Table of Content

15 March 2025, Volume 27 Issue 3

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Analysis of Status and Development Trend on the Protection of New Agricultural Plant Varieties in China

Guobin JIANG

2025, 27(3):  1-11.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0797

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The protection of new plant varieties is crucial for implementing the national intellectual property strategy， which is important for protecting the rights and interests of breeders and promoting innovation in breeding. The progress and effectiveness of the protection of the new varieties of agricultural plants in China were overviewed. The various perspectives were examined， including policies and regulations， applications and authorizations， transformation and application， cooperation and exchange， protection and law enforcement， and technical support. Additionally， the existing problems were analyzed from 4 perspectives including the legislative process， genus （species） structure， regional development and application subject. And the countermeasures and suggestions were put forward， such as balancing legal interests， promoting the integration of industry， academia and research， promoting regional equilibrium， and improving examination efficiency etc， which should enhance the protection of new varieties and advance seed industrialization in China.

Research Progress on Key Application Scenario of Intelligent Orchard

Jianwei WU, Lin ZHANG, Wengang ZHENG, Xiangyang QIN, Zhonggao WU, Xihong FANG, Yongquan WANG, Tiangang LU, Jian WANG, Xiangshu PIAO, Fang WANG, Qiaoyun YUE, Haihe ZHANG, Jing JI, Xiaoman CONG, Qifeng LI

2025, 27(3):  12-23.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0816

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Intelligent orchards is a new production mode that deeply integrates modern information technology and intelligent equipment with all aspects of orchard production， achieving quantitative decision-making， precise input， digital and intelligent management. To enhance the digitalization level of the fruit industry， focusing on the latest research progress in key application scenarios of intelligent orchards，this paper analyzed the strategic position and layout significance of intelligent fruit industry in the process of agricultural modernization， and proposed several suggestions to promote the development of intelligent orchards based on the current research and application status in China. It also detaily elaborated the design and establishment of a intelligent orchard scenario in Beijing， which encompassing integrated environmental monitoring of the orchard’s “sky-ground” environment， integrated water and fertilizer input， machine-friendly intelligent equipment and a comprehensive management service platform. It aimed to create an efficient collaborative ecosystem from multiple dimensions， point the way for the future development of intelligent orchards， inject new vitality into the deep integration of rural revitalization and digital agriculture， and promote the improvement， efficiency and high-quality development of the fruit industry.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Progress in Creation of Rice Male Sterile Lines by CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Technology

Dabing YANG, Liang HU, Xueshu DU, Bingliang WAN, Mingyuan XIA, Huaxiong QI, Jinbo LI

2025, 27(3):  24-34.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0460

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CRISPR/Cas9 （clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9） gene editing technology could modify specific gene to achieve targeted improvement of interest traits， which has promising application prospect in crop genetic improvement. Hybrid rice breeding system based on male sterile lines is an important way to utilize rice heterosis. Editing rice male sterile genes can create new male sterile germplasm， which is helpful to enrich the genetic resources of hybrid rice sterile lines and take good advantage of rice heterosis. In this paper， the research progress of creating male sterile lines of rice by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was reviewed， and the future research direction of male sterile lines of rice was prospected， aiming to provide reference for the innovation and development of rice breeding technology.

Research on Core Technology of Crop Biological Breeding Based on the Perspective of Core Patent Identification

Qian JIA, Sa YE, Hui ZHANG, Limin CHUAN, Jingjuan ZHAO

2025, 27(3):  35-48.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0683

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Biological breeding is the core of seed industry innovation and an important measure to tackle key technology of seed sources. Clarifying the core technology of crop biological breeding has guiding significance for China’s strategic deployment of breeding technology research and development （R&D）， cracking the “bottleneck” problems of seed sources， achieving modernization of the seed industry， and country construction with powerful seed industry. Based on the Derwent Innovation patent database， the core characteristics measurement index （CCI） was constructed based on core technical features， and combined expert intelligence to identify core patents in the field of crop biological breeding. Through quantitative analysis and text mining， the layout overview of core patents in the field was analyzed from the perspectives of R&D institutions， layout areas， and technology distribution， and R&D hotspots and key points evolution trends of core technologies in crop biological breeding were concluded. Furthermore， five core technology themes of crop biological breeding had been identified with expert analysis， and prospects for the future research and industrialization of biological breeding in China were presented based on transgenic technology and genome editing technology according to the current development status of crop biological breeding core technology in China.

