignin） and S （syringa lignin） monomers contents， whereas increased in vitro digestibility of dry matter. The expression of ZmCCoAOMT1 in the stalks of the mutant was significantly reduced compared to the wild type. Transcriptome analysis analysis showed that the mutation of ZmCCoAOMT1 gene might change the expression of related genes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway， leading to variation in lignin content and monomer composition. Therefore， ZmCCoAOMT1 gene would be valuable in corn breeding for high-digestibility and high-quality silage， and above results provided an important genetic basis for elucidating the mechanism of lignin anabolic pathway.

Effect of Plant Growth Inhibitors on Agronomic Traits and Pre-harvest Sprouting Resistance of Quinoa

Zhaodi YANG, Fenggen GUO, Shiyu WANG, Zhengjie LIU, Wenhong LONG

2024, 26(5):  44-51.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0432

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The fruit of quinoa has no dormancy or a short dormancy period， and the rainy season has not ended in most region of Yunnan when quinoa is ripe. In the early stage of harvest， the pre-harvest sprouting （PHS） is easy to occur under continuous rainy weather or humid environment， which seriously affects the yield and quality of quinoa. In order to select an effective method to control PHS of quinoa， WQ6， which is easy to sprout， was used as the experimental material， and abscisic acid （A1）， cycocel （A2） and paclobutrazol （A3） were sprayed at the early flowering stage （B1）， full flowering stage （B2） and filling stage （B3）， respectively， with spraying clear water as control （CK）. The effects of spraying different plant growth inhibitors in different periods on agronomic characters and PHS resistance of quinoa were studied. The results showed that the average membership functions of PHS resistance under inhibitors treatments were less than CK by membership function method， among which the average membership function of spraying cycocel at full flowering stage was the lowest and the PHS resistance was the strongest. All treatments could significantly dwarf plants and affect the yield， among which A2B1， A1B2， A2B2， A3B2 and A1B3 treatments could significantly increase the yield. Considering the yield of quinoa， PHS resistance and inhibitor cost， A3B2 was the best treatment， which spraying 200 mg·L^-1 paclobutrazol at full flowering stage had the best effect.

Identification and Evaluation of Korla Pear Bud Sport with Larger Fruit Size

Dengyang LU, Panpan TONG, Min YAN, Jingkai BAO, Mingzhe LIU, Yilei XIA, Cuiyun WU

2024, 26(5):  52-64.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0869

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In order to characterize and evaluated the Korla pear bud sports and provide thoeries for fruit production and breeding program，the Korla pear （CK） and its bud sports were used to analyze the botanical morphology， biological characteristics and quality characteristics from 2020 to 2021.The results showed that the bud sports with larger fruit size was obovate-shaped and Korla pear was spindle-shaped； the width of leaf defending cells and the length of flesh cells of the bud sports with larger fruit size were significantly increased. In the process of fruit dynamic development， the single fruit weight and fruit water content of the bud sports with larger fruit size were significantly higher than those of Korla pear. At the fruit ripening stage， the soluble sugar content and sugar-acid ratio of the bud sports with larger fruit size were significantly increased by 78.39% and 84.54%， respectively， and the stone cell content was significantly reduced by 33.33% compared with Korla pear.The bud sports with larger fruit size was analyzed by phenotypic traits and quality characteristics， and it was judged to be the excellent bud variant of Korla pear， which could be used as parental material for pear variety improvement and new variety selection and breeding.

Analysis of Biochemical Characteristics and Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activity of Tea Polysaccharides of Local Tea Germplasms in Wuyishan

Yutao SHI, Huizhen XIE, Shulin ZHENG, Guanhua YU, Feiquan WANG, Li LI, Bo ZHANG, Yuanhua LI, Shengcai LUO

