Table of Content

15 February 2025, Volume 27 Issue 2

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Integration of Blockchain and Agricultural Industry Chain：Advantages， Constraints and Countermeasures

Xiaohe LIANG, Ailian ZHOU, Nengfu XIE, Tong YUAN

2025, 27(2):  1-12.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0706

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Blockchain is one of the important digital technologies supporting the development of agricultural modernization， creating new opportunities for the transformation and upgrading of the agricultural industry chain. Combining the functions and characteristics of blockchain， the internal mechanism， development advantages and constraints of the integration of blockchain and modern agricultural industry chain were deeply analyzed. The modern agricultural industry chain was in line with the characteristics of blockchain application scenarios， and the development needs of the modern agricultural industry chain and the functions of the blockchain were naturally coupled， and the application of blockchain technology could effectively avoid information risks in many key areas of the modern agricultural industry chain brought about by information asymmetry， such as agricultural product quality and safety， intelligent production， supply chain finance and industrial chain governance. However， due to the complexity and uncertainty of the modern agricultural industry chain itself， the integration of blockchain technology and the modern agricultural industry chain were also facing challenges brought by technology research and development， application promotion and integration mode. In the future， it was necessary to focus on the research and development of blockchain underlying technology， the development of blockchain and modern agricultural industry chain integration support system and theoretical innovation， and effectively improved the integration efficiency of blockchain and modern agricultural industry chain.

Research Progress on Growth-promoting Mechanism and Application of Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria

Xueqing MA, Aoran JI, Jiaoli ZHENG, Chunxia CAO, Yan GONG, Daye HUANG, Beibei WANG

2025, 27(2):  13-23.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0654

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At present， the soil of cultivated land is facing problems such as continuous cropping obstacle， salinization and soil pollution， which seriously threaten crop yield and food security. The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria （PGPR） has a good application potential in improving crop yield， reducing disease and remediating soil. However， in the actual application process， the use of PGPR is seriously limited by unclear function mechanism， immaturity application technology and unstable effect. This paper systematically reviewed the classification， growth-promoting mechanism， application effect and technology of PGPR， analyzed the existing problems in this field and discussed the development direction of PGPR in the future， which would provide new ideas and theoretical support for the application and research of PGPR in the future.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Recent Advances of CRISPR-Cas System in Genome Editing of Bacillus subtilis

Zhikang SUN, Liqun LI, Jie HAO, Han WU, Na WU, Chao ZHENG, Qiang JI, Xuanwen LI, Chen CHEN

2025, 27(2):  24-32.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0260

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Bacillus subtilis is a food safety microorganism， which has been widely used in industrial fermentation. CRISPR （clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats） mediated genome editing technology has played an important role in the research of microbial metabolic engineering with B. subtilis as the chassis cell. The immune response mechanism and classification of CRISPR-Cas system were introduced， as well as the 3 types of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in B. subtilis. It focused on summarizing the latest CRISPR development and design strategies， with a view to providing references for optimizing existing B. subtilis genome editing systems， thereby improving the industrial application potential of B. subtilis.

Research on AMF Regulation of Cotton Growth and Ion Balance Under Salt Alkali Stress

Zicheng PENG, Hongli DU, Ming WANG, Fenghua ZHANG, Haichang YANG

2025, 27(2):  33-41.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0366

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To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） on ion absorption and movement of cotton seedlings under salt and alkali stress， the pot experiment was conducted. ‘Xinluzao 45’ was as material to inoculate Funneliformis mosseae， and the control was not inoculated AMF. The seedlings of 3-leaves were treated by salt and alkali stress with 0， 50， 100， 150， 200 mmol·L^-1， and the changes of seedling growth and ion content under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that， with the increase of salt and alkali stress， the root infection rate of cotton decreased gradually and the mycorrhizal dependence increased. With the increase of salinity and alkali stress， the biomass of cotton seedlings decreased gradually， and AMF inoculation could significantly promote the growth and development of cotton. Under various salt and alkali stress treatments， AMF inoculation significantly increased the biomass of cotton seedlings. The contents of Na⁺ and Na⁺/K⁺， Na⁺/Ca²⁺， Na⁺/Mg²⁺ in organs of cotton seedlings were significantly decreased， and the contents of K⁺， Ca²⁺， Mg²⁺ in organs of cotton seedlings were significantly increased. The transport of Na⁺ from underground to surface was decreased， while the transport of K⁺， Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from underground to surface was increased. In conclusion， salt and alkali stress could inhibit the transport of K⁺， Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from underground to above-ground. Inoculation with AMF inhibited the uptake and upward transport of Na⁺ by cotton roots， and promoted the uptake and upward transport of K⁺， Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ by cotton roots. Thus， Na⁺/K⁺， Na⁺/Ca²⁺， Na⁺/Mg²⁺ could be reduced， the damage of Na⁺ to cotton plants could be alleviated， and the growth and development of cotton seedlings can be promoted.