Function Analysis of Soybean Expansin Gene GmEXLA1 inPlantPod and Seed Development

Na LI, Hua ZHANG, Xinzhu XING, Zhenqi SHAO, Zhanwu YANG, Xihuan LI, Caiying ZHANG

2025, 27(3):  49-59.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0111

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Expansin is a kind of protein that can expand the plant cells by loosening the cell wall and releasing the intracellular expansion pressure. Expansin plays an important role in plant growth， development and resistances to diverse stresses. However， the role of expansin in pod and seed development remains unclear. In view of this， an expansin gene GmEXLA1 was cloned and analyzed in this study， and the gene function in pod and seed development was studied. The results showed that GmEXLA1 was predominantly expressed in soybean pod and seed， with an open reading frame length of 780 bp which encoding 259 amino acids. The amino acids from 1 to 19 were the signal peptide of the expansin GmEXLA1， and GmEXLA1 possessed 2 conserved domains of expansins which were necessary for their expanding functions. The subcellular localization analysis showed that the expansin GmEXLA1 was localized in plant cell wall. Further analysis showed that the overexpression of GmEXLA1 significantly increased the pod length， width and seed weight of transgenic Arabidopsis， with the seed weight increased by 61.2%~80.6%. On the contrary， the nonsense mutation of GmEXLA1 significantly reduced soybean pod length， seed length， width and weight， with the decreases of seed-length， -width and -weight 13.5%， 7.0% and 25.6%， respectively. These results indicated that the expansin gene GmEXLA1 played an important role in plant pod and seed developmental processes. In addition， the allelic variation analysis of GmEXLA1 showed 15 SNPs in different soybean germplasms， with an upstream SNP （A/G） presenting significantly different distribution frequencies between the wild and cultivated soybeans （A85% vs A38%； G15% vs G62%）. Above results provided important functional expansin gene for the improvement of soybean yield related traits via the biological breeding technology.

Establishment of Comprehensive Evaluation System of Pepper Germplasm Resources on Heat Tolerance at Seedling Stage

Gang LEI, Rong FANG, Kunhua ZHOU, Xuejun CHEN, Xinjie YUAN, Yueqin HUANG, Gege LI, Yuanyuan XIE, Xiaomin SONG

2025, 27(3):  60-70.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0391

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To establish the comprehensive evaluation system of pepper seedlings on heat tolerance， 30 pepper germplasms were randomly divided into 2 groups， which were used for heat resistance predictive model construction （containing 20 materials） and model validation （10 materials）， respectively. The high temperature environment was set in artificial climate chamber. The 10 morphological and physiological indexes of pepper seedlings were determined， and the heat tolerance of pepper seedlings were evaluated by principal component， subordinate function， cluster analysis and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that among the 10 indexes， 8 indexes were significantly affected by high temperature， which could be transformed into 3 independent comprehensive indexes and the accumulative contribution rate was 76.474%. The 20 materials were divided into 4 categories： heat-resistance， medium heat-resistance， medium heat-sensitivity and heat-sensitivity by systematic clustering method based on the comprehensive evaluation value （D value）. The prediction equation was constructed by stepwise regression analysis， and the heat tolerance of the test materials was predicted by this equation. The predicted values were significantly correlated with the D value， indicating that this equation was reliable for predicting the heat resistance of pepper seedlings， and could be used to evaluate heat-tolerance of pepper at seedling stage. By comparing the heat injury index （HII） identification method and the comprehensive evaluation method to identify the heat resistance of pepper seedlings， it was found that the identification results of the 2 methods were generally similar. The HII method was insufficient to distinguish the heat-tolerance of moderately tolerant materials， but because of its intuition and convenience， it could be used as a reliable index for heat-tolerance identification， and used for preliminary evaluation of heat-tolerance.

Identification and Expression Analysis of Calmodulin-binding Transcription Activator （CAMTA） Family Genes in Tea Plants

Jinxian LIU, Lijuan WANG, Jie LIU, Xianyu FU, Guangheng WU

2025, 27(3):  71-82.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0591

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In order to understand calmodulin-binding transcription activator （CAMTA） family members in tea plants and explore their expression characteristics， the CsCAMTAs were identified in the whole genome of tea plants， and their physicochemical properties， gene structure， domain， conserved motif order， phylogenetic relationship and cis-acting elements were analyzed by bioinformatics method， and the expression of CsCAMTAs in different tissues， under different hormone treatments and bacterial stress were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that a total of 10 CsCAMTAs members were identified with 10 motifs， which distributed in 6 chromosomes and all localized in the nucleus. The sizes of different CsCAMTAs gene were different with the number of amino acids from 124 to 1 419， the isoelectric points of the coding protein were from 4.976 to 9.820， and only 1 was weak hydrophobic protein， the others were hydrophilic proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CsCAMTAs were clustered into 4 groups， with 4 homologous gene pairs， and the homologous gene pairs had high similarity in gene structure， conserved domain， number of conserved motifs and relative position. The promoter region of CsCAMTAs contained 34 cis-acting elements associated with light response， hormone induction， and biotic stress. The expression analysis results showed that the expressions of CsCAMTAs in different tissues were significantly different. CsCAMTA1， 3，4， 7， 8， 10 had higher expression level in mature leaves. Except for CsCAMTA5， which was not induced by methyl jasmonate， the others were induced by methyl jasmonate， abscisic acid， salicylic acid and tea wheel spot pathogen， which indicated that CsCAMTAs not only participated in the regulation of tea plants growth and development， but also participated in the response of tea plants to bacteria and hormones.