2024, 26(5):  65-76.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0622

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To explore the characteristics of main biochemical components of Wuyishan local tea germplasms and the difference of scavenging superoxide anion free radical activity of tea polysaccharides， the contents of main biochemical components of 31 Wuyishan local tea germplasm were determined. Tea polysaccharides were extracted by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method， and the SOD activity of tea polysaccharides was compared by xanthine oxidase method. The results showed that the main biochemical components of local tea germplasm in Wuyishan had strong variation and genetic diversity， and had great potential for genetic improvement. The average coefficient of variation was 21.84%， the average genetic diversity index was 2.08， and the average improvement potential was 50.92%； the contents of tea polyphenols， free amino acids， flavones， soluble sugar and the ratio of phenol to ammonia showed normal distribution. The content of tea polyphenols was significantly positively correlated with the content of flavones， and significantly negatively correlated with the content of soluble sugar. The contents of free amino acids were significantly negatively correlated with the content of soluble sugar. The first 2 principal components extracted by principal component analysis contained 81.08% information of 5 biochemical indexes， which mainly reflected the information of free amino acid and tea polyphenol content. The top 5 tea germplasms with comprehensive scores of principal components were ‘Baimudan’ ‘Honghaitang’ ‘Xiangtianmei’ ‘Bantianyao’ and ‘Xiangshijiao’， which could be used as good materials for breeding and promoting cultivation of high-quality Oolong tea varieties in Wuyishan tea area. Cluster analysis based on the content of biochemical components divided 31 tea germplasms into 3 categories. The 13 germplasms in groupⅠhad high content of tea polyphenols and flavones and low soluble sugar content， 8 germplasms in group Ⅱ had low free amino acid content and high soluble sugar content and 10 germplasms in group Ⅲ had high phenol ammonia ratio and medium soluble sugar content. Based on the cluster analysis of tea polysaccharide SOD activity， 31 tea germplasms could be divided into three categories. The SOD activity of tea polysaccharide of 8 germplasms in group Ⅰ was low， the SOD activity of tea polysaccharide of 19 germplasms in group Ⅱ was in the middle， and the SOD activity of tea polysaccharide of 4 germplasms in group Ⅲ was high. There was abundant variation in the SOD activity of tea polysaccharides， with a coefficient of variation of 40.62% and an index of genetic diversity of 2.07； the tea polysaccharides of 4 germplasm， ‘Baijiguan’ ‘Dahongpao’ ‘Dahongmei’ and ‘Lingya’， had high SOD activity， so their scavenging abilities of superoxide anion radicals were strong. Above results could provide a scientific basis for the improvement and utilization of tea germplasms in Wuyishan.

Study on Agronomic Characters and Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics of Pinellia ternata from Different Producing Areas

Yike XU, Shuang LI, Changle LIU, Peiwen KOU, Xiaochun SUN, Wenjing HUANG

2024, 26(5):  77-89.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0545

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To analyze the differences of agronomic characters and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Pinellia ternata from different habitats in the same experimental field， the biennial Pinellia ternata germplasms from 20 producing areas were used as experimental materials. The agronomic traits， photosynthetic physiology and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences in the agronomic traits of Pinellia ternata germplasms from different producing areas， among them， Pinellia ternata from Shangluo of Shaanxi had the tallest plants and bulbs， Pinellia ternata from Guiyang， Guizhou had the largest leaf area， but Pinellia ternata from Baoding of Hebei had the lowest agronomic traits. The photosynthetic parameters of Pinellia ternata germplasms from different producing areas were significantly differences， and it was speculated that their photosynthetic characteristics and light energy utilization rate were quite different. Pinellia ternata germplasms from Sichuan and Guizhou were provenances with higher photosynthetic growth potential. Correlation analysis showed that net photosynthetic rate（P_n） was very significantly positively （P<0.01） correlated with stomatal conductance（G_s）， water use rate （WUE）， maximal fluorescence（F_m）， electron transport rate （ETR） and chlorophyll a （Chl a）， and was significantly positively （P<0.05） correlated with chlorophyll b （Chl b）. Principal component analysis showed that seed ball diameter， mesoflobed leaf length， plant height， transpiration rate （T_r）， photochemical quenching （q_P） and intercellular CO₂ concentration （C_i） were the main indexes affecting Pinellia ternata growth. Cluster analysis found that Pinellia ternata germplasms from Sichuan， Guizhou， Gansu， Henan， Hunan and Shaanxi with relatively high agronomic traits and strong photosynthetic potential were clustered into class I， and Pinellia ternata germplasms from Baoding， Xingtai， Zhangjiakou and Wenshan with lower agronomic traits and photosynthetic potential were clustered into class Ⅱ. In conclusion， Pinellia ternata germplasms from Sichuan， Guizhou， Gansu， Henan， Hunan and Shaanxi had obvious advantages and good cultivation prospects. Above results provided theoretical basis for breeding of Pinellia ternata.

