Table of Content

15 August 2024, Volume 26 Issue 8

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Exploration on Intelligent Path of Animal Husbandry from Perspective of Metauniverse

Fan YANG, Qingning LIN, Qi WANG, Shiping MAO

2024, 26(8):  1-8.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0406

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The metaverse， as a prominent paradigm in the future digital world， presents a viable framework for the transformation and advancement of the livestock industry. Grounded in the metaverse perspective， this paper explored the pathway for the implementation of intelligent livestock farming， and discussed the current state and existing challenges in the intelligentization of the livestock industry. It proposed an intelligent pathway supported by technologies such as blockchain， artificial intelligence （AI） and the internet of things （IoT）. The realization pathway for intelligent livestock farming primarily encompassed the following aspects： firstly， implementing intelligent livestock farming through the utilization of big data and IoT technologies， involving systematic data collection and precise analysis to optmize production efficiency and monitor the health status of animals； secondly， adopting blockchain technology to record the origin， production process， and distribution chain of livestock products， thereby establishing a fully traceable product quality assurance system； thirdly， utilizing virtual education platforms for livestock industry training and education， assisting users in acquiring knowledge and skills within a virtual environment， ultimately enhancing technological innovation capabilities； and finally， leveraging the dual roles of government and market to activate elements such as funds， talent and technology， thereby propelling technological innovation and industry transformation and upgrading in the livestock sector. Based on these considerations， it was anticipated that the guidance of digital technology should lead to the high-quality development of the livestock industry.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Research Progress on Effects of Medium and Trace Elements on Yield and Quality of Rice

Liang SUN, Yi XU, Qin CAI, Jinghao GUO, Can ZHAO, Baowei GUO, Zhipeng XING, Zhongyang HUO, Hongcheng ZHANG, Yajie HU

2024, 26(8):  9-19.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0141

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As essential nutrients for rice growth and development， medium and trace elements are the components and activators of enzyme systems， and also participate in a series of important physiological processes， such as photosynthesis， respiration， hormone synthesis and disease defense， which play vital roles in the formation of yield and quality for rice. Therefore， the effects of the absorption， accumulation and metabolic pathways of medium and trace elements， such as magnesium， zinc， seleniumon and iron， on rice yield and quality were reviewed， the challenges faced by the medium and trace elements in rice cultivation were analyzed， and the importance of medium and trace elements and the research direction in sustainable agriculture in the future were discussed， which provided theoretical basis for achieving high yield and high quality of rice.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of 255 Maize Germplasm Resources Based on 10K SNP Chip

Shan GAO, Xiaocui YAN, Nan WANG, Mengjie ZHANG, Youpeng LI, Wenda DIAO, Huijun DUAN

2024, 26(8):  20-33.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0801

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Maize （Zea mays L.） is one of the world’s top three food crops and an important feed crop. Analyzing the agronomic phenotypic traits and genotypic genetic diversity of maize germplasm resources has important guiding significance for crop breeding and production. A natural population composed of 255 germplasm resources was used as the research material， and the genotyping was obtained by whole genome scanning using 10K SNP liquid chip. Phenotypic clustering and genetic diversity analysis were performed using VCF2PCA cluster and Mega11 software. The results showed that 14 139 high quality SNP sites were detected， which were distributed on 10 chromosomes of maize. The polymorphisms ranged from 0.05 to 0.50， with an average of 0.29. Polymorphism information content （PIC） varied from 0.04 to 0.38 with an average of 0.24. 104 SNPs with allele frequency difference were more than 0.30 between tropical and temperate populations. Through population genetic structure analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis， 255 samples were mainly divided into temperate and tropical subgroups. These results identified the genetic diversity and relationships among 255 germplasm resources from temperate and tropical maize， laying the foundation for subsequent maize germplasm improvement and innovation.