Effects of Astragalus Feed Additive on Growth Performance， Serum Ig， Rumen Fermentation and Microbiota of Lambs

Pengyang SHAO, Yuzhu SHA, Xiu LIU, Guoshun CHEN, Caiye ZHU, Jiqing WANG, Fanxiong WANG, Xiaowei CHEN, Wenxin YANG

2025, 27(3):  83-94.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0667

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To investigate the effects of Astragalus additive on immunity， rumen fermentation function and rumen microbiota structure of early weaned lambs， 30 healthy early weaned lambs （45 d） with similar body weight （14.63±1.22 kg） were selected for feeding experiment. The control group was fed the basal diet， and the Astragalus group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.3% Astragalus additive. After the experiment， the body weight， serum immunoglobulin （Ig） content， rumen microbiota characteristics and fermentation parameters of lambs were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the daily gain of lambs in Astragalus group was higher than that in control group， but the difference was not significant. IgA and IgM contents of serum in Astragalus group were significantly higher than those in control group. Rumen volatile fatty acids （VFAs） contents in Astragalus group were significantly higher than those in control group. Among VFAs， the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid in Astragalus group were extremely significant difference with those in control group. And ammonia nitrogen （NH₃-N） content in Astragalus group was also extremely significantly higher than that in control group. Gastric microbial 16S rRNA analysis showed that there were significant differences between Astragalus group and control group. At the phylum level， the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in Astragalus group was extremely significantly higher than that in control group， and the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the Astragalus group was extremely significantly lower than that in control group. At the genus level， the relative abundances of Prevotella and Succiniclasticum in Astragalus group were extremely significantly higher than those in control group. Microbial gene and function prediction results showed that the pathways of energy metabolism， glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly enriched in Astragalus group. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between rumen microbiota and fermentation products VFAs and Ig. Therefore， Astragalus as a feed additive could enhance the immunity of lambs， improve the structure of rumen microbiota， increase rumen fermentation capacity， and alleviate the stress response of early weaned lambs.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Influence of Drying Parameters on Hot Air Drying Rate and Energy Consumption of Rice

Guoliang ZHONG, Lin WAN, Gang CHE, Hao TANG, Tianqi QU, Qilin ZHANG

2025, 27(3):  95-103.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0662

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Aiming at the problems of high energy consumption and low drying efficiency in the hot air drying process of rice.， taking ‘Daohuaxiang’ rice as the research object， the drying energy consumption and drying efficiency of rice at different initial moisture contents under different drying parameters were measured to determine the optimal plan at different parameter levels. The multi factor orthogonal experimental study showed that the influence on the drying rate of rice ranges from strong to weak were hot air temperature， hot air speed， and initial moisture content， respectively. The impact on unit drying energy consumption ranges from strong to weak were hot air temperature， initial moisture content， and hot air speed， respectively. The optimal drying parameters were hot air temperature of 50 ℃， hot air wind speed of 0.7 m·s^-1， initial moisture content of 19%， drying rate of 5.28%·h^-1， and drying energy consumption of 5 565.03 kJ·kg^-1. Therefore， optimizing the drying process and drying parameters not only improved the drying rate but also reduced drying energy consumption.

Research on Rice Variety Identification Based on Hyperspectral Technology and Principal Component Analysis

Lintao CHEN, Zhaoxiang LIU, Ying LAN, Xiangwei MOU, Xu MA, Rijun WANG

2025, 27(3):  104-111.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0640

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In order to rapidly and accurately identificate rice germplasm resources， an efficient identification method was developed based on hyperspectral analysis. Taking 9 rice varieties in the South China rice region as experimental samples， the hyperspectral reflectances of 2 700 seeds were obtained by spectrometer， and principal component analysis （PCA） was used to reduce the dimensionality of the hyperspectral data. To explore the optimal number of principal components in PCA， this paper compared the effect of combining different principal component numbers and discriminant analysis methods （linear discriminant， quadratic discriminant， and Markov distance discriminant） in establishing a rice variety recognition model based on seed hyperspectral data. Principal component analysis on full band data samples was performed， 3 variety discrimination models for prediction were established using 2~20 principal components as feature variables and the accuracy of the prediction set as an evaluation indicator， and their effects were compared. The results showed that if taking the cumulative contribution rate≥85% as evaluation criterion， 2 principal components were selected， and the accuracy rates of the 3 models prediction sets were 32.14%， 38.69% and 33.73%， respectively； when using eigenvalues≥1 as standard， 11 principal components were selected， and the accuracy rates of the prediction sets were 68.21%， 87.33%， and 83.18%， respectively； considering the accuracy of the model， 20 principal components were selected and the accuracy of the prediction set was 84.99%， 95.71%， and 95.32%， respectively. The rice hyperspectral variety recognition model established using principal component analysis and discriminant analysis methods was feasible， but the different number of principal components and DA method evaluation standards resulted in significantly different recognition effectiveness. When the number of principal components was same， the quadratic discriminant analysis method had the best recognition effect among 3 discriminant standards. The best combination was 20 principal components+quadratic discriminant analysis method， and the accuracy of the prediction was 95.71%. The research on rice variety recognition based on hyperspectral technology and principal component analysis could quickly identify different rice varieties and had high application value.

