Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology

Research Advance on Coordinated Adaptation of New Quality Agricultural Productivity

Tao LIU, Yuhui KONG

2025, 27(7): 1-9. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0595

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The synergistic development of new quality agricultural productivity is conducive to unleash the development potential of new quality agricultural productivity， significantly improve the overall factor productivity of agriculture， and accelerate to build an agricultural power. Based on existing research advance and statistical data， the connotation of the coordinated development of new quality agricultural productivity was explored from a dialectical perspective of productivity and production relations. On this basis， it analyzed the non-coordinated issues in the development of new quality agricultural productivity and the path of coordinated development. The results showed that the connotation of China’s new quality agricultural productivity laid in the coordinated adaptation between agricultural productivity factors and the coordinated adaptation of agricultural production relations in the 4 aspects of production， consumption， circulation， and distribution. Its development faced non-coordinated issues such as insufficient innovation capacity， shortage of talents， resource misallocation， non-coordination of production relations， weak infrastructure and lack of green concepts. Promoting the coordinated development of new quality agricultural productivity required to promote technological innovation in agricultural machinery and equipment， cultivate high-quality agricultural talents， optimize production resource allocation， promoting the coordinated adaptation of agricultural production relations， improve agricultural infrastructure construction， and deepen green development concepts. Above results provided practical reference for the coordinated development of new quality agricultural productivity.

Study on Identification of Future Industries Based on Interdisciplinary

Min SHI, Zhenyan XU, Jian LUO

2025, 27(7): 10-19. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0418

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The future industry is driven by cutting-edge technology， and it is the key to grasp the initiative of future development. It has characteristics of cutting-edge technology， cross fusion and strategic， which is same as interdisciplinary studies， so it is feasible to carry out future industry identification based on interdisciplinary studies. As an frontier interdisciplinary field related to national food security and human life and health， the field of bio-breeding has a huge industrial space in the future. It is of great significance to study on the identification of future industries in the field of bio-breeding based on interdisciplinary. According to the technology push model， the technology drive begins with basic research， which is generally characterized by the use of journal literature， hence the use of journal data as a data source. Firstly， highly interdisciplinary literature was screened using the comprehensive indicator measure of disciplinary diversity， then the technology clusters were obtained by theme mining of three consecutive time-periods of literature using the latent dirichlet allocation （LDA） model， and finally identifying the future industry of bio-breeding through the trend of theme change， and discovering the future industrial application scenarios through the analyses of the sub-divisions of the technology clusters and the cooperating organizations. 3 future industrial technology clusters in field of bio-breeding： synthetic biology， bioinformatics， and biology and environment were successfully identified. The identification results were consistent with the industry， indicating the feasibility of the method. The application scenarios of the subfields and institutions of the future industrial technology clusters in field of bio-breeding were further analyzed， which provided decision support for the layout of future industries in the field of bio-breeding by government and laboratory.

Regulation of Lysine Uptake and Metabolism in Plants and Its Effects on Plants

Kexin WANG, Yuehua DONG, Xuanyi HE, Huaiyu YANG

2025, 27(7): 20-29. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0155

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Lysine， a fundamental amino acid crucial for human and animal nutrition， also serves pivotal roles in amino acid homeostasis， growth， development， stress resilience and nutritional quality of plants. The biosynthesis， metabolic processes， absorption and translocation of lysine in plants directly or indirectly affect lysine content and its functions. While the metabolic pathways of lysine in plants have been relatively well characterized， the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects on plants remain largely unclear. In this paper， the recent advancements in understanding the roles and potential regulatory mechanisms of key genes involved in lysine uptake and metabolic pathways in plants were summarized， and the roles and possible regulatory mechanisms of key lysine absorption and metabolism genes in plant stress resistance， disease resistance， seed germination and improvement of crop quality were particularly elabrcted. Additionally， it reviewed the progress in breeding lysine-rich crops. Above results offered valuable insights and guidelines for elucidating the mechanisms regulating lysine transport and metabolism in cereal crops， thereby enhancing stress tolerance and fostering the development of novel lysine-enriched crop varieties.

Identification of PHY Gene Family in Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）and Their Expression Analysis Under Heat Stress