Genetic Diversity Analysis in 192 Gossypium hirsutum L. F₁ Hybrids

Bo PANG, Shengmei LI, Yanlin LI, Tao YANG, Weiwei LIANG, Ru ZHANG, Yajie HUANG, Dan REN, Jinxin CUI, Jing LI, Jingjing MA, Wenwei GAO

2024, 26(8):  34-50.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0063

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To screen high yield and high quality cotton hybrid combinations， 192 F₁ hybrids with 15 experimental materials Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivars as parental configurations were used as experimental materials. Correlation， principal component and regression analyses were used to explore the relationships among main agronomic traits， yield and fiber quality. The results showed that yield indexes such as single boll weight， seed cotton yield and lint cotton yield were negatively correlated with the number of the first branch. The fibre upper half mean length and fiber uniformity fiber of cotton fiber quality had a positive interaction with the main agronomic traits， while the macronaire value and fiber maturity had a negative interaction with the main agronomic traits. After dimensionality reduction of 16 indexes， 5 principal components were extracted， which were named as bolling factor， yield factor， quality factor， growth factor and clothing factor， explaining 81.63% of the population variation. 8 optimal regression models were constructed with yield and quality traits as dependent variables and main agronomic traits as independent variables to provide a basis for rapid and accurate selection of population materials to meet different needs. Above results provided theoretical basis and material support for cotton variety breeding.

Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Tomato BURP Structural Domain Gene Family

Fulin ZHANG, Rui XI, Yuxiang LIU, Zhaolong CHEN, Qinghui YU, Ning LI

2024, 26(8):  51-62.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0311

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BURP domain proteins are unique to plants and play different roles in plant stress， growth and development. To identify BURP domain genes （SlBURP） and their expression in tomato， a total of 12 SlBURP genes were identified in tomato. The phylogenetic analysis classified 12 SlBURP genes into 7 subfamilies， which had significant differences in conserved motifs and gene structures among the different subfamilies. The extensive presence of stress， growth， hormone， and light-responsive elements in the promoter sequences of SlBURPs suggested that this family had crucial role in abiotic stress. Covariance analysis indicated that members of tomato and ArabidopsisBURP gene families were derived from the same ancestor. The RT-qPCR results showed that the expression levels of SlBURP6， SlBURP7， SlBURP8 and SlBURP12 were abundantly in leaves； the expression levels of SlBURP2， SlBURP6， SlBURP7 and SlBURP8 increased after salt treatment； the expression levels of SlBURP5， SlBURP8， SlBURP9 and SlBURP12 increased during fruit development under plant regulator treatment. In summary， SlBURP genes played important roles in both stress and growth of tomato.

Effects of 3 Trellis Systems on Cultivation Characters and Berry Quality of ‘Xinyu’ Grape

Shijian BAI, Jinge HU, Chao LI, Junshe CAI

2024, 26(8):  63-73.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1069

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In order to screen and optimize the high quality and high efficiency cultivation trellis system of table grape in the northwest arid area， China，the ‘Xinyu’ grape was used as experimental material， with 3 treatments including single dragon trunk shaping + horizontal leaf curtain （SDTS-H）， inclined single dragon trunk shaping + horizontal leaf curtain （ISDTS-H）， and inclined single dragon trunk shaping + vertical + horizontal leaf curtains （ISDTS-VH） were set，and the effects of 3 trellis systems on leaves photosynthetic characteristics， cluster micro-environment， fruit quality and economic benefits of ‘Xinyu’ grape were analyzed. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate was higher with ISDTS-VH than with SDTS-H by 7.73%， the water use efficiency was higher with ISDTS-H than with SDTS-H by 14.13%. Compared with SDTS-H， mean temperature with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH were higher than that with ISDTS-VH with 2.29 and 2.24 ℃， mean humidity were lower with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH than with ISDTS-VH by 4.96 and 3.85 percentage points， respectively. The daily average total radiation with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH were 2.66 and 1.31 times compared with SDTS-H. Grapes with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH ripened earlier than with SDTS-H， and the contents of soluble solids， anthocyanin， flavonoid， vitamin C and color index of red grape were significantly higher with ISDTS-H and ISDTS-VH fruits than with SDTS-H when berry ripening. The berry mass， flavonoid content and vitamin C content of SDTS-VH were the highest by 13.99 g， 7.36 and 44.18 mg·kg^-1， respectively， and the anthocyanin content was 1.22 mg·g^-1 at the later stage of fruit ripen， the fruit quality was the best. Actual number of clusters similarity index and actual yield similarity index of SDTS-VH were the highest， with 0.73 and 1.06. Compared with SDTS-H， the cumulative hours with ISDTS-VH was reduced by 48.00% and the economic performance increased by 189.58%. Taken together， photosynthetic rate of ISDTS-VH was the highest， cluster micro-environment was the optimal， beneficial to quality formation and yield control， and economic performance was the highest.