Calibration and Validation of Discrete Element Model for Camelliaoleifera Seed Meal

Jing XU, Han LI, Pinglu CHEN, Jiangni LUO, Chenglu TANG, Muhua LIU

2025, 27(3):  112-121.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0687

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Accurately obtaining the discrete element simulation model parameters of organic fertilizer for Camellia oleifera seed meal （COSM） is the key for optimizing the design of the COSM fertilization device using simulation methods. Taking the COSM with water content of 2.88% as the research object， and “Hertz-Mindlin with JKR” in EDEM software as the contact model， the range of static friction coefficient and rolling friction coefficient between COSM and stainless steel were determined by a friction coefficient meter. Other parameters that were difficult to measure， such as the Poisson's ratio and shear modulus of COSM， were obtained by contact friction test combining the GEMM material library， to provide a horizontal selection for the Plackett-Burman test. Through the Plackett-Burman experiment， 3 from 9 parameters were selected that more significantly impacted stacking angle including COSM， the static friction coefficient of COSM-COSM， the static friction coefficient of COSM-stainless steel and the rolling friction coefficient of COSM-COSM. Then， according to the results of the steepest climbing test to further using the organic fertilizer accumulation angle of COSM as the response value， a second-order regression model was obtained based on the Box-Behnken experiment to determine the accumulation angle and significance parameters.Using the stacking angle of 35.42° measured in physical experiments as the response target， seek the optimal solution to the regression equation， and the optimal parameter combination was obtained as： the static friction coefficient of COSM-COSM of 1.01， the static friction coefficient of COSM-stainless steel of 0.34， and the rolling friction coefficient of COSM-COSM of 0.20. The simulation experiments of stacking and mold hole compression were conducted under the condition of optimal solutin， it was found thatthe relative error between the simulated stacking angle and the physical test results was found to be 2.96%， and the stacking shape had a high degree of similarity. The relative error between the simulated extrusion force and the actual die hole compression test was 1.79%， which verified that the calibrated parameters were accurate.The research results provided theoretical references for analyzing the complex interaction between the COSM and fertilizer equipment and designing a high-efficiency and precise fertilizer equipment.

Research on Design and Optimization of Ring Winding Mechanism for Trunk Bandages

Changlong FENG, Chenyang NING, Yixin ZHU, Shuping LI, Chunguang HUANG

2025, 27(3):  122-132.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0691

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With the increasing number of foreign trees introduced into landscape greening construction in various regions， wrapping cold resistant trees with bandages is an important measure to avoid frostbite in cold weather. In order to achieve efficient， high-quality and low energy consumption in bandage wrapping， this article calculated the optimal overlap of bandages， designed and optimized the parameters of the circular winding mechanism. A bandage model was established using the discrete element method， and the heat conduction module in EDEM was used to simulate the heat transfer of tree trunks at an ambient temperature of -19 ℃（253 K） for 8 h， multiple sets of different bandage overlaps were set， and the bandage overlap required for tree trunks not to be frostbitten was obtained as 1/2. Solid works software was used to model the C-shaped rotating ring， a key component of the winding mechanism， and the model was imported into ADAMS for dynamic simulation of winding rotation. A response surface test was designed based on the design factors of ring width， ring thickness， and modulus， with the stress and mass as the response values. Based on the data obtained from ADAMS simulation， a regression equation for stress and mass was constructed and variance analysis was performed on the experimental data to obtain the optimal structural parameters： ring width of 109.352 mm， ring thickness of 70 mm， modulus of 4.5 mm. Under this parameter combination， the stress was 15.589 MPa and the mass was 51.905 kg. The feasibility of kinematic simulation and optimization design was verified through verification test and prototype test. The above results provided some references for the design and development of tree insulation protection and bandage wrapping devices.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Research Progress on Pathogenic Mechanism， Host Molecule Response， and Prevention and Control Methods of Soybean Phytophthora sojae

Bing YANG

2025, 27(3):  133-142.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0218

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Phytophthora sojae is a an important pathogen threating agricultural production， and it can cause Phytophthora root rot （PRR） in soybean， which is difficult to control and cause significant yield losses every year. In order to develop more effective prevention and control strategies and achieve effective control， the pathogenic mechanism and host molecular response of soybean Phytophthora were summarized， and the disease resistance characteristics of soybean and current strategies for controlling soybean Phytophthora were introduced， mainly including resistant variety breeding， chemical control， agricultural control， biological control and comprehensive control. The advantages and disadvantages of different control measures were analyzed， and the sustainable alternative solutions for controlling PRR was further explored， which should provided theoretical basis for the sustainable development of the soybean industry.