Dynamic Characteristics of Stem Growth and Sugar Accumulation of Sweet Sorghum at Late Growth Stage Under Soil Salt Stress

Tingting MA, Yanrong ZHAO, Yuqing WEI, Yuejuan WANG, Xuefei WANG, Erdong ZHANG

2025, 27(2):  42-50.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0430

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To study the characteristics of stem growth and sugar accumulation in sweet sorghum under soil salt stress in the later stage of growth， Liaotian 1 sweet Sorghum variety was used as the material， with 5 soil salt contents at 1.02， 2.15， 2.50， 3.00 and 4.59 g·kg^-1. The growth indicators and sugar content of stem during flag leaf stage， filling stage， dough stage and ripening stage were measured under different salt stresses， and comprehensive analysis and evaluation were conducted using analysis of variance and membership function method. The results showed that under the same soil salt stress， with the growth period progresses， the height and stem diameter of Liaotian 1 remained stable after the filling stage，the fresh weight and dry weight showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，brix， total sugar， and sucrose gradually accumulate，the contents of fructose and glucose showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. During the same growth stage， with the increase of soil salt content， the height， stem diameter， fresh weight， dry weight， brix， total sugar content and sucrose content of sweet Sorghum showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，the content of glucose and fructose continues to decrease；the plant height， stem diameter， fresh weight， dry weight， brix， and total sugar all reached their maximum values under a salt treatment of 2.15 g·kg^-1 . The sucrose content reached to maximum value under the salt treatment of 2.50 g·kg^-1 . When the soil salt content exceeded 3.00 g·kg^-1， the stem growth indicators and sugar content significantly decreased. Therefore， an appropriate soil salt content （2.15 g·kg^-1） could promote the growth and sugar accumulation in Liaotian 1. However， when the soil salt content exceeds 3.00 g·kg^-1， the growth and sugar accumulation of stems were inhibited， and the higher the soil salt content， the more significant the inhibitory effect. Above results provided a basis for the study of the stress resistance mechanism of sweet Sorghum and the development of cultivation techniques for planting sweet Sorghum on marginal lands such as saline alkali land.

Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Cyperusesculentus L. Under Salt and Drought Stress

Ningning WANG, Xuemei LUO, Mingyuan CHEN, Rui GUO, Jianguo LIU

2025, 27(2):  51-61.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0306

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In order to explore the alleviation effect of exogenous melatonin on seed germination and seedling growth of Cyperusesculentus under salt and drought stress， 0， 50， 100， 150， 200， 250 μmol·L^-1 melatonin were used to soak C. esculentus seeds， 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl solution was used to simulate salt stress， and 20% PEG-6000 solution was used to simulate drought stress. The germination index， lengths of radicle and germ， biomass accumulation and other indicators of C. esculentus seeds were measured and analyzed. The results showed that 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress and 20% PEG-6000 stress significantly inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of C. esculentus. 50~150 μmol·L^-1 melatonin promoted seed germination and seedling growth of C. esculentus under salt and drought stress， while 200~250 μmol·L^-1 melatonin inhibited seed germination and seedling growth. The salt-drought combined stress increased the degree of harm to seed germination and seedling growth of C. esculentus， while exogenous melatonin had positive effect on seed germination index， radicle and germ lengths of seedling， plant dry and fresh weight. In summary， exogenous melatonin promoted the seed germination and seedling growth of C. esculentus under salt-drought stress， and the concentration of 150 μmol·L^-1 had the best effect on seed germination under salt-drought combined stress， which could effectively reduce the negative effects of salt and drought on seed germination.

Separation and Identification of Metabolites and Metabolic Pathway Analysis in Different Vegetable Sweet Potato

Yixuan ZHANG, Huifeng LI, Yongmei HUANG, Yanqing LI, Jinfeng HUA, Jie YIN, Tianyuan CHEN, Dong XIAO, Yunchuan MO

2025, 27(2):  62-69.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0371

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To study the effects of metabolites on the growth and development of vegetable sweet potato， the stem tips of sweet potatoes were as materials， and liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer （LC-MC） was employed to identify and separate metabolic products of 6 sweet potato cultivars including Nanningcai， Fucaishu 18， Guicaishu 1， Guicaishu 2， Fushu 7-6 and Tainong 71. The differences of metabolic pathways were further discussed. The results revealed a total of 4 210 differential metabolites were detected across 6 sweet potato cultivars， with 2 229 up-regulated and 1 981 down-regulated， which showed that there were significant differences among different sweet potato cultivars. The primary metabolic pathways associated with differential metabolism included primary bile acid biosynthesis， indole alkaloid biosynthesis， flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis and tryptophan metabolism. The accumulation of differential metabolites and their respective metabolic pathways among different varieties had significant differences. Consequently， it was hypothesized that the differences in both the accumulation and metabolism of these metabolites played a crucial role in sweet potato quality. Above results provided reliable basis for understanding the mechanisms of differences on quality of sweet potato.

Determination of the Best Harvesting Period for ‘Muhe White’ Grape in Minqin District， Gansu Province

Baozhen ZENG, Yongjuan CHENG, Juanbo YANG, Lili CHE, Jing LIANG, Shixiong LU, Guoping LIANG, Zonghuan MA, Juan MAO

2025, 27(2):  70-79.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0365

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In order to determine the best harvest date of ‘Muhe White’ grape in Minqin area of Gansu province， the local experience harvest date （September 15） was taken as the harvest limit， and different harvest dates were set. The 100 grain weight， longitudinal diameter， transverse diameter， soluble solid matter， soluble sugar and titrable acid of ripe wine grapes with different harvest dates were measured， and the fruit qualities were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that， based on the appearance and intrinsic quality of the fruit， the harvesting dates were divided into 2 categories， September 21， September 25， September 29 as the class I， and September 9， September 13， September 17 as the class II. Comprehensive analysis of appearance and internal quality indexes showed that the best harvest period was from September 21 to September 29. The principal component analysis indicated that total sugar， vitamin C， pH and acid in the fruit were the core quality indexes of ‘Muhe White 369’， and solid acid ratio， sugar acid ratio， vitamin C， total sugar were the core quality indexes of ‘Muhe White 234’. In addition， the composite scores of ‘Muhe White 234’ and ‘Muhe White 369’ reached the highest on September 25， with 0.82 and 0.73， respectively. To sum up， under the meteorological conditions of this study， the best harvesting periods for the fruit quality of ‘Muhe White 234’ and ‘Muhe White 369’ wine grapes in Minqin area of Gansu province were from September 21 to September 29， and September 25 was the best harvesting period， which provided a theoretical basis for timely harvesting of ‘Muhe White’ grape.