Analysis of Muscle Fatty Acid Characteristics of Tibetan Sheep of Different Ages

Fanxiong WANG, Ying XU, Yuzhu SHA, Pengyang SHAO, Zhuanhui XIE, Wenhao LI, Jiqing WANG, Shaobin LI, Xiaowei CHEN, Wenxin YANG, Xiu LIU

2024, 26(8):  74-83.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0267

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In order to investigate the fatty acid content and composition characteristics of Tibetan sheep muscle at different ages under natural grazing conditions， 18 Tibetan sheep ewes （6 at each age） were selected from different ages （1.5， 3.5， 6.0 years）. The fatty acid composition and content of longissimus dorsi muscle， foreleg muscle and hindleg muscle were determined by gas chromatograph. The results showed that there were significant differences in fatty acid composition and content in muscle of Tibetan sheep at different ages. In longissimus dorsi muscle， the content of myristic acid （C14∶0） in 3.5 years old group was significantly higher than those in other groups （P<0.05）， while there was no significant difference in the contents of myristic acid （C17∶1）， linoleic acid （C18∶2n6c） and arachidonic acid （C20∶4n6） among 3 age groups. In the foreleg muscle， the contents of myristic acid （C14∶1） and linoleic acid （C18∶2n6c） in 3.5 years old group were significantly higher than those in other groups （P<0.05）. In hindleg muscle， stearic acid （C18∶0） content in 6.0 years old group was significantly higher than that in 1.5 years old group （P<0.05）. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids （P/S） in the 3 muscle tissues ranged from 0.280 to 0.798， among which， the P/S in the foreleg muscle was significantly higher in the 3.5 years old group than in the other groups （P<0.05）， and in the hindleg muscle， the P/S in 1.5 years old group was significantly higher than that in 3.5 years old group （P<0.05）. Therefore， the composition and content of fatty acids in different muscle tissues of Tibetan sheep were more advantageous in the 1.5 years old group， that was the younger the Tibetan sheep were in adulthood， the better the meat quality had the edible value and the potential to produce high-grade mutton. Above results provided a reference for the nutritional value assessment and industrialization development and utilization of Tibetan sheep meat of different ages.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Current Situation of Mechanization Technology and Countermeasures for Whole Production of Radix Pseudostellariae in Guizhou

Chenglong LYU, Lihua YU, Le ZHENG, Xuemei WU, Jianrong ZHANG, Huaicheng YANG

2024, 26(8):  84-92.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0376

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Radix Pseudostellariae is a local medicinal material in Guizhou， after 20 years of development， it has formed an intensive and standardized planting mode， and the planting area is the first in China. However， Guizhou Radix Pseudostellariae is mostly planted in hilly and mountainous areas， and due to the influence of topography and development foundation， the production operation is time-consuming， labor-intensive， inefficient， and difficult to mechanize. Through literature review and field investigation， combined with the typical planting agronomy and primary processing technology of Guizhou Radix Pseudostellariae， the production technology of the whole chain of Radix Pseudostellariae was briefly described， and the current status of mechanization technology in 5 links such as cultivation， planting， management， harvesting and primary processing was analyzed， and the main problems in the mechanization of Radix Pseudostellariae production were pointed out. Based on this， several countermeasures for the mechanization of the whole production process of Radix Pseudostellariae were proposed including promoting standardized planting， promoting the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy， and the mechanization transformation of planting areas， increasing research and development efforts on key technologies such as planting， harvesting， tail removal， and grading of the root tubers of the mountain Radix Pseudostellariae， strengthening the training of technical talents for agricultural machinery， accelerating the development of seeders and harvesters suitable for princely ginseng in mountainous areas， upgrading and transforming existing primary processing machinery and equipment， and forming a moderate primary processing production line. Above results provided reference for sustainable development of Guizhou Radix Pseudostellariae.