Heat Stress Response and Comprehensive Evaluation of Heat Resistance of Lentinula edodes Mycelia

Meng LIU, Chenyi LIN, Rui WU, Shuang CAO, Zhihao LIANG, Ruonan ZHANG

2024, 26(5):  90-100.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0796

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In order to study the response of mycelia of different Lentinula edodes strains to heat stress， comprehensively evaluate their heat resistance and screen out key indicators， 9 Lentinula edodes strains were used as experimental materials， and 25 ℃ normal temperature culture (CK) and 37 ℃ heat stress treatment were carried out during the mycelia growth period. The growth rate， dry weight， thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)， protein carbonyl (PCO)， superoxide dismutase (SOD)， catalase (CAT)， peroxidase (POD)， laccase， carboxymethyl cellulase， hemicellulase and amylase activities of mycelia under different treatments were determined. The comprehensive evaluation of heat resistance and screening of key indicators were carried out by correlation analysis， principal component analysis， membership function and cluster analysis. The results showed that the growth rate and dry weight of mycelia after heat stress were significantly lower than those of CK， while the contents of TBARS， PCO and the activities of SOD， CAT， laccase， carboxymethyl cellulase， hemicellulose and amylase were extremely significantly higher than those of CK， and the activity of POD was significantly higher than that of CK. Among 9 strains， Xinqiu 7 had the biggest variation range on the growth rate， the activities of laccase， hemicellulose， amylase， and the TBARS content， which were 66.55%， 82.42%， 46.03%， 75.27% and 23.64%， respectively. The dry weight of 109 decreased the most， which was 77.81%. The PCO content of 808 increased the most， which was 43.77%. The activities of SOD and POD of 212 were 1.64 and 4.48 times of CK， respectively. The CAT of Jiuxiangqiu 7 increased by 49.90%. The carboxymethyl cellulase activity of 1513 decreased by 60.87 %. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between SOD and POD activity， and POD activity was significantly negatively correlated with TBARS content. Based on the comprehensive evaluation D value of heat resistance， 9 strains were classified into 3 types. TypeⅠ included 212， Jiuxiangqiu 7， 238 and 0912； type Ⅱ included 9608， 808， 1513 and 109； type Ⅲ only included Xinqiu 7； and the heat resistance of 3 types showed Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ. The best regression model was established by stepwise regression analysis. The growth rate of mycelia， TBARS content， SOD and POD activity were selected as the key identification indexes， which could quickly identify the heat resistance of mycelia. Above results provided a theoretical basis for the breeding of heat-resistant core germplasm of Lentinula edodes in southern Xinjiang.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Design and Performance of Cutting Depth Monitoring System for Sugarcane Harvester Cutter

Fengguang HE, Zihong CHEN, Ganran DENG, Tenghui LI, Sili ZHOU, Guojie LI, Zhende CUI, Shuang ZHENG, Ling LI, Shuangmei QIN, Xiang WANG, Shaoying YANG, Deqiang ZHOU

2024, 26(5):  101-109.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0110

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Cutting into soil is an important method to reduce the broken head rate of sugarcane harvester. In order to control the depth of the cutter automatically with the fluctuation of the ground and keep the consistency of the depth of the cutter， based on the 4GQ-1 sugarcane harvester， a monitoring and automatic control system for cutting depth of sugarcane harvester cutter was designed， which realizingautomatic control and parameter visualization of cutting depth， and the monitoring performance of the system was tested by indoor and field experiments. The indoor test results showed that the average monitoring precision of the monitoring system was 98.90%， the average of the automatic control precision was 97.7%， and the monitoring precision and the automatic control precision were over 95.0%. Under the condition of 20， 30 and 50 mm depth in field experiment， the average of automatic control accuracy of the monitoring system was 85.3%， 90.6% and 94.1%， respectively， and the automatic control accuracy was over 85.0%. The overall design of the monitoring system was reasonable， good performance. The results could be used as a theoretical basis for the research of cutting depth control system of sugarcane harvester， and had important reference significance for optimization and upgrading of sugarcane harvester.