Yi HU, Jie GONG, Wei ZHAO, Rong CHENG, Zhongyu LIU, Shiqing GAO, Yazhen YANG

2025, 27(7): 30-43. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0621

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Phytochrome （PHY） in plants not only receives light signals as a photoreceptor， but also responds to environmental temperature changes as a temperature sensor. To identify PHY genes in wheat， the bioinformatics methods was used， and their physical and chemical properties， phylogenetic evolution， gene structure， protein conserved domain， promoter cis-acting element and gene expression characteristics were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that 9 TaPHY genes were identified， which randomly distributed on 6 chromosomes of wheat. And the subcellular localization prediction showed that these proteins were located in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes were classified into 3 subclasses， the genes of same subclass had high similarity of gene structure and protein conserved domain， which suggested similar function. Cis-element analysis revealed that the promoter of TaPHY genes had a variety of light and hormone response elements. In addition， tissue expression analysis identified significant differences in the expression abundance of TaPHY genes. Combined with the screening results of heat tolerant and fluorescence quantitative analysis， the expression levels of TaPHYA1 and TaPHYC2 were first down-regulated and then up-regulated under heat stress condition， while other genes showed different degrees of down-regulation， it showed that TaPHY genes induced by heat stress and participated in the regulation of heat resistance of wheat. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of TaPHYA3 was significantly negatively correlated with H₂O₂ content in the heat-resistant material 1-2-3， TaPHYC1 was positively correlated with superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity， TaPHYC3 expression was significantly correlated with SOD activity. Above results provided an experimental basis for further understanding the mechanism of TaPHY involved in heat stress response， and also provided important genetic resources for the screening of heat tolerant wheat lines.

Effect of Exogenous Gene Insertion Site on Bt Protein Content in Insect-resistant Cotton

Guiyuan ZHAO, Yongqiang WANG, Jianguang LIU, Zhao GENG, Hanshuang ZHANG, Liqiang WU, Xingfen WANG, Guiyin ZHANG

2025, 27(7): 44-53. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0885

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The insertion sites of exogenous genes can affect the gene expression and character expression of recipient materials. In order to determine the effect of exogenous gene insertion sites on Bt protein content of insect-resistant cotton， 29 insect-resistant cotton lines were selected for Bt protein content determination and whole genome resequencing analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in Bt protein content among different lines， and the K3 line was the highest. Whole-genome resequencing analysis and PCR identification revealed that the Bt gene was a single copy in 29 lines， but the insertion sites were different. The Bt gene of K3 line was located in the 2 791 303~2 791 335 bp of A02 chromosome， while the Bt gene of other lines were located in D12 chromosome. To further verify the effect of insertion site on Bt protein content， the K3 line was hybridization with control Xinmian 33B， and F₂ population was constructed. The results showed that the Bt protein content of F₂ individual plants with the insertion site of Bt gene in A02 chromosome was significantly higher than that D12 type individual plants. In summary， the Bt protein content was affected by the insertion site of Bt gene， and its location on chromosome A02 was more conducive to the efficient expression of Bt gene. Above results could provide germplasm resources and theoretical support for breeding new varieties of insect-resistant cotton.

Alkaline Tolerance Screening and Evaluation Analysis of Soybean Germplasm Resources at Seedling Stage

Huanbin ZHENG, Ming LI, Suxin YANG, Weilin WU

2025, 27(7): 54-71. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0101

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In order to explore the tolerance of different soybean germplasm resources to alkali stress treatment at seedling stage， and establish the evaluation system of soybean alkaline tolerance at seedling stage， 326 soybean varieties were as materials. They were treated with the pH 9.0， 150 mmol·L^-1 mixed alkali solution （NaHCO₃∶Na₂CO₃=5∶1） for 7 d. The changes of 12 growth-related indexes under different treatments， such as dry/fresh weight of shoot or root， total dry/fresh weight， intact roots number intact roots length， root tips number， root/shoot ratio， relative chlorophyll content， and water content of plants were determined. The results showed that alkali stress significantly reduced the growth indexes of soybean varieties at seedling stage except root/shoot ratio. The comprehensive evaluation value （D value） of alkali tolerance was obtained by principal component analysis and fuzzy membership function method. According to the D value， 326 soybean varieties were classified into 4 groups： extremely alkali tolerant varieties （18 varieties）， alkali tolerant varieties （140 varieties）， alkali sensitive varieties （130 varieties） and extremely alkali sensitive varieties （38 varieties）， and the comprehensive evaluation system were established. Above results provided theoretical basis for the selection and evaluation of alkaline resistant soybean varieties.

Effects of Reflective Film on Fruit Quality and Volatile Components of ‘Shine Muscat’ Grape

Yanfang ZHU, Qiang CHANG, Yan HAO, Hailong CHEN

2025, 27(7): 72-82. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0023

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In order to study the effect of different reflective films on the quality of grape fruits during the ripening period， 6-year-old‘Shine Muscat’was used as the experimental material， and silver grey reflective film （YH） and silver reflective film （YG） were laid along the tree row，taking the bare land without film as the control（CK）. The temperature and humidity of the fruit part， the photosynthetic indices， the chlorophyll content of mature leaves were measured， and the fruit samples under different treatments were analyzed by metabolomics based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The results showed that the YG treatment increased the daily average temperature and maximum temperature of the grape fruit positions by 1~2 ℃ compared to CK， the daily and night accumulated temperatures of the grape fruiting area in this treatment were higher than those of CK and YH treatment. The application of 2 kinds of reflective films effectively improved the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of grape leaves. On September 25， compared to CK the chlorophyll content of leaves in YH and YG treatments increased by 2.44% and 0.96%，the photosynthetic rate of leaves increased by 26.71% and 21.61%，the soluble solids increased by 10.79% and 17.15%， respectively，and vitamin C content increased by 11.00% in both YH and YG treatments， and the titratable acid content decreased by 33.93% and 26.79%，respectively. The relative contents of aldehydes， esters， alkanes， ketones and carboxylic acid metabolites in YG treatment fruits were higher than those in CK. YG treatment could significantly increase the contents of （E）-2-hexenal， nerolide acetate， cis-?2-farnesene， 3-Buten-2-one， 4-（2，6，6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl） and so on， but most metabolites in YH treatment decreased. To sum up， laying reflective film could effectively improve the maturity of ‘Shine Muscat’ fruit，and the effect of silver reflective film in particular was better. Above results provided basis for selecting suitable reflective film to promote the ripening of sunshine rose in northwest producing areas.