Effects of Exogenous Calcium on Physiological Characteristics and Secondary Metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. Under Salt Stress

Shixu QU, Yu SUN, Yizhen SUO, Haipeng YUAN, Yuhong ZHANG

2025, 27(2):  80-88.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0332

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In order to explore the effects of exogenous CaCl₂ on physiological characteristics and secondary metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. under salt stress， seedlings of C. sativa were taken as test materials， and 4 treatments were set up through pot-soil culture method， including 300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl （C0） stress treatment and 300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress+5 （C1）， 10 （C2） and 20 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂ （C3）， and no stress was used as control （CK）. The photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters， physiological indexes and the contents of secondary metabolites （total flavonoids and cannabidiol） were determined under different treatments. The results showed that， with the salt stress time prolonged， the photosynthetic parameters such as net photosynthetic rate （P_n）， stomatal conductance （G_s）， transpiration rate （T_r）， photosynthetic pigments， maximum photochemical efficiency （F_v/F_m） decreased significantly， soluble protein content， antioxidant enzyme activity， total flavonoids and cannabidiol content decreased， malondialdehyde， soluble sugar， proline contents increased， and membrane lipid peroxidation degree intensified. After the application of exogenous CaCl₂， the P_n， G_s， T_r， photosynthetic pigment， F_v/F_m， antioxidant enzyme activities and the contents of soluble sugar， soluble protein， free proline and secondary metabolites all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of CaCl₂， while the malondialdehyde content showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Compared with treatments of CK and C0， the variation amplitude of all indexes of C. sativa treated with exogenous CaCl₂ decreased， and there was obvious dosage effect. Low dosage of exogenous calcium could alleviate salt stress to a certain extent， but high dosage could produce new damage， and the treatment with 10 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂ had the best effect on enhancing salt resistance of C. sativa seedlings. Above results provided scientific and technological support for cultivation and application of C. sativa in saline soil area.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Optimization of Performance and Characteristics of Spiral Drill Bit Excavation Mechanism for Planting Machine

Changlong FENG, Chunguang HUANG, Chenyang NING, Shuping LI, Kejin CHEN

2025, 27(2):  89-98.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0635

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In order to achieve low energy consumption and lightweight simplification of the excavation mechanism for planting machine， this article carried out structural design and parameter optimization for the drill bit. The discrete element method was applied to construct soil model， while the dynamics of the drilling process was simulated by EDEM software. Design-expert software was used to design the response surface method test scheme. Taking the cutting edge angle， helical airfoil lift angle and rotational speed as independent variables， and the resistance moment of drill bit as response value， the regression equation of resistance moment was constructed and the variance analysis was performed. The optimal parameter combination was obtained as follows： cutting edge angle of 32.778°， helical airfoil lift angle of 28.316°， drill bit rotational speed of 160.346 r·min^-1， and under the above parameter combination the resistance moment was 275.137 N·m， with verification error of only 4.38%. Optimization of the drill bit parameters was conducted by ANSYS，and the results showed that there was a 34.39% reduction in weight after optimization. the stress increased by 76.28% with a safety factor of 2.61； the deformation increased by 59.79% which still was below 1 mm. Modal analysis was also carried out on the drill bit after optimization， and the various orders of inherent frequency avoided the main excitation frequency， preventing resonance from occurring. These research results provided references for parameter optimization of the excavation mechanism.

Design and Testing of Film Picking Device for Southern Farmland Residual Film Picking Machine

Yueteng HU, Lazhen QUAN

2025, 27(2):  99-107.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0351

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To efficiently pick up recalcitrant residual film in deep soil of hilly areas in southern China， a simple and high efficient agricultural residual film picking device was designed based on the physical properties， distribution and soil characteristics of residual film. According to the kinematic analysis and simulation results of the 3D model， the optimal design parameters for the curved toothed membrane tying roller in the surface soil layer and the vertical membrane tying tooth group in the deep soil layer were obtained and verified. The experimental prototype were multi-factor test results obtained through simulating soil tank tests， and the optimal parameter combination were obtained with a depth of 30 mm for the surface soil layer membrane component， a machine walking speed of 5 km·h^-1 and a power output speed of 450 r·min^-1. Under this parameters， the recovery rate of plastic film reached 85.9%， which met the domestic standards for picking up residual film and satisfies the demand for picking up highly fragmented residual film.

Development and Simulation Analysis of Parallel Weeding Robot Based on a Double Spraying System

Xin LI, Yucheng NIE, Jie YANG, Xiaojun JIN, Yong CHEN, Jialin YU

2025, 27(2):  108-115.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0559

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In order to solve the problem of precise prevention and control of weeds in lawn and forage， a precise spraying and weeding robot based on parallel actuator was developed in this paper， which could meet the needs of precise weeding of lawn and forage， respectively. 2 liquid delivery systems were designed based on the common weed species of lawn and pasture and the herbicide spectrum. The system had 2 medicine boxes， which could select different herbicides through three-way solenoid valves. The theoretical calculation and ADAMS analysis of kinematics of the parallel mechanism were carried out. The image of the theoretical workspace of the parallel mechanism was drawn in MATLAB. The extreme values of the workspace on the XYZ axis were X_max=320.9 mm， X_min=-321.3 mm， Y_max=319.5 mm， Y_min=-320.7 mm， Z_max=-175.3 mm， Z_min=-662.8 mm， including the given workspace. Based on the above results， an experimental prototype was manufactured， and the actual working space range of the robot was measured. The research results showed that the parallel weeding robot based on 2 sets of liquid delivery systems met the requirements and could be used for the prevention and control of lawn and forage weeds with precise spraying of herbicides.