Hyperspectral Estimation of Rape Leaf Water Content Based on Machine Learning

Lifang SONG, Guiping LIAO, Min CHEN, Yuyang HE-LUO

2024, 26(5):  110-119.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0977

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Leaf water content （LWC） is an important factor affecting the photosynthesis of rapeseed. In order to establish a quantitative monitoring model for LWC with better monitoring effect and universality， rapeseed leaves at the budding and initial flowering stages were selected as the research objects. The leaves were subjected to natural air-drying to remove water， and the mass and spectral information were collected simultaneously. To reduce interference and eliminate noise， 5 methods were used to preprocess the spectral data including standard normal variable transformation， Savitzky-Golay convolution smoothing algorithm （SG smoothing）， multiple scattering correction， first-order derivative， and second-order derivative， and the optimal preprocessing method was selected by combining with partial least squares （PLS） analysis. Successive projections algorithm （SPA） was used to select sensitive feature wavelengths for water content changes from the preprocessed spectra. Support vector regression （SVR） and back-propagation neural network （BPNN） were used to establish LWC estimation models based on spectral indices using the selected feature wavelengths as independent variables. The results showed that the multiple scattering correction method performed the best， and the correlation coefficients of the prediction sets for both growth stages were above 0.71. SPA selected 6 and 7 feature wavelengths for the budding and initial flowering stages， respectively. In the LWC prediction models for the 2 growth stages， the models based on SVR and BPNN had determination coefficients （R² ） above 0.800 for the prediction sets and could achieve accurate monitoring of LWC in rapeseed leaves. The SVR model had better prediction performance than the BPNN model， with R² values of 0.857 and 0.827 and RMSE values of 1.791 and 1.521， respectively. Therefore， using high-spectral modeling to invert LWC in rapeseed leaves can accurately detect LWC and provide theoretical reference for precision agriculture water management monitoring.

Structural Design and Analysis of Air Suction Precision Metering Device for White Radish

Haixia YUE, Bo TAN, Song WEI, Hong XIE

2024, 26(5):  120-128.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0233

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In order to meet the requirements of mechanical planting of white radish and solve the problem of lack of related planting machinery in southwest China， an air-suction precision seeder was designed. Through calculation and theoretical analysis， the key structural parameters of the seeder were designed. The force of seeds in the filling， carrying and seeding stages were analyzed， and the main factors affecting the sowing performance were determined. By using Fluent software， the influence of different hole size parameters on the air flow of the negative air pressure chamber was simulated， and the optimal hole diameter parameters were determined， the diameter of the hole was 2.079~2.178 mm. Through parameter optimization， the best parameter combination was obtained： the diameter of the seed plate was 200 mm， the distribution of the hole diameter was 160 mm， the number of holes was 16， and the hole diameter was 2.2 mm. The results of the bench test of seeding performance showed that the working speed was 30.54 r·min^-1， the air pressure in the negative air pressure chamber was 6.58 kPa， the single grain qualification index of the seeder was 95.61%， the missed seeding index was 0.64%， and the reseeding index was 2.04%. The results improved the performance of the seeder and provided reference the design and manufacture of white radish precision seeding machine.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Inhibition Mechanism of Water Extract from Spent Mushroom Substrateagainst Phytophthora infestans in potatoes

Wenjing MO, Hongsen CHEN, Fangze GUI, Ciqing HONG, Xinkai CAI, Xiong GUAN, Xiaohong PAN

2024, 26(5):  129-137.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0159

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Mushroom substrate is the residue of mushroom production， which is rich in inorganic salts and organic matter. The water extract from spent mushroom substrate（WESMS） of Lentinula edodes was prepared by hot water extraction，the ultraviolet （UV） absorption， surface charge and particle size distribution were characterized using an UV spectrophotometer， Zeta potential and particle size analyzer. The inhibition rate of WESMS against Phytophthora infestans was calculated by plate penetration and cross diameter measurement. Further， both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the damage caused by WESMS to the morphology of the pathogen cells. Subsequently， the impact of WESMS on the DNA of Phytophthora infestans wasanalyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that WESMS could absorb UV rays at A （UVA， 315~400 nm）， B （UVB， 280~315 nm） and C （UVC， 100~280 nm） bands. Moreover， the particle size distribution in water was 3 649.27 nm. The antibacterial experiment showed that WESMS had an inhibitory effect on the growth of pathogens. The inhibitory effect became more obvious with the increase of the volume percentage concentration of WESMS. The inhibition rate of WESMS against pathogens was nearly 100% at a high volume concentration of 6.25%. The mycelia of pathogenic cells treated with WESMS exhibited obvious distortion， flatness and wrinkles compared with the control group， which indicated that WESMS could cause severe damage to cells. In addition， the DNA band brightness of the treatment group was darker than that of the control group， and the degree of DNA damage was positively related to the volume percentage concentration of WESMS. Above results provided scientific basis and technical support for the utilization of spent mushroom substrate and its use in the effective control of potato late blight.