Optimization and Experimental Study of Drying Process Parameters for Rice in Hot-air Drying

Dawei LIU, Feng QIN, Qian LIAO, Xiushan WANG, Fangping XIE, Tiehui LI

2024, 26(8):  93-102.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1109

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Rice is one of the important grain crops globally， with indica rice being the predominant variety cultivated in Southern China. The harvested fresh rice has high moisture content and is unsuitable for long-term storage. Aming at the challenges of grain quality deterioration， particularly the occurrence of rice grain fissures during hot air drying in southern China， this study took 2 typical indica rice varieties， Zhongzao 35 and Yuzhenxiang， to investigate the influence of drying temperature， tempering time ratio， and initial moisture content on the drying fissure formation rate and drying rate of rice grains through single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken Design trials. The results showed that drying temperature had the most significant impact on both drying rate and fissure formation rate， followed by the relaxation ratio and initial moisture content. Experimental trials were conducted to meet the national standard for fissure formation rate， and optimal drying temperature， relaxation ratio， and initial moisture content parameters were determined for the two rice varieties. The optimal parameters for Zhongzao 35 were found to be 49.48 ℃， 0.67 and 26%； while for Yuzhenxiang， they were 45.00 ℃， 0.698 and 26%， respectively. Subsequent drying experiments conducted under the optimal parameters yielded drying rates of 0.022 80%·min^-1 and 0.024 61%·min^-1 for Zhongzao 35 and Yuzhenxiang， respectively， with additional crack rateof 2.87% and 2.80%， both below the national standard of 3.00%. This study demonstrated that the optimized drying process parameters provided a theoretical foundation for practical production and in-depth exploration of rice grain quality changes.

Estimation of Chlorophyll Density of Cotton Leaves Based on Spectral Index

Ziqin LI, Jiaqiang WANG, Zhen LI, Deqiu ZOU, Xiaogong ZHANG, Xiaoyu LUO, Weiyang LIU

2024, 26(8):  103-111.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1051

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To construct the estimation model of chlorophyll density， cotton pot experiments with different nitrogen applications were set up to obtain reflectance data by spectral testing of cotton leaves at peak flowering stage. At the same time， leaf samples were collected to determine chlorophyll density. The spectral index was constructed by reflectance data， and the spectral index with high correlation with chlorophyll density was selected. The random forest （RF） algorithm and partial least squares regression （PLSR） were used to construct the estimation model of chlorophyll density in cotton leaves and verify the accuracy. The results showed that the R² of RF and PLSR estimation models were 0.723 5 and 0.704 7， respectively， and the RPD were 1.851 4 and 1.456 9， respectively， indicating that both models had rough prediction ability. The accuracy of RF model was higher than that of PLSR model， so it was feasible to use hyperspectral technology to estimate the chlorophyll density of cotton at peak flowering stage， which provided technical support for monitoring cotton population growth.

Design and Performance of a Kneading Threshing Device for Sorghum

Xiuquan ZHANG, Wanping FENG, Jiawei WANG, Haiyan SONG, Decong ZHENG

2024, 26(8):  112-121.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0029

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In order to improve the quality of threshing and separating during sorghum combination harvest， a kneading axial flow threshing drum was designed. Through the interaction between the grain bar drum and the matched grid drum， the material was extruded， rubbed and flipped to realize the threshing and separation of sorghum seeds and reduce the loss rate and grain crushing rate. Using secondary universal rotating combination design， taking the grain crushing rate and entrainment loss rate as the main indexes， the experimental bench of the kneading type sorghum threshing device was tested taking the feeding amount， the drum speed of grain bar and the drum speed of grid as the influencing factors. The experimental results showed that the entrainment loss rate and crushing rate decreased first and then increased with the increase of feed. With the increase of drum speed， the crushing rate increases gradually， and the entrainment loss rate decreased first and then increased. When the grid cylinder was rotating positively， the breakage rate and entrainment loss rate decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of the rotating speed. When the grid drum was reversed， the breakage rate and entrainment loss rate both increased with the increase of rotational speed. The optimal solution was obtained under the constraint conditions through the regression equation， and the optimal parameter combination of the threshing device was obtained as follows： the feeding volume was 0.76 kg·s^-1， the drum speed was 403 r·min^-1， and the drum speed was 35 r·min^-1. Under the optimal parameter combination， the grain crushing rate was 0.21% and the entrainment loss rate was 1.03%. The results provided a basis for the field test of the device.