Study on Fish Body Length Measurement Method Based on Segmentation Mask and Binocular Vision

Mingjie ZHU, Wei LIAO, Zhen XU, Yilin TIAN

2025, 27(2):  116-124.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0581

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To achieve higher precision underwater fish body length measurement， a new method based on segmentation mask and binocular vision was proposed. The underwater image was obtained after underwater calibration by the binocular camera， and then U2-Net was used to segment the mask of the fish target. After stereoscopic correction and the SGBM （semi-global block matching） stereoscopic matching algorithm， the point cloud data on the surface of the adult fish body was generated. Finally， the noise filtering was added in the normalization and point cloud fitting process， which was for reducing the error of body length data. The results showed that the accuracy of this method was improved by about 2% after underwater calibration. After noise filtering， the error of measurement results was about 3%， which decreased more than 2% compared with the existing other methods. Moreover， when the angle between the fish body and the camera was less than 60°， a high measurement accuracy could be achieved， which was better than the existing other methods. Above results provided a feasible idea for non-contact size measurement of fish in aquaculture.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Effect of Exogenous NO on Expression of Tomato Antioxidant Enzyme Gene Under Tomato Yellowing Leaf Curl Virus Stress

Jincheng LUO, Xiaolin ZHU, Xiaohong WEI, Xian WANG, Baoqiang WANG, Xuefen DU

2025, 27(2):  125-135.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0647

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In order to investigate the effect of exogenous nitric oxide （NO） on the expression of tomato antioxidant gene under the stress of tomato yellow leaf curl virus （TYLCV）， the susceptible tomato Jinpeng 1 was used as the experimental material. Transcriptome sequencing， fluorescent qRT-PCR and bioinformatics analysis were performed under control （CK）， TYLCV （TY） and NO+TYLCV （NO+TY） treatments. The results showed that a total of 55 antioxidase-coding genes were selected in the tomato genome， among which the antioxidase-containing genes with the highest number of exons in different subcellular regions were significantly responsive to TYLCV stress. The number of NO-mediated antioxidant enzyme coding genes in different subcellular compartms showed chloroplast>cell membrane>cytoplasm>peroxisome>vacuole， in which the expression levels of Chl Cu-Zn SOD， Chl MR2， Chl GR， Per MR， Pla CAT1 and Pla CAT7 were significantly up-regulated， and the expression levels of Chl Fe SOD1， Chl Fe SOD2， Cyt GPX， Cyt APX1， Cyt APX2 L-5， Pla CAT3， Pla CAT8 and Vac CAT were significantly down-regulated. Fluorescence qRT-PCR verified that Chl GR， Min Mn SOD and Per CAT2 responded to TYLCV， and Chl Cu-Zn SOD， Pla CAT7， Pla CAT8 and Cyt APX2 L-5 responded to TYLCV and NO. Above results provided theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of NO in improving tomato disease resistance.

Effect of Chinese Chestnut Yellow Crinkle Disease on Quality of Chestnut

Dexuan ZHO, Peng GAO, Xiaolei WEN, Shifeng MU, Suhong GAO, Lina FENG, Weiming SUN, Huixia QI

2025, 27(2):  136-140.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0844

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In order to comprehensively evaluate the effect of Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle disease on the quality of chestnut nuts， the related indexes of nut quality of trees were determined， and the effect of the disease on nut quality was analyzed. The results showed that， compared with healthy trees， the contents of trace elements in nut of diseased trees were increased， and the contents of amino acids， total phenols and flavonoids were significantly increased by 24.93%， 20.54% and 36.33%， respectively. The chestnut bracts of diseased trees had long and sof spines， uneven color of nuts， the wrinkled surface and the rough texture. The number of grains per bract， the weight of single bract， the full nut rate and the yield per plant of diseased trees were significantly reduced， among them， the yield per plant was reduced by 96.45% compared with the healthy tree. Above results provided a theoretical basis for scientific evaluation of the effect of Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle disease on nut quality.

Effects of Bacillus thuringiensi on Intestinal Bacteria in Ectropis obliqua

Ruoheng JIN, Xiaoyu LI, Jingwu YAO, Beibei WANG, Chunxia CAO, Daye HUANG

2025, 27(2):  141-149.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0794

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Ectropis obliqua is one of the most important pests on tea， which has brought serious economic losses to the tea industry. Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt）?， as a key biological insecticide for the control of E. obliqua， plays an important role in the green prevention and control of diseases and pests in tea gardens. To clarify the effect of Bttreatment on intestinal bacteria of E. obliqua larvae， the Illumina platform using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was applied to compare the structure and population diversity of intestinal commensal community in E. obliqua larvae treated with different dosage of Bt suspensions. The results showed that， compared with CK treatment， the intestinal bacterial composition of E. obliqua larvae treated with lower dosage of Bt did not change significantly， but those treated with higher dosage of Bt had significant effect on the composition of intestinal bacteria in E. obliqua larvae. And the treatments with higher dosage of Bt significantly increased the diversity and abundance of intestinal bacteria in E. obliqua larvae， which indicated that intestinal microorganisms were involved in the response of E. obliqua larvae to Bt infection. Above results provided basis for further exploring the insecticidal mechanism of Bt， and provided new ideas for improving the virulence of Bt.