Research and Manufacture of Intelligent Adjustment Mechanism for Ring Die Granulator Die Roll Gap

Zhenghao GE, Chuang GAO, Tedong WANG, Jingbo SU, Xiaoliang ZHANG, Zhixiong TANG

2025, 27(7): 83-89. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0082

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Previously， the gap of the ring die granulator could only be adjusted statically when manually adjusted. The adjustment accuracy was low and time-consuming， and effective monitoring of the entire processing process could not be achieved. Aiming at this problem， an intelligent adjustment mechanism for the gap of the ring die granulator was proposed. The mechanism improved the structural performance of the existing granulation system to make up for the shortcomings of the previous manual adjustment of the gap of the ring die granulator. Firstly， the mold roller gap adjustment mechanism of the SPZL600 twin-roll granulator was designed. Secondly， the mathematical model of the intelligent adjustment mechanism of the die roll gap was established. Finally， the prototype was tested. The results showed that the experimental measurement gap was almost completely coincident with the theoretical gap， indicating that the accuracy of the gap intelligent adjustment system was high. When the detection speed input was 400 r·min^-1， the system completed the gap adjustment within 6.0 s， and the system response was efficient. The mechanism enhanced the safety factor and intelligence of production， improved the continuous competitiveness of products， which had reference significance for other granulators.

Nondestructive Segmentation and Extraction of Stem and Leaf Phenotypes During Tomato Plant Growth

Yaxin WANG, Yangcheng LYU, Wenqi WANG, Qi LIU, Jie YANG, Guihong REN, Wuping ZHANG, Fuzhong LI

2025, 27(7): 90-100. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0080

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Aiming at the current problem that it is difficult to extract the phenotypic parameters of tomato plants without any loss， the stem and leaf segmentation and phenotypic extraction method of tomato plants based on 3D reconstruction was proposed. Firstly， the multi-view image sequences of tomato plants were collected to construct a 3D model of the plant， and a combination of multiple filtering algorithms was used to complete the pre-processing. The skeleton of the pre-processed point cloud was extracted using the Laplace-based skeleton extraction algorithm， and the segmentation of the stem and leaves was completed based on the skeleton of the plant， and the segmentation of the single leaves was completed using the method based on the clustering of hyperbolomers. 6 phenotypic parameters including the height of the plant， the thickness of the stem， the angle of the inclination of the leaf， the length of the leaf， the width of the leaf， and the area of the leaf were also extracted. The results showed that the average accuracy， average recall and average F1 score of stem and leaf segmentation were 0.88， 0.80 and 0.84， respectively， and the segmentation indexes were better than the other 4 segmentation algorithms. The coefficients of determination between the calculated and measured values of plant height， stem thickness， leaf inclination， leaf length， leaf width and leaf area were 0.97， 0.84， 0.88， 0.94， 0.92 and 0.93， respectively， and the root mean square errors were 2.17 cm， 0.346 cm， 5.65°， 3.18 cm， 2.99 cm and 8.79 cm². The measured values of the proposed method had a strong correlation with the calculated values， which provided technical support for high-throughput phenotypic parameter extraction in tomato plants.

Design and Experiment of Orchard Obstacle Avoidance Weeding Cultivator

Xiaobo XI, Jieyuan DING, Wendi ZHANG, Yangjie SHI, Yifu JIN, Ruihong ZHANG

2025, 27(7): 101-110. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0052

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An orchard obstacle avoidance inter-row weeding cultivator was designed to address the problem of difficult weed removal between the tree trunks in the orchard， which mainly included inter-row weeding mechanism， intra-row weeding mechanism， hydraulic obstacle avoidance components， and could achieve inter-row and intra-row cultivating and weeding operations. The obstacle avoidance of the intra-row weeding mechanism was achieved by the linkage of the touch spring obstacle avoidance rod and the hydraulic cylinder-driven four-bar linkage mechanism. Using EDEM software， three-factor three-level orthogonal simulation experiments and operational parameter optimization were conducted with weeding wheel rotation speed， soil tillage depth and forward speed as indicators. The optimal parameter combination was found as follows： the weeding wheel rotation speed of 500 r·min^-1， the soil tillage depth of 80 mm， and the forward speed of 1.2 m·s^-1. Field experiments of the prototype were conducted， with a weed avoidance rate of 100%， a missed tillage rate of 3.44%， no damage， an average tillage depth of 80.9 mm， a tillage depth stability coefficient of 97.8%， and a productivity ranging from 0.86 to 1.38 hm²·h^-1. Above results could provide reference for the design of obstacle avoidance and weeding machines in orchards.