Bok Choy and Weed Identification Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Huiping JIN, Haiwen MOU, Teng LIU, Jialin YU, Xiaojun JIN

2024, 26(8):  122-130.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0873

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Due to the diversity and complex distribution of weeds in bok choy fields， the existing methods for weed identification have the problems of low efficiency， poor accuracy and lack of robustness. This study proposed a method to identify bok choy and weeds based on deep convolutional neural networks， using seedling stage bok choy and their associated weeds as the research objects. Firstly， image processing methods were used to mark images containing green plants， and then a neural network model was used to distinguish bok choy and weeds. In order to investigate the recognition effect of different neural network models， the DenseNet model， GoogLeNet model and ResNet model were used to recognize images containing bok choy or weed images， and the F₁ value， overall accuracy and recognition speed were used as evaluation criteria. The experimental results showed that the 3 neural network models could effectively distinguish bok choy and weeds， and the ResNet model was the optimal model， with an overall accuracy and recognition speed of 97.2% and 78.34 frames·s^-1 on the testing datasets， respectively. The bok choy and weed identification method proposed in this study could effectively reduce the complexity of weed identification， improve the robustness and generalization ability of identification， and laid the foundation for the research on precision weed control in bok choy fields.

Calibration and Verification of Discrete Element Parameters of Jinxiang Purple Garlic Seeds

Guoqiang DUN, Lei WANG, Xinxin JI, Xinbo JIANG, Yu ZHAO, Na GUO

2024, 26(8):  131-139.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1023

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Aiming at the problem of lacking parameters in garlic seeding simulation test， this paper took Jinxiang purple garlic species as the research material， measured the physical property parameters of garlic and calibrated the discrete element simulation parameters. The density， water content， Poisson’s ratio， shear modulus， static friction coefficient， rolling friction coefficient and collision recovery coefficient of garlic were determined by experimental method. Through Plackett-Burman test with several physical parameters of garlic as test factors and garlic accumulation angle as test index， the factors significantly affecting accumulation angle were selected as static friction coefficient and rolling friction coefficient between garlic plants. Then， the significant factors were optimized by CCD response surface test， and the physical test results were taken as the optimum values. The optimum static friction coefficient and rolling friction coefficient between garlic crops were 0.428 and 0.287， respectively. Taking rotational speed as the test factor and multi-grain rate as the test index， the simulation and bench comparative test verification of self-made chain scoop garlic planter device were carried out. The results showed that the average relative error between simulation and measured results was small， and the change curve was consistent， and the optimized and calibrated garlic simulation parameters had certain reliability， which could provide data support for garlic planter simulation test.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Establishment and Optimization of RT-LAMP Assay System for Tobacco Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

Junlei ZHANG, Xiaotong GE, Zhengting ZHAO, Di LIU, Jinfeng WANG, Ning JIANG, Yating LIU

2024, 26(8):  140-150.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0238

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To rapidly detect tobacco tomato spotted wilt virus （TSWV）， 5 sets of primers were designed based on the conserved sequence of TSWV nucleocapsid protein （NP） for screening， and parameters such as reaction temperature and time， volumetric molar concentrations of dNTPs， Mg²⁺， betaine， and internal and external primer ratios in the reaction system were optimized using the univariate method to establish the tobacco TSWV reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification（RT-LAMP）?， the specificity， sensitivity， and practicality of the optimized RT-LAMP were verified by parallel comparison tests using the revers transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR） assay. The results showed that the best primer set for the tobacco TSWV RT-LAMP assay was TS-N-4， and the optimal addition of each component in the 25 μL reaction system were 2.5 μL of buffer， 0.5 μL of MgSO₄ （100 mmol·L^-1）， 0.5 μL of dNTPs （10 mmol·L^-1）， 1.5 μL of FIP/BIP （10 mmol·L^-1）， 0.5 μL of F3 /B3 （10 mmol·L^-1）， 1.5 μL LF/LB （10 mmol·L^-1）， 6 μL of Betaine （5 mmol·L^-1）， 0.5 μL of Bst 2.0 WarmStar DNA Polymerase （8 000 U·mL^-1） ，0.125 μL of M-MLV enzyme （10 000 U·mL^-1） ， 0.125 μL of RNA （≥64.7 fg）， and added DEPC H₂O to 25 μL. The optimum reaction temperature and time were 58 ℃ and 60 min， respectively. The optimized RT-LAMP was 1 000 times more sensitive than RT-PCR， and the results of field samples were consistent with RT-PCR. The RT-LAMP method established in this study was specific， sensitive， and simple to operate， which was important for the detection and monitoring of TSWV in tobacco.