Bacteriostatic Activity and Mechanism of Action of Rhizoma Coptidis Extracts on Staphylococcus aureus

Jin ZHOU, Haiyun LIANG, Jiahui SUN, Shuhan ZHANG, Liya SONG

2025, 27(3):  143-152.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0132

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In order to understand the bacteriostatic mechanism of rhizoma coptidis extract （RCE） on Staphylococcus aureus， the mechanism of action of RCE on Staphylococcus aureus was explored through growth curve， oxidative damage experiment， cell wall membrane analysis， protein analysis and DNA analysis. The results showed that RCE had a significant inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.60 mg·mL^-1. RCE induced an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species level of Staphylococcus aureus by 506.90%， an increase in extracellular β-galactosidase activity and nucleic acids by 258.28% and 23.82%， respectively， and also a significant amount of propidium iodide fluorescent staining than that of the control； the amount of total protein synthesis， cellular metabolic vigor and succinic dehydrogenase activity decreased by 30.83%， 30.89% and 54.05%， respectively. Ultraviolet absorption spectra and competitive fluorescence spectra of genomic DNA suggested that the RCE could be either groove-bound or electrostatically bound to Staphylococcus aureus DNA. As the above shows， RCE mainly achieved its bacteriostatic effect by increasing the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species and destroying the integrity and permeability of the cell wall membrane. Above results provided references for the comprehensive development and utilization of rhizoma coptidis and its application in the field of feed supplement.

FOOD QUALITY & PROCESSING AND STORAGE

Study on Differences in Phenolic Composition and Content of Pear Fruit

Xiaofeng ZHOU, Xiangyu LI, Lan FENG, Cuiyun WU

2025, 27(3):  153-161.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0729

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In order to further clarify the spatial distribution characteristics of phenolic content in pear fruits， Wanxiu and 85-8-13 were as the test materials， and the distribution differences of total flavonoids， total phenols and phenolic composition content in different parts of pear fruits were investigated by UV spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the total phenol and total flavonoid contents in different parts of Wanxiu and 85-8-13 fruits were all showed peel>kernel>pulp （upper， middle， lower， inner and outer）， and the total phenol and total flavonoid contents in all parts of 85-18-13 fruits were significantly higher than those of Wanxiu. A total of 13 phenolics substances including arbutin， catechin， chlorogenic acid， epicatechin， rutin， quercetin glucoside， quercetin rhamnoside， kaempferol-dideoxyhexoside， kaempferol-3-O-glucoside， kaempferol-3-O-6-acetylglucoside， isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside， isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside， campheferol-3-O-rutinoside were detected in pear fruit， among which， Wanxiu fruit had a wide variety of phenolic substances components and 85-18-13 had higher content of phenolic substances fraction. The distribution of various phenolic substances in pear fruits showed peel>kernel>pulp， and the content of arbutin in the pulp near the pedicel was higher than those in other parts of fruit， and the contents of chlorogenic acid and epicatechin were higher in the pulp near the calyx pits. Comprehensive evaluation of the main components showed that the score of peel was much higher than those of kernel and pulp， the contents of phenolics in pulp near fruit centre and calyx pits of Wanxiu were higher， while the contents of phenolics in pulp near fruit peduncle and calyx pits of 85-8-13 were slightly higher than those of the rest of the parts. Above results provided a supplement and reference for pear quality control and genetic improvement.

Analysis of Flavor Differences of Black Sesame Seeds at Different Roasting Levels Based on GC-IMS Technique

Wenjun RAO, Xin LI, Linghua OUYANG, Shuilan ZHU, Linfeng YUAN, Jinying ZHOU

2025, 27(3):  162-171.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0724

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In order to investigate the effect of roasting on the flavor of black sesame， gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） was used to analyze the flavor differences among unroasted， lightly roasted， moderately roasted and heavily roasted black sesame. The results showed that the black sesame samples with different roasting degrees could be better distinguished by GC-IMS technique， and a total of 52 volatile flavor substances were characterized by GC-IMS. Aldehydes， ketones and esters contributed to the flavor of roasted black sesame， and their types and contents increased gradually with the roasting process. Pyrazines， pyrroles and furans were the main aroma of roasted black sesame， showing strong nutty， roasted and burnt aromas， and their contents were higher in the later stages of roasting. The multivariate statistical analysis was able to effectively discriminate between black sesame samples with different roasting degrees， and 13 different aroma compounds were screened out. The cluster analysis based on 13 different compounds showed similar results with GC-IMS result. In conclusion， the flavor fingerprint profiles of black sesame at different roasting levels were constructed using GC-IMS technique， which provided theoretical references for the roasting process and quality improvement of black sesame.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Influence of Straw Returning Method on Soil Moisture Curve