Classification and Detection of Tea Based on Dynamic Sparse Attention

Shihao ZHANG, Yuxin XIA, Wendou WU, Jin XIE, Xiao CHEN, Haotian SHI, Zongyu FAN, Baijuan WANG

2025, 27(7): 111-121. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0025

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In order to effectively address the challenge of precisely detecting and selecting tea leaves with a tea-picking robot， an improved YOLOv7 algorithm based on double-layer routing dynamic sparse attention mechanism and FasterNet was proposed to realize the classification and detection of fresh tea leaves. The algorithm implemented involves replacing the original network’s structure with PConv and FasterNet methodologies. This replacement was aimed at decreasing the number of floating-point operations and enhancing their efficiency. Additionally， a dynamic sparse attention mechanism， which was based on a double-layer routing approach， was incorporated into the neck layer. This addition ensured greater flexibility in computing allocation and content perception. To expedite convergence， enhance regression accuracy， and minimize false detection， the loss function was substituted with efficient intersection over union（EIoU）during the detection process. The results showed that， compared with the original YOLOv7， the model generated by the improved algorithm improved the accuracy by 4.8 percentage point， the recall rate by 5.3 percentage point， the balance score by 5.0 percentage point， and the mean average precision（mAP） value by 2.6 percentage point. In the external verification， the number of floating-point operations was reduced by 15.1 G， the frame per second was increased by 5.52%， and the mAP value was increased by 2.4 percentage point. The improved model could not only classify and detect fresh tea leaves efficiently and accurately， but also had the characteristics of high recognition rate， low computation and fast detection. Above results laid a foundation for the realization of tea picking robot in Yunnan plateau.

Identification of 5 Common Pesticides Used in Flue-tobacco Field Production Based on Hyperspectral Technology

Guotao YANG, Shijie ZHANG, Chao CHEN, Yun LIU, Chen HE, Yinghao NING, Qing ZHANG

2025, 27(7): 122-132. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0458

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To rapidly and accurately obtain the pesticide types used in tobacco field production， and to improve the scientific and targeted management of tobacco field pesticide applications， hyperspectral imaging technology was applied. By comparing the spectral curves of fresh tobacco leaves 48 h after spraying with 5 common pesticides， the spectral differences were analyzed. Various combinations of spectral preprocessing methods， feature wavelength extraction methods， and pattern recognition techniques were tested to evaluate model accuracy. The results showed that， in the 750~875 nm spectral range， the spectral curves of fresh tobacco leaves treated with the 5 pesticides exhibited distinct reflectance differences. Across the full spectral range， the combination of standard normal variate （SNV） transformation and least squares support vector machine （LSSVM） models， as well as the combination of second derivative preprocessing and random forest models， both achieved high recognition accuracy， with the test set accuracy reaching 98.58%. The continuous projection algorithm outperformed the competitive adaptive reweighting sampling algorithm in dimensionality reduction. In the feature wavelength range， the combination of second derivative preprocessing， continuous projection algorithm， and random forest models achieved the best performance， with the training set accuracy reaching 100.00% and the test set accuracy at 98.22%. The number of feature wavelengths was 17， and the single-sample detection time was 10.28 ms. This method could rapidly and accurately identify the types of 5 common pesticides used in tobacco production. Above results provided technical support for the management of pesticide application in tobacco field production.

Biological Characteristics and Fungicides Screening in Laboratory of Fusarium cugenangense Causing Camellia sinensis Root Rot

Yishuai YANG, Lin TAN, Li NIU, Ping SHU, Zihan SHI, Jie FANG, Qiulong HU

2025, 27(7): 133-141. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0419

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Root rot disease of tea plants often leads to the death of the entire plant， significantly impacting the sustainable development of the tea industry. To elucidate the biological characteristics of Fusarium cugenangense and to screen for safe and effective fungicides， the effects of temperature， pH， light conditions， carbon sources and nitrogen sources on mycelial growth and sporulation were determined using a crossover method and a hemocytometer counting method. The inhibitory effects of 8 commercially available fungicides on the mycelial growth of the pathogen were assessed using the mycelial growth rate method. The indoor toxicity of thiophanate-methyl and its effects on mycelial growth and sporulation at different dosages were also evaluated. The results indicated that the mycelium of Fusarium cugenangense could grow at 10~35 ℃ and pH 5~12， while spore could occur at 15~35 ℃ and pH 5~12. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth of the Fusarium cugenangense was 25 ℃， and the optimal temperature for sporulation was 30 ℃. The optimal pH for mycelial growth was 8， and for sporulation was 9. Starch was identified as the optimal carbon source for mycelial growth， while sucrose was the optimal carbon source for sporulation. Peptone was found to be the optimal nitrogen source for both mycelial growth and sporulation， and light inhibited both mycelial growth and sporulation. Additionally， the inhibition rate of mycelial growth showed that Hymexazol had the highest inhibition rate of 80.97%， with an EC₅₀ of 0.109 g·L^-1. In contrast， Chloroisobromine cyanuric acid and Fluomycetes Downomycetes exhibited lower inhibition rates of 16.79% and 9.71%， respectively. In conclusion， the external conditions such as temperature， pH， light conditions， carbon source and nitrogen source could influence the biological characteristics of Fusarium cugenangense. Furthermore， Hymexazol exhibited good indoor toxicity against Fusarium cugenangense. Above results provided a theoretical basis for effectively controlling tea root rot disease and its spread.