FOOD QUALITY & PROCESSING AND STORAGE

Effects of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Production Performance， Carcass Performance and Meat Quality of Stellar-fed Tan Sheep

Guoshun CHEN, Bin TIAN, Yancheng GAO, Yancui LI, Wenjin TIAN, Wenjing YANG, Wancheng WU, Lijun HUANG

2025, 27(2):  150-157.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0541

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To elucidate the effects of astragalus polysaccharides on the growth， slaughtering performance and meat quality of Tan sheep， 24 healthy， similar-weight （22.17±1.21 kg） 50-days-old Tan lambs were randomly divided into 4 groups for fattening trials， including basal diet group （control group）， basal diet+0.05% astragalus polysaccharide group （test group Ⅰ）， basal diet+0.10% astragalus polysaccharide group （test group Ⅱ） and basal diet+0.15% astragalus polysaccharide group （test group Ⅲ）. The weights were determied on 0， 10 and 70 d of the trial， and the slaughter performance and meat quality were analyzed on at the end of the trial （70 d）， respectively. The results showed that， compared with control group， the final body weight （FBW） and average daily gain （ADG） of test group Ⅱ were significantly increased， and the feed conversion rate was significantly decreased. The carcass weight and slaughter rate of test group Ⅱ increased significantly， the cooked meat rate of test group Ⅱ and test group Ⅲ increased significantly. The back fat thickness of test group Ⅰ and test group Ⅱ treatment was significantly reduced， and the L* value of test group Ⅱ was significantly reduced. The contents of glycine， aspartic acid and total amino acids in muscle of Tan sheep treated with test group Ⅱ and test group Ⅲ were significantly increased， and the content of umami amino acids was significantly increased in treatments with astragalus polysaccharides. The contents of monounsaturated fatty acids （MUFA） and polyunsaturated fatty acids in mutton of Tan sheep treated with test group Ⅱ were significantly increased. And the value of MUFA/TFA （total fatty acids） of test group Ⅱ and test group Ⅲ increased significantly. In summary， the addition of 0.10% astragalus polysaccharides to the diet could improve the growth performance， carcass performance and meat quality of Tan sheep.

Fruit Quality Analysis of Prunus domestica × armeniaca at Different Harvest Maturity Levels

Ruyue WANG, Haifang HU, Shasha LUO, Ziyi ZHEN, Yeyong XU, Xiaojing HU

2025, 27(2):  158-169.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0429

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To study the effects of different harvest maturity levels on the quality of P. domestica × armeniaca fruits， and to screen out the suitable maturity levels for picking P. domestica × armeniaca，using P. domestica × armeniaca ‘Fengweihuanghou’ as the test materials， the changes in indicators such as single fruit weight， fruit color and fruit hardness and so on under different maturity levels（Ⅰ， Ⅱ， Ⅲ， Ⅳ， Ⅴ） were analyzed by variance， correlation and principal component analysis. The results showed that with the increase of harvest maturity levels， the red green value （a*） of the fruit skin， the red green value （a*） of the fruit flesh， the blue yellow value （b*） of the skin， the blue yellow value （b*） of the flesh， the comprehensive ratio of the skin （a*/b*） and the comprehensive ratio of the flesh （a*/b*） all showed a significant upward trend， which increased by 15.811， 15.760， 23.009， 15.380， 0.973 and 0.558， respectively， during the entire maturity and development period， and were highly significant positive correlation with fruit maturity. Chlorophyll a+b， peel brightness value （L*）and flesh brightness value （L*） showed significant downward trend， with decrease of 17.230 μg·cm^-3， 11.460 and 13.492 during maturity， respectively. The single fruit weight， soluble solids， solid to acid ratio and membrane permeability all showed a significant upward trend with the increase of harvest maturity level. At maturity Ⅴ， the various indicators were 101.500 g， 18.780%， 85.535% and 62.050%， respectively， and showed a highly significant correlation with maturity level. The skin hardness， peel hardness and titratable acid showed a significant downward trend with the delay of maturity， reaching their lowest values at maturity Ⅴ， which were 13.770 N， 6.886 N and 0.246%， respectively， which were significantly negatively correlated with harvest maturity level. The principal component analysis showed that the fruit quality of different maturity level was as follows： maturity Ⅴ>maturity Ⅳ>maturity Ⅲ>maturity Ⅱ>maturity Ⅰ. Based on production needs and comprehensive economic benefits， maturity Ⅰ and Ⅱ were not suitable for harvesting，and maturity Ⅳ and Ⅴ had good quality and taste， but the fruit softens severely. Maturity Ⅲ could be selected as the appropriate harvesting maturity. Above results could provide theoretical basis and scientific basis for the subsequent research and production of P. domestica × armeniaca .

Comparative Analysis of Honey from Different Sources Based on Multidimensional Indicators

Ming ZHANG, Miaomiao CHE, Xinli HUO, Xue WANG, Xing ZHENG, Leilei ZHAO, Yazhou ZHAO

2025, 27(2):  170-179.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0522

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Honey is a natural product with complex composition and characteristics， which vary depending on the botanical source， origin， bee species and so on. In order to evaluate， differentiate and identify honey samples， a comparative analysis of honey from different sources using multidimensional indicators， including conventional physicochemical analysis and high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight/mass spectrometer （HPLC-Q-TOF/MS） technique were conducted. The results showed significant differences in amylase activity， fructose， glucose， phenolic acid and flavonoid contents among different honey samples. Among them， rape honey exhibited the lowest amylase activity with a value of （3.42±0.70） mL·g^-1·h^-1， while acacia honey （Qinshui） had the highest amylase activity with a value of （12.66±2.44） mL·g^-1·h^-1. The total phenolic acid and total flavonoid contents of Apis cerana honey were higher than other honey samples. Pro-His-Cys and hydroxytyrosol 1-O-glucoside might be useful in distinguishing honey from nectar plant species. Palustrine played an important role in differentiating acacia honey from different regions. Above results provided methodological guidance for the characterization and authenticity assessment of honey， that was， the multidimensional index method could be used as a valuable tool for comparative analysis of honey samples from different sources.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Effect of Adding Organic Materials on Microbial Residues in Farmland in China： A Meta-analysis