Yangchen MI, Zheng ZHAO, Chengyu WANG, Lina YAN, Qiuping FENG, Shuxia LIU, Shijie LIU

2025, 27(3):  172-182.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0695

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To select targeted and effective straw returning methods， a combination of long-term positioning experiments and indoor analysis were conducted to explore the changes in soil moisture characteristic curves under different straw returning methods. 7 treatments were set up including conventional tillage （CK）， straw tillage （SO）， straw rotation tillage （SR）， straw mixture returning （SCM）， straw cover returning （SM）， straw high stubble returning （HSR） and straw strip returning （SP）. By screening suitable models for moisture characteristic curves， studying soil moisture constants and specific water capacity， the influence of straw returning methods on soil water holding capacity was elucidated. The results showed that using Gardner， Rational and exponential models to fit the measured data， it was found that the Gardner equation had a good fitting effect， with small root mean square error， absolute mean error and relative variance. The determination coefficients （R²） were all greater than 0.990 0， making it a suitable soil moisture curve model. Through the soil moisture characteristic curve equation， it was found that the soil moisture content was highest when the suction of soil water was low in the pressure film instrument. As the pressure value continued to increase， the soil moisture content showed a decreasing trend. The height of the curve represented the size of the soil water holding capacity，and the results of each treatment in the 0 to 20 cm cultivation layer were SO>SR>SCM>SM>HSR>SP>CK， and the results of 20 to 40 cm were SO>SCM>SR>SM>HSR>SP>CK. The straw returning treatment increased compared to CK， indicating that the water holding capacity of the SO treatment was higher. Returning straw to the field could improve soil water holding capacity. The moisture characteristic curve of SO treatment was relatively high， and the soil water holding capacity was the best. It could be used as a suitable straw returning method for the western region of Northeast China.

Characteristics of Water Infiltration and Evaporation Under Different Modes of Mixing Between Soil and Sand Based on HYDRUS-1D

Licheng WANG, Zhu ZHU, Qianqian KONG, Yongqian PENG, Yongxin LU, Lianyong ZHU

2025, 27(3):  183-193.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0496

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Wind-eroded deserts and oasis farmlands are typical manifestations of Xinjiang’s dryland surface landscape， and water scarcity has become an important limiting factor for local agricultural development. In order to reveal the water movement patterns under different sand blending modes of soils， the water movement characteristics of 3 soil sand blending modes， namely， surface sand cover （TF）， deep buried sand （TG） and shallow mixed sand （TH）， were investigated based on ponding infiltration tests and combined with HYDRUS-1D software， using a homogeneous loam as control （CK）. The results showed that the measured and simulated values of cumulative infiltration were in good agreement， with coefficients of determination （ R²） ranging from 0.998 1 to 0.999 3 and root mean square errors （RMSE） ranging from 0.135 3 to 0.220 4. The HYDRUS-1D numerical model had good applicability and reliability for the inversion of soil hydraulic parameters under ponded infiltration conditions. TF， TG and TH reduced the infiltration time by 29.6%， -0.8% and 40.0%， respectively， compared to CK. TF and TH could significantly reduce the infiltration time （P<0.05）. The effect of TF and TG on cumulative infiltration was not significant， while TH significantly reduced cumulative infiltration （P<0.05）. The sand incorporation pattern had a significant effect on both the wetting front and the cumulative infiltration. The cumulative evaporation of TF， TG and TH increased by -17.47%， -1.89% and 40.82%， respectively， compared to CK over 214 d. TH significantly increased soil water evaporation loss （P<0.05）， TF significantly inhibited soil evaporation （P<0.05） and TG had no significant effect on soil evaporation. Considering the current situation of water shortage in the region， the agronomic management measure of surface layer of sand mulch was recommended in filmless cultivation of crops in southern Xinjiang by taking integrating the characteristics of water movement under different modes of soil sand mixing into acount.

Effect of Oxygenated Water Input on Nitrogen Nitrification and Mineralization in Sandy Soil

Yupeng ZHAO, Yaozu FENG, Zhiguo WANG, Yanbo FU, Bolang CHEN, Qingyong BIAN, Xiaojuan RAO