Isolation and Characterization of Bovine-origin Proteus mirabilis from Xinjiang and Analysis of Drug Resistance and Virulence Genes

Wei HE, Linqing SONG, Xinglin WU, Junjie AI, Liwei JI, Limin WANG, Yanbin WANG, Bin PENG, Xiaohua DAI, Qingyong GUO

2025, 27(7): 142-149. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0331

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In order to study the pathogenic bacteria and their characteristics of endometritis in a dairy farm in Changji region of Xinjiang， conventional and PCR methods were used to isolate and identify Proteus mirabilis in the collected secretion samples， and K-B drug-sensitive paper slides， PCR methods and artificially infected mice were used to detect the drug resistance， virulence genes and pathogenicity of Proteus mirabilis， respectively. The results showed that 29 strains of Proteus mirabilis were isolated. The drug susceptibility test of 16 drugs commonly showed that 29 strains were sensitive to 9 drugs， resistant to 5 drugs， and moderately sensitive to 2 drugs. The detection rate of virulence genes， ureC， atfC， rsmA， atfA， hpmA and rsbA， ranged from 62.07% to 89.66%， and the detection rate of other virulence genes was from 13.79% to 41.38%. The animal pathogenicity test showed that the isolated strain had pathogenicity to mice. Above results provided a scientific basis for the clinical control of the disease.

Comprehensive Utilization of Prepared Dishes Processing By-products： A Review

Ziqi WANG, Jieyao CHEN, Pei CHEN, Bing DU, Weijuan HUANG

2025, 27(7): 150-160. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0442

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With the market for prepared dishes flourishing， the processing of prepared dishes produces a great deal of by-products. Most by-products are inedible， so they are usually discarded during food preparation. Current treatments of byproducts from prepared dishes industry waste resources and decrease economic profits， so more efficient solutions to utilize these byproducts are sought. By-products from prepared dishes processing are inexpensive， nutrient-rich and vary widely in chemical composition such as proteins， dietary fiber and minerals. The prepared dishes sources including poultry and livestock， aquatic products， and fruits and vegetables were reviewed. The comprehensive knowledge and information on the development and utilization of by-products were provided from prepared dishes processing industry， including determination of their main functional components， extraction and applications， which should provide valuable reference and theoretical basis for the further optimization and development of by-product resources of prepared dishes.

Analysis of Gene Expression Characteristics Associated with Quality， Nutrient Composition， and Meat Quality of Tibetan Sheep Meat During Different Phenological Stages

Xiaowei CHEN, Yuzhu SHA, Xiu LIU, Pengyang SHAO, Fanxiong WANG, Zhuanhui XIE, Wenxin YANG, Qianling CHEN, Min GAO, Wei HUANG

2025, 27(7): 161-171. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0235

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To examine the impact of forage nutrients during different phenological stages （regreen stage and grassy stage） on the quality， nutrient composition and gene expression characteristics related to meat quality in pastured Tibetan sheep meat， the nutrient composition of herbage during the regreen stage （May） and grassy stage （August）， as well as the meat quality， nutrient composition and expression of genes related to meat quality in the longissimus dorsi muscle， foreleg muscle， and hind leg muscle of Tibetan sheep were analyzed. The results indicated that there were significant increases in crude protein and crude fat contents during the grassy stage compared to the regreen stage， while acid detergent fiber content was significantly higher in the regreen stage than that in the grassy stage. Compared to the regreen stage， the shear force and pH_{1 h} （pH after slaughter 1 h） of the longissimus dorsi muscle of Tibetan sheep were significantly higherin the grassy stage. Additionally， the cooked meat rate was significantly higher in the grassy stage than that in regreen stage， whereas the water loss rate was significantly lower than that in the regreen stage. The crude fat content of muscle in grassy stage was significantly higher than that in regreen stage， while the water content was significantly lower in grassy stage. Additionally， the expression levels of LPL and FABP3 genes of Tibetan sheep were significantly higher in grassy stage than those in regreen stage， whereas the expression levels of SCD， ADSL， CAST， and MSTN genes were also significantly higher in regreen stage than those in grassy stage. Correlation analysis revealed that ADSL was significantly negative correlation with protein content （r=-0.995， P<0.01）， as well as significantly positive correlation with crude fat content （r=0.865， P<0.01）. Above results provided valuable insights for optimizing forage utilization and enhancing meat quality of Tibetan sheep during different phenological stages.