Yuefeng WANG, Chenyang ZHANG, Zhengming LUO, Jianhua LI, Ran LI, Nan SUN, Minggang XU

2025, 27(2):  180-191.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0424

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Microbial residues， as an important precursor for the formation of organic carbon， are crucial for the long-term sequestration and stabilization of carbon in farmland. In order to explore the effect of organic materials addition on microbial residues accumulation in Chinese farmland， a Meta-analysis of 111 sets of data on the content of amino sugars （microbial residue characterizing substances） from 27 published literatures were conducted and the effects of organic materials addition on the accumulation characteristics of amino sugars ［glucosamine （GluN）， galactosamine （GalN）， muraic acid （MurN） and total amino sugars］ in farmland were summarized， and the relative contribution of fungal and bacterial residues to soil organic matter were explored using the ratio of GluN to MurN （GluN/MurN） and GluN to GalN （GluN/GalN）. The results showed that the addition of organic materials significantly increased the accumulation of soil microbial residues， with soil amino sugars increasing by 27.7%， and GluN， GalN， MurN increasing by 26.8%， 24.1% and 24.2%， respectively. The accumulation of amino sugars and GluN， GalN， MurN by manure was significantly higher than that straw， with an increase from 28.4% to 37.6%. GluN， GalN， GluN/MurN and GluN/GalN were significantly higher when the average annual carbon input of the organic material was higher than 2 t·hm^-2·a^-1 than when the average annual carbon input was lower than 2 t·hm^-2·a^-1， with an increase of 41.8%， 41.1%， 8.3% and 4.1%， respectively； the increases in amino sugar， GluN and MurN （41.1%， 39.9% and 36.3%） were significantly higher when organic matter was added for more than 10 years than the experimental year below 10 years. Among the climatic factors， the accumulation of amino sugar content by added organic matter was significantly higher when the annual mean temperature was more than 10 ℃ （42.0%） and mean annual precipitation was more than 800 mm （63.0%） were significantly higher than those with annual mean temperature less than 5 ℃ （17.9%） and mean annual precipitation less than 800 mm （28.2% and 13.7%）. Among the soil factors， the highest accumulation of total soil amino sugars was observed in neutral soils （pH 6~8） and fertile soils （soil organic carbon content >12 g·kg^-1）， with an increase of 39.4% and 43.0%， respectively. Regression analysis showed that， within a certain range， soil microbial residues in farmland increased with the increase of mean annual precipitation， mean annual temperature， organic material application rate， organic material carbon input， and experimental years. In conclusion， the addition of organic materials， especially high carbon inputs， significantly increased the total amino sugars and amino monosaccharides contents of farmland. Fertile and neutral soils in warm and humid areas were favorable for the accumulation of soil microbial residues under organic materials application. Above results provided scientific basis for determining the optimal scenarios of adding organic materials for the accumulation of microbial residues in farmland in China， and for promoting the formation and sequestration of stabilized soil organic carbon.

Effect of Biochar Content on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Garden Greening Waste/polylactic Acid Composites

Ruyan ZHANG, Shenhao LI, Qipeng ZHU, Taigang FENG, Hongbo LI, Zebing XING, Yu XIAN

2025, 27(2):  192-200.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0857

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In order to realize the high-value utilization of landscaping waste and broaden the use of wood-plastic composites， taking landscaping waste and polylactic acid as raw materials and biochar as reinforcing agent， 4 factors were selected， namely， poplar wood powder content， molding temperature， molding pressure and holding time， to carry out Box-Benhnken test. The response surface method was used to optimize the molding process parameters for wood-plastic composites， and the effect of biochar content on the physical and mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. The results showed that the optimal process parameters were 41.31% of poplar wood powder content， 170 ℃ molding temperature， 11.49 MPa molding pressure and 10 min of holding time. The addition of biochar could improve the interfacial compatibility between wood powder and polylactic acid and improve the mechanical properties of the composites， and the mechanical properties of the composites were firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of biochar content. When the content of biochar was 2.0%， the flexural strength， flexural modulus and impact strength were 32.00 MPa， 3.20 GPa and 3.47 kJ·m^-2， respectively， and the water absorption was the smallest， the apparent porosity was the lowest， and the composite mechanical properties of the composites were the best. Above results provided a basis for biochar to improve the properties of wood-plastic composites.