Differential Expression Paradigm of Chemoreceptor Genes Between Males and Females at Different Developmental Stages of Carposina sasakii Matsumura

Qian ZHANG, Lina MEN, Yiran LI, Qiao LIU, Angie DENG, Xiaowen HU, Yuhong ZHANG, Zhiwei ZHANG, Wei ZHANG

2024, 26(8):  151-162.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0338

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Carposina sasakii Matsumura is a notable fruit pest that damages many types of fruit trees. Behavior regulation technology has gradually gained attraction as a potential pest control method that is both environmentally conscious and effective. The insect behavioral mechanism of chemosensory perception is the basis of behavior regulation. A total of 242 olfactory genes were identified in the antenna transcriptome of the C. sasakii. Based on sequence alignment and functional background of similar genes in related species， 13 olfactory genes were selected and their potential recognition functions were analyzed using RT-qPCR. The results showed that 6 genes differentially expressioned between males and females at different developmental stages （ P<0.05）， which corresponded to the behavioral phenotypes of adults. According to the difference expression levels between male and female adults during newly emerged， mature unmated and mature mated， OBP11 might play a role in detecting pheromones and mating behavior， OR45 might correspond to host-seeking and oviposition activities and IR5 was associated with mating and oviposition behavior. Above results laid theoretical molecular foundation for the identification of C. sasakii pheromone and olfactory-related genes and supported the implementation of behavioral regulators against the olfactory perception mechanism of C. sasakii as a more environmentally sustainable pest control strategy.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Analysis of Characteristics of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil and Crops in Industrial Agglomeration Zone

Peiqiang ZHAO, Yongfeng CUI, Ya XU, Mingli LI

2024, 26(8):  163-171.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0047

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In order to systematically study on heavy metal pollution in soil and crops in industrial agglomeration area， the heavy metal content of soil and crops wheat in different directions and distances of industrial agglomeration area were determined and analyzed by single factor pollution index， Nemerow pollution index （NPI） and bioconcentration factors methods. The results showed that the heavy metal pollution of soil and crops wheat in the industrial agglomeration area were serious （NPI>2）. Within the influence range of 5 km from the industrial agglomeration area， except for mercury （Hg）， plumbum （Pb） and zinc （Zn）， other heavy metals were relatively serious（NPI>1）， the heavy metal pollution outside the 5 km range was relatively light （NPI<1）. In addition， there were significant correlation between heavy metal content in crops and soil， among which cadmium （Cd）， mercury （Hg）， plumbum （Pb）， nickel （Ni） and arsenic （As） in wheat grains were positively correlated with soil heavy metals， with correlation coefficients of 0.484， 0.409， 0.018， 0.679 and 0.480， respectively， while chromium （Cr） in grains were negatively correlated with soil heavy metals with a correlation coefficient of -0.133. The results indicated that wheat should not be planted in the industrial agglomeration area， and crops （wheat） planted within 5 km from the industrial agglomeration area only could be consumed as grains. Crops （wheat） production could be safely carried out 5 km away from the industrial agglomeration area.

Land Cover Change in Aksu Region of Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020

Yun LI, Changlian LUO, Hongqi WU, Zhongping CHAI, Jiandong SHENG, Lei FENG

2024, 26(8):  172-179.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1062

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To analyze the land cover change and its influencing factors in the Aksu region， the land use transfer matrix and landscape pattern analysis methods were used to interpret remote sensing images and draw a map of the current situation of land cover change in different years. The results showed that the land use types in the Aksu region had undergone significant changes. From 2000 to 2020， there had been a significant increase in arable land， urban and rural land in the Aksu region， while other land types had been decreasing. During the same period， the climate had shown a warm and dry characteristic. The correlation analysis showed that there were certain differences in the correlation between the landscape pattern index and the areas of 6 land types in different years. And the correlation between the number of patches and the area of land types decreased from 0.6 in 2000 to 0.3 in 2020， the correlation between the landscape segmentation index and land type area increased from 0.6 in 2000 to 0.9 in 2020. The transfer of grassland to unused land was 6 255 hm²， while the maximum transfer of arable land to grassland was 3 706.16 hm²， and the transfer of unused land to grassland was 11 848.8 hm². The landscape pattern analysis showed that the landscape in the Aksu area was fragmented， with a decrease in land carrying capacity and a weakened ability to resist ecological risks.