Effects of Two Aerial Plants on Soil Particle Composition and Organic Matter in Crust Soil

Ran ZHANG, Yong GAO, Yumei LIANG, Xiaohong DANG, Miaomiao GAO, Hongyi LIU, Xueqin GAO

2025, 27(7): 172-181. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0955

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In order to explore the effects and differences of 2 plants of Hedysarum scoparium and Calligonum mongolicum on crust soil particle composition and organic matter after 30 years of aerial seeding， and to clarify the relationship between crust soil particle composition and organic matter during plant growth， the aerial seeding afforestation area in the northeastern margin of the Tengger desert was taken as the research area， and the lower crust of Hedysarum scoparium and Calligonum mongolicum was taken as the research object， and the non-plant crust was taken as the control （CK）. The effects of different plant sizes on the particle composition and organic matter content of crust soil at different positions were analyzed. The results showed that the fine sand content of Hedysarum scoparium and Calligonum mongolicum was higher than that of CK， and the coarse sand content was lower. When the plant size was the same， the accumulation effect of fine sand under the crust of Calligonum mongolicum was more obvious. As the plant became larger and closer to the root， the effect of crusts on fine sand retention was stronger. The content of organic matter in the crusts of Hedysarum scoparium and Calligonum mongolicum was higher than that of CK， and was positively correlated with plant size. The content of organic matter in the crusts of Hedysarum scoparium was higher than that of Calligonum mongolicum. When the plant size was the same， the organic matter content of the crust at 0.5 m from the root was higher than that at 1.0 m. The content of crust organic matter in the 2 plants was significantly positively correlated with the content of fine particles， and was significantly negatively correlated with the content of coarse particles. Very fine sand and very coarse sand were the key fractions for the accumulation of crust organic matter. To sum up， after 30 years of aerial seeding in Tengger desert， Hedysarum scoparium had a better effect on the accumulation of organic matter in local crusts， and Calligonum mongolicum had a better effect on the maintenance of fine sand in crusts. Above results provided theoretical basis and scientific basis for the prevention and restoration of desert wind erosion and the selection ratio of aerial seeding in arid aerial seeding area.

Effect of Green Manure Replacing Nitrogen Fertilizer on Greenhouse Gases in Wheat Fields

Qiang ZHU, Zongxian CHE, Heng CUI, Jiudong ZHANG, Xingguo BAO

2025, 27(7): 182-189. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0048

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In order to study the optimal proportion of green fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer in Northwest irrigation area， 6 treatments were set up including no fertilizer， local traditional fertilization， 85% nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen+15% green manure nitrogen， 70% nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen+30% green manure nitrogen， 55% nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen+45% green manure nitrogen， 40% nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen+60% green manure nitrogen. The greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions of soil during wheat growth period were monitored by static closed chamber gas chromatography，and the contents of GHG and total nitrogen in wheat fields were analyzed.The results showed that， with the increase of green manure substitution， the N₂O emission flux of each green manure treatment compared to the local traditional fertilization gradually decreased， and the soil total nitrogen content gradually increased， the N₂O emission flux of green manure treatments were significantly lower than the traditional fertilization， of which the treatment of 40% nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen+60% green manure nitrogen was the lowest， which decreased by 39.2% compared to the traditional fertilizer. All the treatments were the “sinks” of CH₄， the uptake of 55% nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen+45% green manure nitrogen treatment was the highest. combined with the wheat yield data of 2023， the yield of 70% nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen+30% green manure nitrogen treatment was the highest， reaching 4 136 kg·hm^-2. Compared with the local traditional fertilizer， the global warming potential of 70% nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen+30% green manure nitrogen treatment significantly reduced by 30.6%. It could be seen that green manure replaced 30% fertilizer treatment with the best effect， with high economic efficiency and friendly environmental effects. Above results provided theoretical basis for local farmers to apply fertilizer in a scientific and environmentally friendly way.

Effects of Organic Fertilizer Replacing Chemical Fertilizer on Yield and Soil Biological Characteristics of Pumpkin

Qi ZHOU, Qiang LIU, Jing ZHANG, Chaochao DENG, Zhenlong WANG, Yang LIU, Fang WU, Hao CHANG, Yanfang ZHOU, Cuicui SU, Zhiguo SHI, Zhengrui GAO, Fengjie MA