Study on Extraction Process and Antibacterial Activity of Lignans from Cinnamomum camphora Leaves

Lanxiong ZHANG, Wei ZHENG, Yuan’an CHEN, Jing SHEN, Shuangquan ZOU, Jianrong WU, Lin NI

2024, 26(5):  138-147.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0281

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To study the optimum reflux extraction process and antifungal activity of total lignans from Cinnamomum camphora leaves， the leaves of C. camphora were as material， and the contents of sesamin and 9-hydroxysesamin in C. camphora leaves were determined. The reflux extraction process of total lignans from C. camphora was optimized by single factor combined with Box-Behnken response surface method， and the antifungal activity of total lignans was evaluated by toxic plate method. The results showed that the optimum conditions of reflux extraction were as follows： extraction temperature 86 ℃， ratio of solid to liquid 1∶8.39 （g·mL^-1）， extraction time 43 min and anhydrous ethanol as extraction solvent. Under these conditions， the extraction rate of lignans was 0.380 4%. The influence of factors on the extraction rate was extraction temperature>extraction time>solid-liquid ratio. The antifungal activity test showed that the antifungal effects of lignans on Gliocladium catenulatum， Valsa mali Miyabeet Yamada， Fusarium oxysporumf and Pythium aphanidermatum were the best with 2 mg·mL^-1， and the antifungal rates were more than 50%. The EC₅₀ values were 1.238， 1.280， 1.486 and 0.419 mg·mL^-1， respectively. Above results provided theoretical references for the subsequent development and utilization of C. camphora leaves and the research and development of plant-derived pesticides.

Identification of Streptomyces rochei HM85 and Its Biocontrol and Growth-promoting Effects on Sugar Beet

Zhimin YANG, Huihao ZHANG, Yuanyuan ZHANG, Hongyan DU, Xiaodong LIU, Yaguang HOU, Yi WANG, Daolong XU, Jingui HUANG, Xiaoning CHENG, Yang SUI, Ruili WANG, Chao YU, Lingling ZHAO, Chunmei CHEN, Ru YA, Li JIA, Mingyue ZHANG, Hongwei WANG, Songyao YAO, Ying ZHAO, Ke SHAO

2024, 26(5):  148-155.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0144

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Cercospora leaf sport of beet （CLS）， caused by Cercospora beticola， is the most destructive foliar fungal disease of sugar beet worldwide which seriously restricts the development of China’s sugar industry. In order to screen and identify the antagonistic strains with biocontrol applications against Cercospora beticola， the rhizosphere soil samples of sugar beet were collected from Hulunbuir， Inner Mongolia autonomous region and the antagonistic strain HM85 with stable antimicrobial activity was screened by dilution coating flat plate method and dual culture assay. The strain HM85 was identified as Streptomyces rochei based on its morphological，physiological and biochemical characteristics along with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis．The results of dual culture test showed that the HM85 strain could significantly inhibit the growth of Cercospora beticola HB2-2-2 with inhibitory rate of 58.68%. In addition， the fermentation broth of S. rochei HM85 had antagonistic activity against Cercospora beticola and could promote the growth of sugar beet in pot tests，which plant height， fresh weight of plant，root length，fresh weight of root and root diameter was increased by 22.73%， 20.47%， 36.10%， 32.52%， 75.03% compared to the control， respectively. In summary， S. rochei HM85 could be exploited as a potential bio-inoculant improving production and biocontrol agent for sugar beet leaf sport disease control.

Bactericidal Mechanism of Antimicrobial Peptide PAJE Against Staphylococcus aureus and SCVs

Siqi GAO, Xinjian YANG, Deqi ZHU, Mingwei GUAN, Yunting KOU, Cheng MAN, Jian JIAO

2024, 26(5):  156-166.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0878

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Staphylococcus aureus （S. aureus） and the small colony variants （SCVs） infection are considered as main issues affect livestock and poultry health. However， there are still many challenges in persistent and recurrent infections， and even drug resistance for treatment of traditional antibiotics.The antimicrobial peptide PAJE has the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. To study the mechanisms of peptide PAJE against S. aureus and SCVs， the antibacterial activity， stability and biological characteristics were determined. The results indicated that the antibacterial peptide PAJE had a penetration ability to destruct bacterial cell wall， even permeated 54.7% and 62.9% cell membrane. Additionally， the peptide PAJE could also up-regulate the Agr regulatory system genes， down-regulate the SigB regulatory system and biofilm forming related genes， which greatly inhibited biofilm formation. In addition， higher temperature and pH stability made PAJE better processing， storage， and environmental tolerance. In conclusion， the antimicrobial peptide PAJE could be a potential candidate peptide for the treatment of S. aureus， SCVs and their biofilm infections， which provided theoretical support for the development of reduce and replace antibiotics products.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Study on Preparation and Effect of Flocculant Based on Crop Straw