Effects of Modified Biochar on Soil Nematode Community in Cadmium and Lead Contaminated Soil

Zhenhua MA, Qianru SHI, Xinjie NING, Hongyang WEI, Can WANG, Jingjing ZHANG, Biao ZHANG, Suqin YANG

2025, 27(2):  201-210.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0321

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To study the effects of repeated application of modified biochar on cadmium and lead contaminated agricultural soil and nematode community， using modified biochar as the material， a located experiment was conducted for 2， 3， 4 and 5 years of continuous application of modified biochar. Cadmium and lead in wheat grains and soil were determined to explore the sustainability of its effect. Meanwhile， the effect of modified biochar on soil nematode community was studied by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the repeated application of modified biochar significantly reduced cadmium and lead in wheat grains and the available heavy metal in soil. The cadmium content in wheat grains decreased by 21%~35%， and lead content in grains declined by 27%~39%. For available cadmium and lead in soil， the contents decreased by 21%~43% and 15%~28%， respectively. The application of modified biochar could significantly reduce abundance of the fungivorous nematode Aphelenchoides， and the proportion of plant-parasitic soil nematodes Merlinius and Paratylenchus both increased to over 40%. The proportion of the c-p2 nematode group in soil decreased，while the c-p3 group increased. The free living nematode maturity index （MI） decreased， but the plant parasitic nematode maturity index （PPI） increased. It was indicated that the response of soil nematodes from different trophic groups or life histories to heavy metal stress were different. Overall， the community of nematodes among the different modified biomass treatments was relatively similar. The cadmium content in wheat grains could reach the minimum after 4 years of repeated application of modified biochar， and the lead content in wheat grains after 2 year biochar application could be lower than the limit of 0.2 mg·kg^-1 in GB 2762—2017. The application of modified biochar could affect the soil environment through the change of the nematode community structure， and it had strong application value in comprehensive utilization and remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.

Effects of Pyrolysis Temperature and Time on Physicochemical Properties and Adsorption Properties of Biochar

Zhiwei LYU, Dongmei LI, Meijuan JIN, Yanhui ZHANG, Yueyue TAO, Xinwei ZHOU, Haihou WANG

2025, 27(2):  211-217.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0453

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In order to explore the response of physicochemical properties and adsorption properties of biochar to pyrolysis temperature and time， and clarify the appropriate time for preparing biochar at different pyrolysis temperatures， the garden waste branches were used as raw materials， and 5 pyrolysis times （12， 24， 36， 48， 60 min） were set at conventional pyrolysis temperatures of 450 and 650 ℃. The effects of pyrolysis time on biochar yield， pH， ash content， aromaticity， hydrophilicity， polarity and iodine adsorption value at different pyrolysis temperatures were analyzed. The results showed that the yield of biochar decreased with the increase of pyrolysis time. At 450 ℃， compared with 12 min pyrolysis treatment， the yield of biochar decreased significantly under 24， 36， 48 and 60 min pyrolysis treatments， but there was no significant difference among these treatments， and the above changes were consistent with those at 650 ℃. With the increase of pyrolysis time， the pH， ash content and aromaticity of biochar increased continuously， while the hydrophilicity and polarity decreased continuously. At 450 ℃， there was little or no significant difference in each index under 48 and 60 min pyrolysis treatments. At 650 ℃， there was no significant difference in pH of biochar under 24， 36， 48 and 60 min pyrolysis treatments， and there was no significant change in ash content， aromaticity， hydrophilicity and polarity of biochar under 36， 48 and 60 min pyrolysis treatments. With the increase of pyrolysis time， the iodine adsorption value of biochar increased continuously. At 450 ℃， the iodine adsorption value of biochar was the largest under 48 and 60 min pyrolysis treatments， which was higher than other treatments. At 650 ℃ for 36， 48 and 60 min pyrolysis， the pyrolysis time had no significant effect on the iodine adsorption value of biochar. Based on the changes of physical and chemical properties and adsorption properties of biochar， the pyrolysis time required for the preparation of biochar at 450 ℃ should not be less than 48 min， and the pyrolysis time at 650 ℃ should not be less than 36 min. Above the time value， the effect of pyrolysis time on the properties and functions of biochar should be significantly reduced.

Effects of Nitrogen Application and Cattle Manure Addition on Vegetation Restoration in Coal Mine Replanting Area

Tingting NIE, Yiqiang DONG, Qinghe SU, Yongjuan ZHANG, Helong YANG, Shazhou AN

2025, 27(2):  218-227.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0445

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Fertilization is an effective measure to increase soil nutrients and promote vegetation recovery in coal mine waste land. To investigate the effects of nitrogen application and cattle manure addition on plants in coal mine replanting areas， this experiment took coal mine replanting grassland was as the research object， and used a split-zone experimental design to set up 5 nitrogen fertilizer levels including 0（CK）， 5（N1）， 10（N2）， 20（N3）， 30 g·m^-2（N4） and 2 modes of cattle manure addition including 0 and 300 g·m^-2. By analyzing the effects of nitrogen application and cattle manure addition on the height， cover， density and biomass of grassland vegetation in coal mine replanting， the restoration effect of grassland vegetation in coal mine replanting area under the measures of increasing nitrogen fertilizer and cattle manure was investigated. The results showed that nitrogen application had a greater effect on vegetation cover and biomass， and compared with CK， N1 treatment increased vegetation cover by 1.14%， 28.57% and 63.64% in June， July and September， and plant biomass increased by 14.45%， 14.29% and 24.46%， respectively. Whereas， the N4 treatment decreased the vegetation cover by 44.32%， 72.86%， 13.64% in June， July and September， and the biomass by 36.11% and 41.43% in June and July. Addition of cattle manure had a greater effect on the mean height of vegetation， and N4 treatment reduced the mean height of vegetation by 16.40% and 35.05% compared with CK in June and July. In addition， in terms of fertiliser application on phyto-economic taxa， the fertiliser pattern of nitrogen application+cattle manure was more beneficial to the growth of graminaceous plants and increased the biomass and density of graminaceous plants in the community. In conclusion， the addition of cattle manure could enhance the average height of plants， and the application of nitrogen fertiliser 5 g·m^-2 was beneficial for the recovery of vegetation cover and biomass in this type of coal mine replanted grassland， while the application of fertiliser 30 g·m^-2 could have adverse effects on plants. Above results provided scientific basis for carrying out ecological restoration work in this type of abandoned mines.