2025, 27(3):  194-205.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0534

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To study the effect of oxygenated water input on nitrogen transformation in sandy soil， using indoor soil cultivation experiments， the effects of 4 different oxygenated water inputs， namely conventional water （SCK）， natural air oxygenation and aeration （SD1）， 33% oxygenation and aeration （SD2） and 90% oxygenation and aeration （SD3）， on the nitrification and mineralization of sandy soil were studied. The dynamic changes in nitrate nitrogen （NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N） and ammonium nitrogen （NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N） content were evaluated using nitrification kinetics equations， and the initial consumption rate（V₀），the maximum consumption rate（V_max） of NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N and the time it taking to reach the maximum consumption rate （T_Vmax）were compared. The results showed that among the 4 treatments， the V₀ of SD3 treatment was the highest， which was 2.79 mg·kg^-1·d^-1，and the T_Vmax was the shortest，which was 3.56 d. Under the same oxygenation conditions， the net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rate of sandy soil showed an increasing trend with time， while the net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates of sandy soil showed a decreasing trend with time. Under the same cultivation period， the changes in net nitrogen mineralization， net nitrogen mineralization rate， nitrification rate and net nitrification rate of sandy soil all showed a relationship with SCK<SD1<SD2<SD3 . After 49 d of cultivation， the net nitrogen mineralization of SD3 treatment reached 18.83 mg·kg^-1， which was 10.12 times that of SCK treatment （1.86 mg·kg^-1）. From the perspective of different treatment effects， the nitrogen conversion effect is best when using 90% oxygenation and aeration（SD3）. Above results provided a theoretical basis for studying the effects of different oxygen enrichment treatments on different soil types of oxygen and nitrogen in the field.

Effects of Foliar Spraying of Different Selenium Fertilizers on Selenium Content， Selenium Speciation and Components in Rice

Lecheng SHEN, Zhigang WEN, Han LIAO, Xianbiao LIU, Yaocong JIANG, Yuancong ZHANG, Ting LIU, Mei WANG

2025, 27(3):  206-215.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0678

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To study the effects of foliar spraying of different selenium fertilizer on the selenium content and speciation， components of rice， Jingliangyou 1468 was selected to conduct the field experiments， with the inorganic selenium and nano selenium application treatments as experimental groups while water spraying as the control group（CK）. The differences in selenium content and speciation of various parts of rice among different treatments were determined and analyzed， as wall as the components of rice. The results showed that there were significant differences in the accumulation of selenium in various parts of rice， and the enrichment pattern of selenium in rice was as follows： root>stem and leaf>unpolished rice>rice husk. After spraying inorganic selenium and nano selenium， the selenium content of rice increased by 93.4% and 132.5%， respectively， compared to CK. There were differences in the forms of selenium in different parts of rice at the maturity stage， mainly in the form of organic selenium， among which selenomethionine （SeMet） accounted for the highest proportion， ranging from 47.0% to 84.5%. After spraying inorganic selenium and nano selenium， the organic selenium content of rice paddy significantly increased by 84.0% and 129.7%， respectively， compared to CK. Compared with CK， the 2 kinds of selenium had no significant effect on the amylose and protein contents of rice， while the arsenic content of rice decreased by 56.9% and 61.8%， the mercury content decreased by 79.7% and 54.2%， and the lead content decreased by 25.0% and 27.2%， respectively. In summary， the application of inorganic selenium and nano selenium increased the total selenium and organic selenium contents in rice. Compared to inorganic selenium， treatment with nano-selenium could lead to a higher content of organic selenium in rice. Moreover， these 2 kinds of selenium application had no effect on the amylose and protein contents of rice， but they both contributed to further reducing the arsenic， lead， and mercury contents of rice. Therefore， nano selenium as a fertilizer in producing selenium-enriched rice might resulted in better health effects， which provided theoretical foundation for the production of selenium-enriched rice.

Effects of Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer with Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Soil Properties of Fritillaria hupehensis

Darong LI, Xiaoling LI, Wuxian ZHOU, Meide ZHANG, Xiaogang JIANG, Jinwen YOU, Hua WANG

2025, 27(3):  216-226.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0405

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To investigate the effects of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer on the growth and quality of Fritillaria hupehensis， a field experiment was designed with Fritillaria hupehensis as materials. 5 treatments were set up， including application of mineral fertilizers alone （CK） and organic fertilizer substitute 10% （T1）， 20% （T2）， 30% （T3） and 40%（T4） chemical nitrogen， and the morphological and physiological characteristics， yield， quality and rhizospheric soil properties of Fritillaria hupehensis under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that the stem diameter， fresh weight and yield of Fritillaria hupehensis were the highest under T4 treatment， which were significantly increased by 60.13%， 69.46% and 106.96%， respectively， compared with CK. T1~T4 treatments significantly increased the SPAD value， with an increase of 64.62%~93.05% compared with CK. The soil pH in T3 and T4 treatments was significantly increased compared with CK. The soil urease activity and sucrase activity in T3 treatment were significantly higher than other treatments， with an increase of 47.17% and 19.06%， respectively， compared with CK. The alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in T1 and T2 treatments than that in CK， with an increase of 131.63% and 306.44%， respectively. The flavonoid content in T1~T4 treatments was significantly lower than that in CK. The content of soluble protein and total alkaloid in T2~T4 treatments were significantly lower than that in CK， with a decrease of 5.70%~15.46% and 22.79%~30.85%， respectively. The polysaccharide contents in T3 and T4 treatments were 1.67 and 2.06 times higher than that in CK， respectively. In summary， substituting partial nitrogen with organic fertilizers effectively promoted the growth of Fritillaria hupehensis and increased the yield， and the larger the nitrogen substitution ratio， the better the effect. However， substituting partial nitrogen with organic fertilizers had a negative effect on the accumulation of secondary metabolites. In addition， substituting partial nitrogen with organic fertilizers could alter the soil enzyme activities and pH， and had a positive impact on the growth of Fritillaria hupehensis. In general， substituting 30%~40% chemical nitrogen with organic fertilizer showed the best effect.

Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Combined with Polyaspartic Acid on Nitrogen Utilization， Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

Junya DUAN, Yuanyuan ZHAO, Tingting WANG, Jianyu WEI, Zheng WANG, Dexun WANG, Juan LI, Hongzhi SHI

2025, 27(3):  227-238.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0553

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In order to determine the effect of polyaspartic acid （PASP） on the efficiency and quality of flue-cured tobacco production under the condition of reduced nitrogen application， a split-plot experiment was conducted with ‘Honghua Dajinyuan’ as the test material. 4 nitrogen application treatments were set up， including the conventional nitrogen application （N1） and nitrogen reduction rates of 10% （N2）， 15% （N3） and 20% （N4） on the basis of conventional nitrogen application. At the same time， 0.0% （P1）， 2.5% （P2）， 5.0% （P3） and 7.5% （P4） PASP were applied， respectively. The effects of PASP on nitrogen utilization， yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco under nitrogen reduction were studied. The results showed that， with the decrease of nitrogen application rate， the growth and development of tobacco plants became weaker， the SPAD value， nitrogen absorption and accumulation， yield and nitrogen apparent utilization decreased， the nitrogen physiological utilization increased， the sugar content of flue-cured tobacco leaves increased， the nicotine and total nitrogen content decreased， and the smoking power became smaller. Under same nitrogen conditions， with the increase of PASP ratio， the agronomic indexes of tobacco plants were significantly improved. Compared with no PASP， SPAD value and yield of P4 treatment increased by 10.08%~18.44% and 7.54%~9.44%， respectively， and the apparent utilization rate and agronomic utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer were increased by 56.21%~72.59% and 21.61%~28.38%， respectively. The smoking quality of tobacco leaves of PASP treatments under nitrogen reduction condition was better. In conclusion， the yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco leaves treated with 5.0% PASP under the condition of 15% nitrogen reduction were similar to the conventional nitrogen application without adding PASP treatment， and the nitrogen utilization rate increased， the quality of flue-cured tobacco was better.

Effects of Irrigation Lower Limit and Fertilizer Application Amount on Water Consumption and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Mini Chinese Cabbage Under Drip Irrigation

Yanxia MA, Jingru CHEN, Xiaowei WANG, Yuxin ZHANG, Junfeng ZHANG, Jialin KUAI

2025, 27(3):  239-249.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0597

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In order to explore the scientific irrigation and fertilization system of water saving， fertilizer saving， high yield and high efficiency of mini Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekinensis） in cold-cool irrigation area of Hexi， the mini Chinese cabbage planted in autumn were the research object， ‘Gold Queen’ was used as a test material， and the effects of different water levels （low， H1； middle， H2； high， H3） combined with 3 fertilizer levels （low， F1； middle， F2； high， F3） on water consumption， photosynthetic characteristics and yield of mini Chinese cabbage under drip irrigation were studied. The results showed that irrigation， fertilization， water and fertilizer coupling all affected the water consumption， photosynthetic characteristics and yield of mini Chinese cabbage. The water consumption intensity of mini Chinese cabbage reached the maximum at the early stage of heading under different water and fertilizer coupling effects. The water consumption intensity of low water， medium water and high water treatment was 0.003 2， 0.003 3 and 0.003 4 m³·d^-1·m^-2， respectively. Under the water and fertilizer coupling mode， the treatment of medium water and fertilizer increased the chlorophyll content， leaf net photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance， transpiration rate and economic yield by 4.4%， 10.4%， 27.3%， 23.6% and 62.3% respectively， and decreased the intercellular CO₂ concentration by 3.0%， compared with the treatment of low water and low fertilizer. Comprehensive analysis showed that the suitable water and fertilizer coupling mode of autumn mini Chinese cabbage in cold-cool irrigation area of Hexi corridor in Gansu province was as follows： the lower limit of irrigation was 70% of field capacity， and the amounts of N， P₂O₅，_{K2O fertilizer were 330， 195， 450 kg·hm^-2. Above results provided theoretical bases and technical supports for water and fertilizer management of autumn mini Chinese cabbage in Hexi cold-cool irrigation area.}