Yangyang CAI, Xiuping TAO, Hongmin DONG, Tong LI, Bin SHANG, Jianchao SONG, Chongtao LIU, Zhuangzhuang LIU

2024, 26(5):  167-173.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1113

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In order to develop a novel natural polymer flocculant based on crop straw， cellulose was extracted from 3 crop straws of corn， rice and wheat by nitric acid-ethanol method， and copolymerized with methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride （DMC） in homogeneous aqueous solution （reaction temperature of 30， 40， 50 and 60 °C） to generate straw cellulose grafted methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride flocculant（SC-g-DMC）. The results showed that the best cellulose content of the 3 crops after straw extraction was （69.8%±1.7%）， and the best grafting rate of the samples was （36.9%±3.1%）. Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） confirmed the successful grafting of monomers to the cellulose surface of straw. The flocculation effect of SC-g-DMC on dairy farm sewage showed that under different reaction temperatures， the pollutant removal efficiency first increased and then decreased with the rise of reaction temperature. The SC-g-DMC prepared at 40 ℃ had the best flocculation effect. The removal rate of chemical oxygen demand， turbidity and total suspended solids of 100 mg·L^-1 SC-g-DMC on dairy wastewater was （13.9%±2.3%）， （30.6%±5.6%） and （33.8%±0.9%）， respectively. Above results showed that the flocculant had a good application prospect and could provide basic data for the application of new natural polymer flocculants.

Effects of Biochar on Soil Microbial Carbon Source Utilization and Spring Wheat Yield

Yuxin CHEN, Hongmei ZHAO, Weijun YANG, Mei YANG, Song GUO, Shilong SONG, Chao HUI

2024, 26(5):  174-183.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0837

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To investigate the influence of biochar on the consumption of soil microbial carbon sources and spring wheat yield， a randomized block design experiment was devised. 3 nitrogen levels including 0（N0）， 300（N1）， 255 kg hm^-2（N2）and 4 biochar levels including 0（B0）， 10×10³（B1）， 20×10³（B2），30×10³ kg hm^-2（ B3）were tested， resulting in 12 treatments. The carbon source metabolism features of soil microbes and wheat yield were investigated. The results showed that，compared to control （N0B0）， the average well color development （AWCD） and Mcintosh index （U） of each treatment showed an upward trend， with the highest soil microbial AWCD and U values found in the conventional nitrogen fertilizer combined with a medium amount of biochar （N1B2） treatment. They were 0.93 and 5.83， which was 52.5% and 36.3% higher than control， respectively. The Shannon index of soil microorganisms showed an upward trend as the biochar dose increased at the nitrogen fertilizer reduction level. The majority of soil microbes utilized ester carbon sources， but alcohol carbon sources were rarely utilized. Under different conditions， the ability of microbes to utilize different carbon sources varied. Principal component analysis revealed that amino acids， sugars， acids， and alcohols accounted for the majority of changes in soil microbial community consumption of six accessible carbon sources between different treatments. The functional diversity index of the soil microbial population associated positively with spring wheat yield. Spring wheat yields could reach 8 301.35 kg·hm^-2 when treated with N2B2， a 22.1% increase over traditional nitrogen fertilizer （B0N1）. In conclusion， nitrogen fertilizer and biochar could enhance the activity of soil microorganisms， alter the microbial ecology of the soil， support the growth of spring wheat， and increase wheat yield，which could provide a foundation for the application and promotion of biochar in the northern Xinjiang irrigation region.