Characteristics of Surface Erosion and Deposition of Sandbag Sand Barriers in Urumqi Sandy Land

Bonian ZHU, Xiaohong DANG, Zhongju MENG, Yang LIU, Chunhui GUO

2024, 26(8):  180-188.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0950

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The erosion characteristics of sand barrier have important influence on its protective effect. In order to explore the effect of polylactic acid fiber （PLA） sandbag sand barriers on desertification control in Urumqi sandy land， four specifications of poly lactic acid fiber sandbag sand barriers were set with 0.5 m×0.5 m， 1.0 m×1.0 m， 2.0 m×2.0 m and 3.0 m×3.0 m. The concave surface shape inside the baffle was measured by suspension method. The morphological characteristics and erosion effect of concave surface in different specifications of sand barriers were analyzed. The results showed the wind erosion depth at the center of the concave surface of the sand barrier increaseed from 5.17 cm to 21.23 cm with the increase of the sand barrier specifications， and the stacking strength decreased from 3.86 g·cm^-3 to 0.42 g·cm^-3 with the increase of sand barrier size， which the accumulation turned to wind erosion in the barrier. The erosion coefficient was stable at 1/9~1/8， and decreased with the increase of sand barrier size. The deepest point of wind erosion in the barrier moved with the main wind direction. The wind erosion in the direction consistent with the main wind direction was greater， and the opening of the profile curve was larger. The concave surface fitting effect at the top of the slope was better than that at the middle and bottom of the slope. In summary， In Urumqi sandy land， wind erosion occurred mostly in northwest-southeast and west-east directions， the concave surface formed at the top of the slope was more stable， and the area should be suitable for laying 2.0 m×2.0 m PLA sand barriers. Above results could provide scientific reference for the rational application of PLA sand barriers in sand control project in Urumqi sandy land.

Effects of Water and Air Interaction on Physiological Growth and Yield of Maize Under Mulched Drip Irrigation

Mei WU, Jinzhu ZHANG, Zhenhua WANG, Jian LIU, Yue WEN, Xuanzhi LI

2024, 26(8):  189-200.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0963

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In order to investigate the effects of water and air interaction on physiological growth and yield of maize under mulched drip irrigation and to explore the suitable water and air combination mode of maize under mulched drip irrigation， a field experiment was conducted with ‘Xinyu 66’ as material. 4 irrigation levels including 3 375（W1）， 4 500（W2）， 5 625（W3）， 6 750 m³?hm^-2（W4） and 2 irrigation methods including aerated drip irrigation（A） and non-aerated drip irrigation（C） were set up， and the changes of physiological growth and yield of drip irrigation maize under different water and air interaction treatments were analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of irrigation amount， the net photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance， transpiration rate， aboveground dry matter mass and yield of maize increased first and then decreased， the intercellular CO₂ concentration and irrigation water use efficiency decreased， and the yield was the highest under W3 level. The aerated drip irrigation increased the plant height， stem diameter and leaf area index of maize compared with the non-aerated drip irrigation. Under aerated drip irrigation， the net photosynthetic rate was significantly increased by 5.39%~10.09% （P<0.05）， stomatal conductance was significantly increased by 10.64%~18.40% （P<0.05）， transpiration rate was significantly increased by 7.07%~15.27% （P<0.05）， dry matter weight was significantly increased by 5.53% ~7.76% （P<0.05）， with the highest growth rate under W3 irrigation. Aerated drip irrigation increased maize yield and irrigation water use efficiency by 3.58%~6.64% and 3.36%~6.63% on average， and the effect was more significant under W3 irrigation level （P<0.05）. The maximum yield of AW3 treatment was 14 629 kg?hm^-2. Above results showed that AW3 treatment could promote the growth of maize and increase the yield when the irrigation amount was 5 625 m³?hm^-2 under aerated drip irrigation. Above results provided theoretical basis and technical guidance for maize production in arid oasis of Xinjiang.

Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Organic Matter Composition and Microbial Community Structure of Tobacco-Growing Soil in Yuxi

Xingsong WANG, Na WANG, Yu DU, Peng ZHOU, Ge WANG, Meng JIA, Zhaoli XU, Yuxiang BAI

2024, 26(8):  201-212.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0932

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In order to further clarify the effects of increased application of organic fertilizer on the microecological environment of tobacco-growing soil and its internal interaction， a field experiment was conducted to apply organic fertilizer （0， 3 000， 6 000 and 12 000 kg·hm^-2）. The effects on composition， physicochemical properties and microbial community characteristics of soil organic matter were studied. The results showed that increased application of organic fertilizer significantly increased pH， organic matter and available nutrient contents of tobacco-growing soil. With the increase of organic fertilizer application amount， the contents of soil particulate organic matter， water-soluble organic carbon， microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and light organic matter showed increasing trend， which organic matter content increased by 7%~28%， available potassium content increased by 10%~61%， microbial biomass carbon increased by 14%~20% and microbial biomass nitrogen increased more than 24%. The ACE indexes of bacteria and fungi in tobacco-planting soil were increased with the application of organic fertilizer. And the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Proteobacteria， Basidiomycetes， Cladosporium and Pseudomonas in soil were increased obviously. The relative abundances of Bryobacter and Haliangium decreased significantly， and were negatively correlated with active organic matter. In conclusion， the application of organic fertilizer stimulated the growth and propagation of soil microbial community， increased the active organic matter component of tobacco planting soil， and improved soil physical and chemical properties.

Effects of Combined Application of Biochar and Organic Fertilizer on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Community Characteristics in Apple Recropping Field

Jidong ZHANG, Yaxiong ZHANG, Wei CHENG, Li PU, Luhang LIU, Yaming WANG

2024, 26(8):  213-222.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0009

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In order to investigate the effect of biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer on the improvement of continuous apple nursery land， the effects of different ratios of biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of apple inter-root soils were investigated using high-throughput sequencing technology combined with soil physicochemical property analysis， using apple nursery land with 5 years of continuous cultivation. The results showed that the nutrient content of the soil increased significantly， and the pH and conductivity of soil increased significantly after the application of biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer. The quick-acting nutrient content of soil with 600 kg·hm^-2 of biomass charcoal increased significantly， and the contents of soil total nitrogen， alkaline nitrogen， available phosphorus， available potassium and organic carbon increased by 15.06%， 27.03%， 61.32%， 51.55% and 20.18%， respectively. In addition， biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer treatments increased the diversity and abundance of bacterial communities in soil and decreased the diversity and abundance of fungal communities， and the abundance of beneficial bacterial genera in soil were all significantly increased. The correlation analysis results showed that the soil organic carbon， available potassium and alkaline nitrogen had significant effects on bacterial community characteristics in soil， while fungal community characteristics were mainly affected by the soil total nitrogen， organic carbon and available potassium. In conclusion， the combination of biomass charcoal and organic fertilizer had a certain mitigating effect on the continuous crop barrier in apple nursery land， which improved the microenvironment of the soil and enhanced the soil quality.

Effect of Alfalfa Green Manure on Diversity and Function of Soil Bacteria in Apple Orchards in Tarim Basin

Feifei LIU, Wanrong HE, Qiang SUN, Linqiao XI, Jiean LIAO, Lu HAN

2024, 26(8):  223-233.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0942

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To explore the effect of planting cover crop alfalfa on the structure and function of soil bacterial community in apple orchards in the arid desert area of southern Xinjiang， the apple orchard intercropping alfalfa green manure （GMA） was as treatment with clear tillage （CT） as control， and 16S rDNA gene Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology and PICRUSt were used analyzed the structure and function of soil bacterial community in 0—20， 20—40 and 40—60 cm soil， respectively. The bacterial community structure， diversity and metabolic function were compared between GMA and CT treatments. The results showed that cover crop alfalfa could significantly affect the diversity of soil bacterial community in the orchards， and the bacterial copy number and richness index （Chao1 and ACE index）， diversity index （Shannon index） had been significantly improved. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria， Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in GMA treatment significantly increased than CT treatment， with 10.15%， 64.97% and 82.31%， respectively. According to PICRUST function prediction， cover crop alfalfa could significantly increase the relative abundance of bacterial functions in 0—20 cm soil layer of the orchard， with the more significant increase ranges in July and September， which could improve the ability of soil bacteria to biodegrade foreign matter and increase soil carbon and nitrogen metabolism. The correlation analysis between soil factors and microbial diversity indicated that the dominant bacteria plylums were positively correlated with total nitrogen， total carbon， available nitrogen and available potassium， and negatively correlated with pH. In conclusion， cover crop alfalfa in apple orchard could significantly change the composition of soil microbial communities， increase soil bacterial richness， diversity and copy number， significantly improved soil microbial functions， and played an important role in orchard soil maturation， promotion of material metabolism and fertility.