Effect of Different Fertilization Treatments on Yield and Fruit Quality of Castanea henryi

Qiang WU, Conglian WU, Xiaoyun WU, Jian WU, Xuanmei XU, Junsheng LAI, Weiyun HU, Bangchu GONG, Xibing JIANG

2025, 27(2):  228-237.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0641

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To investigate the effects of different fertilization ratios on the yield and fruit quality of Castanea henryi， the large trees of ‘Zaoxiangli’ during their peak production period were as materials. 4 types of fertilizers were selected including compound fertilizer （A）， urea （B）， calcium superphosphate （C） and potassium sulfate （D）. 8 fertilization combinations were set up： 1.00 kg A （T1）， 1.50 kg A （T2）， 2.00 kg A （T3）， 1.00 kg A+1.00 kg B （T4）， 1.00 kg A+1.00 kg C （T5）， 1.00 kg A+1.00 kg D （T6）， 1.25 kg B+2.50 kg C+0.75 kg D （T7） and 2.00 kg B+4.00 kg C+1.10 kg D （T8）， with no fertilizer as a control （CK）. Fertilization experiments were conducted in the chestnut orchard of Qingyuan county of Zhejiang province， and the soil physicochemical properties， tree growth， yield and fruit quality were measured and analyzed before and after fertilization to determine the optimal fertilization combination. The results indicated that fertilization significantly improved soil compaction， enhanced the overall level of soil physicochemical properties. The soil porosity of fertilization treatments were 58.98%~65.31%， the moisture content increased by 21.73%~83.77% higher than CK， and the contents of organic matter， hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus， rapid-release potassium were higher than those of CK. The growth and yield of C. henryi under fertilization treatments were notably higher than those of CK. Compared to CK， T4 and T6 treatments increased trunk diameter by 20.41% and 24.49%， respectively， T8， T4 and T6 treatments increased yield per plant by 107.21%， 76.52% and 71.65%， respectively. The contents of starch， soluble sugar， potassium， calcium in fruits of fertilization treatments were significantly higher than those of CK， with T6 showing 5.57% increase in starch and T8 showing 47.09% increase in soluble sugars. Compared to CK， the potassium contents in T7， T4 and T6 treatments increased by 46.81%， 49.13% and 44.10%， respectively， the calcium contents in T8 and T7 treatments increased by 50.29% and 22.13%， respectively. Using the membership function value method， the comprehensive scores for yield and fruit quality， the results showed that T4 （1.00 kg compound fertilizer+1.00 kg urea） and T6 （1.00 kg compound fertilizer+1.00 kg potassium sulfate） treatments were the more effective combinations for improving yield and fruit quality. Above results provided a reference for future scientific fertilization and efficient production of chestnuts.

Effect of Variable Temperature During Yellowing Stage on Synergistic Relationship Between Color Parameters and Pigment Contents of Upper leaves

Yilong DENG, Jianan WANG, Shaolong GU, Xiaoquan ZHANG, Xiaohui MIAO, Shoujie SHI, Weidong DUAN

2025, 27(2):  238-249.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0362

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To optimize the curing process of the upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco， ‘Yunyan 87’ was used as the experimental material. The local conventional curing process was control （CK）， and the 2 variable temperature treatments （T1： temperature variation amplitude ±1 ℃， temperature variation frequency 3 h； T2： temperature variation amplitude ±1.5 ℃， temperature variation frequency 5 h） were set in the yellowing period of tobacco leaf curing. The synergistic relationship between the color parameters and pigments of tobacco leaves was systematically analyzed using correlation analysis and stepwise regression. And the effect of temperature change was study on the appearance quality of tobacco leaves during the curing process. The results showed that the variation trends of lightness value （L）， redness value （a）， yellowness value （b）， chroma value （C）， hue angle （h）， color ratio （H）， and color difference value （ΔE） during the curing process of tobacco leaves treated with CK， T1， and T2 processes were basically consistent， and the degradation laws of intrinsic pigments in tobacco leaves were also consistent. At the end of curing， there were significant differences in L， a and b values of the tobacco leaves treated by different processes. The L and b values of T1 treatment were the largest， and a value was the smallest， which indicated that the tobacco leaves treated by T1 treatment had better yellow value， color saturation and glossy. The correlation analysis showed that there were significant or extremely significant positive correlations between the L value and a， b， C， H values， there were significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated between the values of L， a， b and the contents of chlorophyll a and b. The regression equation between contents of chlorophyll a （?₁）， chlorophyll b （?₂）， carotenoid （?₃） and various color parameters of tobacco leaves treated with T1 process during the curing process were followed. ?₁=-0.158-0.013a+0.005h_{（R²=0.931， F=122.08）， ?2=0.148-0.189H （R²=0.808， F=79.97）， ?3=0.051-0.003a+0.001b（R²=0.754， F=27.59）， which indicated a， b， h and H had significant synergistic relationship with the pigment content of flue-cured tobacco leaves. The contents of reducing sugar， total sugar and starch of T1 treatment were reduced， and the starch content was 4.65%， which was close to the starch content requirement of high quality tobacco leaf （2%~4%）. The proportion of high-grade tobacco smoke and medium high-grade tobacco smoke of T1 treatment were the largest， and the appearance quality and sensory quality were significantly improved. In conclusion， based on the constant temperature yellowing at 38 ℃， the temperature change controlled by a sinusoidal program with an amplitude of ±1 ℃ and a frequency of 3 h could promote the synergistic change of upper leaf color parameters and pigment content， and improve the quality of cured tobacco leaves.}