Effects of Aged Cotton Straw Biochars on Soil Properties and Nitrogen Utilization of Wheat

Ling LIN, Yujie ZHU, Lei FENG, Guangmu TANG, Yunshu ZHANG, Wanli XU

2024, 26(5):  184-191.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0803

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In order to study the effects of different aged cotton straw biochars （freeze-thaw aged， dry-wet aged， citric acid aged） on soil properties and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat，3 nitrogen fertilizer levels including no nitrogen， low nitrogen （200 mg·kg^-1） and high nitrogen （400 mg·kg^-1） ， and 5 cotton straw biochars levels including add no cotton straw biochars （B0）， add fresh cotton straw biochars （BC）， add dry-wet aged cotton straw biochars （DB）， add freeze-thaw aged cotton straw biochars （EB）， add citric acid aged cotton straw biochars （CB） were set， and the wheat dry matter mass， nitrogen uptake and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results showed that， compared with no cotton straw biochars， aged cotton straw biochars at different nitrogen application levels could increased soil organic matter content， and electrical conductivity was no significant difference，freeze-thaw and dry-wet aged cotton straw biochars treatments significantly increased soil pH， citric acid and freeze-thaw aged cotton straw biochars treatment significantly increased soil total nitrogen content. Compared with the fresh cotton straw biochars treatment， citric acid aged cotton straw biochar treatment significantly increased soil total nitrogen and organic matter contents and significantly decreased soil pH. Dry matter mass， cumulative nitrogen absorption， nitrogen absorption efficiency and nitrogen apparent utilization rate were the highest in different treatments of low nitrogen application. The nitrogen absorption rate and nitrogen apparent utilization rate of wheat combined with citric acid aged cotton stalk carbon and low nitrogen fertilizer were higher， reaching 68.27% and 46.69%， respectively. In summary， the addition of aged cotton stalk biochars with citric acid was beneficial to soil nitrogen retention， could increase soil nitrogen and organic matter content， and weaken the effect of increasing soil pH and electrical conductivity， and the effect of nitrogen uptake and utilization were better when nitrogen application was low， which provided a theoretical basis for the long-term application of cotton stalk biochar.

Effects of Tartary Buckwheat Rotation on Enzyme Activities and Microorganisms in Rhizosphere Soil of Cultivated Potato in Yunnan Province

Yangyang DU, Yuanyuan BAO, Xiangyu LIU, Xinyong ZHANG

2024, 26(5):  192-200.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0227

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In order to investigate the effects of continuous cropping and tartary buckwheat （KQ） rotation on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity， microbial quantity and yield of 3 main potato varieties in Yunnan province， the main potato varieties ‘Hezuo 88’ （HZ88）， ‘Lishu 6’ （LS6H） and ‘Qingshu 9’ （QS9H） were used as experimental materials. The activities of sucrase， protease， urease， cellulase， microbial quantity in rhizosphere soil and potato yield under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that， compared with HZ88-HZ88， LS6H-LS6H and QS9H-QS9H treatments， the yields per potato plant of KQ-HZ88， KQ-LS6H and KQ-QS9H rotation treatments were significantly increased by 76.32%， 80.95% and 90.91%， respectively， the reducing sugar contents were significantly reduced by 38.71%， 18.42% and 21.43%， respectively. Compared with HZ88-HZ88-HZ88， LS6H-LS6H and QS9H-QS9H-QS9H treatments， the soil sucrase activities of HZ88-KQ-HZ88， KQ-HZ88-KQ， LS6H-KQ-LS6H， KQ-LS6H-KQ and QS9H-KQ-QS9H， KQ-QS9H-KQ rotation treatments were significantly increased by 8.54%， 14.00%， 22.73%， 34.25%， 18.13%， 25.12%， respectively， and the numbers of bacteria were significantly increased by 19.05%（P>0.05）， 92.86%， 75.68%， 72.97%， 67.11%， 73.21%， respectively. The changes of soil enzyme activity and microbial quantity might be one of the important reasons for potato continuous cropping obstacles in Yunnan region. Rotation could effectively improve rhizosphere soil enzyme activity， increase the number of beneficial bacteria in the soil， and alleviate continuous cropping obstacles.

Study on Anaerobic Digestion of Rose Straw Inoculated with Livestock Manure and Its Microbial Community