2025, 27(7): 190-203. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0804

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To explore the effect of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on the yield and soil biological characteristics of Beibei pumpkin in greenhouse facilities， and clarify the application effect of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer and screen the optimal proportion，a field experiment method was adopted and 6 treatments were set up： 100% fertilizer application （T1）， organic fertilizer replacing 20% （T2），40% （T3）， 60% （T4）， 80% fertilizer （T5）， respectively， and 100% organic fertilizer （T6）. The effects of different treatments on soil enzyme activity， microbial quantity， soil respiration rate and yield of Beibei pumpkin were analysed. The results showed that soil enzyme activity， microbial quantity， soil respiration rate and yield of pumpkin were increased under organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers in 0 to 40 cm soil layer during pumpkin growth stage and reached highest level during the vine growth stage. The activities of urease， alkaline phosphatase， sucrase， catalase of T4 and T5 treatments in 0 to 40 cm soil layer during the vine growth stage of Beibei pumpkin were increased by 70.75% and 70.74%， 7.89% and 9.66%， 56.07% and 43.79%， 10.73% and 12.14%， respectively. The microbial quantity and respiration rate were significantly increased by organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer. The number of soil bacteria， fungi， actinomycetes and soil respiration rate showed a “single peak” curve with the growth stage of pumpkin， and reached the peak at the vine growth stage. Compared with T1 treatment， the number of soil bacteria， fungi and actinomycetes in 0 to 40 cm soil layer of the organic fertilizer substitution treatment group increased by 3.84%~31.35%， 1.95%~24.13% and 0.40%~21.07%， respectively， there was no significant difference between T4 and T5 treatments，and the respiration rate increased by 4.47%~30.79%. Organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers could significantly increase pumpkin yield. Compared with T1 treatment， the pumpkin yield of T4 and T5 treatments significantly increased by 39.93% and 46.67%， respectively. Therefore， the optimal proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer was 60%~80%. Above results provided data support for the reduction of chemical fertilizers， improvement of efficiency and high-efficiency cultivation of Beibei pumpkins in this district.

Preparation and Characteristics of High-quality Biochar Fuel by Pressurized Torrefaction of Pine Sawdust

Xianhua DING, Shuangdui YAN, Ming YAN

2025, 27(7): 204-216. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0050

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To utilize agricultural and forestry waste to prepare high-quality biochar fuel at low cost， using cedar sawdust （CS） as raw material， pressurized torrefaction experiments were conducted using a micro high-pressure reactor to study fuel quality and the changes in physicochemical structure as well as pyrolysis kinetics. The results showed that，compared with atmospheric torrefaction at the same temperature （230 ℃）， the fixed carbon content of pressurized torrefied semi-char increased. Pressure promoted the conversion of volatile substances to fixed carbon in biomass. The volatile content in CS-290-1.5 decreased from 84.09% of CS to 45.74%， and calorific value increased to 28.15 MJ·kg^-1， the fuel quality significantly increased. The oxygen-carbon and Hydrogen-carbon ratios decreased to 0.24 and 0.85， which had basically reached the fuel quality range of bituminous coal. Temperature played an important role in the volatile matter removal and carbonization. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that oxygen-containing groups in solid products decreased， while C=C increased. The deoxygenation and aromatization reactions between biomass components were strengthened. Raman experimental results showed that the higher temperature under pressure led to an increase in condensation reaction from small to large aromatic rings in torrefied semi-char， resulted in an increase in graphitization degree. As temperature increased， the specific surface area and total pore volume of solid semi-char showed a gradual increase trend. CS-290-1.5 had a specific surface area of 40.02 m²·g^-1， suggesting that the raise in temperature promoted volatile matter removal and the generation of small molecule gases， thereby increasing pores and combustion reactivity. According to pyrolysis kinetics calculation， the activation energy of pressurized torrefied semi-char significantly increased at a later stage of pyrolysis reaction. The cross-linking reaction in torrefied semi-char was enhanced， resulting in the generation of more substances with high thermal stability. The determination results of gas composition indicated that compared to atmospheric pressure， pressurized torrefaction was more conducive to the deep decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose of biomass， promoting the removal of a large number of oxygen-containing groups， and releasing in the form of H₂O， CO and CO₂. To sum up， using gas pressure could enhance the deoxygenation and quality improvement of pine sawdust， which provided a theoretical basis for the energy efficient utilization of aromatic plant waste.

Influence of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Soil Bacterial Community Structure in Korla Pear Orchards

Xiyu ZHANG, Xing SHEN, Wei LI, Wenge XIE, Jie LI, Changhao YANG, Zhongping CHAI

2025, 27(7): 217-228. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0013

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In order to explore the effects of nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer on soil bacterial community structure and diversity in Korla fragrant pear orchard （0 to 20 cm）， conventional fertilization treatment was used as the control （CK），and 3 nitrogen reduction gradients of 10% （N1）， 20% （N2） and 30% （N3） and 2 organic fertilizer gradients were set， that is， sheep manure 22 500 （F1） and 33 750 kg·hm^-2 （F2） were applied， respectively，to form a combination of nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer test treatment. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine soil bacterial community structure composition and community diversity， and to analyze its correlation with soil physical and chemical properties. The results showed that the dominant phyla of soil bacteria were Actinobacteria， Proteobacteria， Firmicutes， Gemmatimonadetes， Chloroflexi， Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The dominant bacterial genera were Bacillus， Kocuria， Halomonas， Subgroup_6， S0134_terrestrial_group， Arthrobacter and Kineosporia. N1F2 treatment could increase the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes， N1F2 and N2F2 treatments could promote the relative abundance of Kocuria， and N2F2 treatment could promote the relative abundance of Arthrobacter. The N3F2 treatment notably increased the α-diversity of the bacterial community. Nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer significantly promoted soil organic matter， total nitrogen， alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium， and significantly inhibited pH and electrical conductivity. Key environmental factors affecting soil microbial community structure included total nitrogen， soil organic matter， alkali-hydrolysis nitrogen， available potassium， available phosphorus， electrical conductivity and pH. To promote the improvement of soil quality and the stability of soil ecosystem diversity， it was recommended to apply 240~270 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer and 33 750 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer for 10~12 years old Korla fragrant pear.