Yu ZHANG, Hongbo ZHANG, Yuyu ZHANG, Lijuan CHEN, Mingfang ZHAO, Yun XIA

2024, 26(5):  201-211.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0740

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To understand the physiochemical properties of anaerobic digestion of rose straw inoculated with livestock manure under different total solid （TS） contents and the dynamic variations of microbial communities involved， methane production and stability of the anaerobic digestion systems were investigated at 3 different TS contents （3%， 5%， 7%） at room temperature and the composition of key microbial groups in these systems were identified using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH）. The results showed that 3%TS treatment had a maximus methane production and a shortest delay period （20 d）. Based on the volatile solid （VS）， its cumulative methane production after 75 d was 262.80 mL·g^-1 VS， being 16.14% and 23.86% higher than that of the 5%TS and 7%TS treatments， respectively. The volatile fatty acids （VFAs） contents produced in the anaerobic digestions with 3%， 5%， and 7%TS contents increased in the early stage of the experiments and then gradually decreased to the end of the experiments. FISH analysis showed that under all TS contents， the Methanosarcinales were the dominant methanogens during the normal gas production period （30~75 d）， accounting for 77.46% of the total methanogens in 5%TS content. The Desulfovibrionales were the dominant bacteria， at the end of the experiments （75 d）， the abundance of Desulfovibrionales decreased by 8.36% and 1.24% with 3% and 5%TS contents respectively but increased by 1.68% with 7%TS content. In summary， 3%TS was the optimal TS content for anaerobic digestion of rose straw， with maximum gas production， shortest delay period， and relatively stable and efficient microbial community composition， which could most effectively improve the anaerobic digestion performance of rose straw.

MARINE AGRICULTURE & FRESHWATER FISHERIES

Research and Application of AIS Data in Marine Fisheries

Linlin YU, Wei FAN, Heng ZHANG, Yang DAI, Lijun WAN, Fei WANG, Yongchuang SHI, Shenglong YANG

2024, 26(5):  212-222.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0330

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Against the backdrop of the global decline of major economic fisheries resources in the global oceans， how to protect and sustainably develop ocean fisheries resources has been highly valued by countries， regions， and organizations worldwide， and has been a hot research topic. Due to limitations of traditional marine fisheries data， it has been difficult to fully understand the catch footprint of distant fishing vessels and make effective monitoring and management. The global distant fishing vessel trajectory data provided by the automatic identification system （AIS） can be used to quantitatively analyze the behavior of individual to global fishing vessels， and the historical catch intensity spatial information uncovered can provide a good alternative data source for monitoring and management of marine fishing activities and assessment of ecological pressure， becoming a new hotspot in marine information and marine fisheries research in recent years. In order to promote the research and application of AIS data in China’s marine fisheries， the research contents and application status of AIS in recent years were summarized and introduced， the shortcomings of AIS data research at present and potential research methods in the future pointed out， which provided a reference for the research and application of AIS in marine fisheries.

Analysis and Evaluation of Nutritional Composition in Muscle of Juvenile Alosa sapidissima Fed with Two Diets

Fei JIANG, Yonghai SHI, Jiabo XU, Yinlong YAN, Yongshi LIU, Xincheng YUAN

2024, 26(5):  223-233.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0352

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In order to evaluate the nutritional quality in the muscles of juvenile Alosa sapidissima cultured by normal diet （normal diet group） and green diet （green diet group）， nutritional compositions were determined and compared by biochemical analysis methods. The results showed that crude fat in muscle of normal group （7.84%） was very significantly higher than that of green group （5.05%）， while the moisture of normal group （68.87% ） was very significantly lower than that of green group （71.98%）， and the crude protein of normal group （16.93%） was significantly lower than that of green group （17.54%）. The total essential amino acids/total amino acids and total essential amino acids/total non-essential amino acids in muscle of normal group and green group had no significant difference， and they were all high-guality proteins. The delicious amino acid， bitterness amino acid， and sourness amino acid in muscle of green group were significantly higher than that of normal group. The sweetness amino acid in muscle of green group was very significantly higher than that of normal group. The branched chain amino acid and ratio of branched chain and aromatic amino acid in muscle of green group were significantly higher than that of normal group. According to nutrition evaluation in amino acids score and chemical score， the first limited amino acid was tryptophan （Trp） in 2 groups. The essential amino acid index of normal group（73.58）was higher than that of green group（71.00）. The eicosa pentenoic acid（EPA） and docose hexaenoie acid（DHA） of normal group were very significantly higher than that of green group. The total unsaturated fatty acid、n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid（Σn-3）、n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid（Σn-3）、polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid and Σn-3/Σn-6 of normal group were very significantly higher than that of green group， while saturated fatty acid /unsaturated fatty acid of green group were very significantly higher than that of normal group. Above results demonstrated that both of normal group and green group were prominent protein. Increasing the levels of Trp， EPA and DHA in green feed helped enhance the nutritional quality of the muscle tissue in Alosa sapidissima.