Effects of Different Fertilizer and Water Treatments on Fruit Quality of 7 Table Grapes in Greenhouses

Guangyong SONG, Yawen GUO, Jing XUE, Keqing YANG, Xuede SU, Long ZHOU

2025, 27(7): 229-240. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0107

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In order to select the suitable irrigation amount and the best foliar fertilizer in Hotan facility grape cultivation， the table grapes of ‘Shine-Muscat’ ‘Hutai 8’ ‘Queen Nina’ ‘Summer Black’ ‘Xinyu’ ‘Heimeiren’ and ‘Crimson Seedless’ were used as materials， and 3 irrigation amounts were set including 4 500， 6 750， 9 000 m³·hm^-2 and 3 types of foliar fertilizer were selected including humic acid water soluble fertilizer， amino acid water soluble fertilizer， water. The fruit quality of 7 table grapes under different fertilizer and water treatments were determined. The results showed that the contents of total sugar and soluble solids in ‘Crimson Seedless’ ‘Queen Nina’ ‘Summer Black’ and ‘Xinyu’ grapes increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of irrigation amount. The fruit equatorial diameter and fruit weight of ‘Summer Black’ and ‘Heimeiren’ grapes increased with the increase of irrigation amount. The amino acid water-soluble fertilizer could not only promote the increase of fruit weight of ‘Hutai 8’ ‘Summer Black’ and ‘Xinyu’ grapes， but also promote the contents of total sugar and anthocyanin in ‘Hutai 8’ ‘Summer Black’ ‘Shine-Muscat’ and ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. The humic acid water-soluble fertilizer could significantly promote the increase of vitamin C content in ‘Shine-Muscat’ ‘Heimeiren’ and ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes. The results of principal component analysis showed that ‘Shine-Muscat’ ‘Queen Nina’ and ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes were suitable for irrigation amount of 9 000 m³·hm^-2 and application of humic acid water-soluble fertilizer. ‘Hutai 8’ grape was suitable for irrigation amount of 6 750 m³·hm^-2 and application of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer. The suitable irrigation amount and foliar fertilizer for ‘Summer Black’ ‘Heimeiren’ and ‘Xinyu’ grapes were 9 000 m³·hm^-2 and the amino acid water-soluble fertilizer. Above results provided some theoretical reference for fertilizer and water management of Hotan facility grapes.

Sap Flow Dynamic and Its Affecting Factors of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus in Ulan Buh Desert

Xue DONG, Yaru HUANG, Shuai LI, Guangfu XU, Xiaona CHEN, Yuan LIU, Junting GUO, Zhiming XIN

2025, 27(7): 241-249. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0164

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In order to study the change law of sap flow and its influencing factors in sunny and rainy days and reveal the water consumption characteristics of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus in Ulan Buhe desert， the diurnal variation of sap flow rate of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus was monitored by thermal diffusion probe（TDP） stem sap flow meter， and the diurnal variation of meteorological factors such as air temperature and air relative humidity was synchronously monitored by automatic weather station. The diurnal variation of soil factors was measured by soil temperature and humidity automatic monitor， and the diurnal variation characteristics of sap flow of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus with different diameters under different weather conditions and their relationship with environmental factors were studied. The results showed that the sap flow of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus was high in the daytime， and there was sap flow at night， but the sap flow rate was small and did not change much. The larger the diameter of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus， the greater the daily average sap flow rate. The sap flow curves in sunny days and rainy days showed“single peak type”and“double peak type”， respectively，the daily mean value of sap flow rate in sunny days was higher than that in rainy days. Under sunny and rainy conditions， the sap flow rate of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus was significantly positively correlated with solar radiation， soil temperature， air temperature and saturated water-air pressure difference， and was significantly negatively correlated with air relative humidity， and had no significant correlation with soil water content. The regression equation analysis showed that the solar radiation had the greatest influence on the sap flow rate in sunny days， which could explain 89.1% of the change of sap flow alone， and the soil temperature had the greatest influence on the sap flow rate in rainy days， which could explain 85.8% of the change of sap flow alone. In summary， the change trend of sap flow rate of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus in the Ulan Buh desert was different between sunny and rainy days. The sap flow rate was mainly affected by solar radiation in sunny days and soil temperature in rainy days. Whether sunny or rainy days， the change of sap flow rate was positively correlated with solar radiation， soil temperature， air temperature and saturated water vapor pressure deficit， negatively correlated with relative humidity， and not significantly correlated with soil water content. Above results were of great significance for clarifying the water consumption law of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus in Ulan Buh desert， and had certain theoretical significance for biodiversity conservation and regional vegetation construction.

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