Table of Content

15 September 2025, Volume 27 Issue 9

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Project Establishment Analysis and Prospects of China’s “Forestry Germplasm Resources Cultivation and Quality Improvement” in the “14^th Five-Year” National Key R&D Program

Wen DONG, Zehui JU, Zhenzhong WANG, Kangtai SUN

2025, 27(9):  1-10.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0407

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In the new era， the cultivation and quality improvement of forestry germplasm resources face significant demands. China’s “Forestry Germplasm Resources Cultivation and Quality Improvement” in the “14^th Five-Year” National Key R&D Program closely aligns with major strategic needs such as ecological security， timber security， rural revitalization and "carbon neutrality". It aims to break through critical scientific issues and technological bottlenecks that constrain the high-quality development of forestry， thereby supporting green development and the construction of a Beautiful China. This paper systematicly analyzed the basic elements of the “14^th Five-Year” National Key R&D Program of China’s “Forestry Germplasm Resources Cultivation and Quality Improvement”， including the implementation background， project establishment， funding allocation， participation of research institutions and personnel etc. The paper summarized the approval mechanism and its effectiveness and proposed suggestions and reflections on task placement and project approval mechanisms for forestry technology development in the coming period， aiming to advance the deep integration of technological and industrial innovation and provide insights and references for achieving high-quality development of modern forestry.

Bidirectional Empowerment Mechanism of “Data+AI” and Practical Path in Agriculture

Yanfang WANG, Ruixue ZHAO

2025, 27(9):  11-20.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0064

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With the formal recognition of data as the fifth factor of production and the transformative breakthroughs ingenerative artificial intelligence（ AI）， the integration of“ Data + AI” has entered a phase of profound convergence，becoming a critical research focus across industries. Addressing the insufficient exploration of their synergisticmechanisms， the bidirectional empowerment dynamics and implementation pathways were investigated， aiming toprovide theoretical frameworks and empirical validation for accelerating AI iteration， unlocking data factor value，and advancing intelligent service deployment. The bidirectional collaborative mechanism between data for AI and AIfor data were systematically examined. The relationship between them had evolved from a unidirectional dependencyto a state of deep bidirectional synergy， forming a virtuous interactive cycle and entering an application-drivenintegration phase. In the practical context， taking the National Agricultural Library as a case study， implementationstrategies were proposed for the layout and construction of“ Data + AI” infrastructure. It outlined a practical pathwaycentered on a high-quality knowledge base that serves as the foundational pillar-full-chain intelligent enginesenabling end-to-end data processing-multi-scenario service capabilities tailored to diverse application needs. Thisframework ultimately generated an intelligent flywheel effect through the continuous interplay of “data-models-applications”. Based on the data-centric AI development paradigm， it emphasized the complementary construction ofhigh-quality big data and small data， co-evolved the general capabilities of large models and the specializedcapabilities of small models， deepened the integrated two-way empowerment mechanism， and thereby facilitated theefficient implementation of intelligent application scenarios across various domains.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Advances in Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle-adipose Crosstalk in Regulating Intramuscular Fat Depostion

Jiaqi YAO, Chunyan YANG, Yunfeng YANG, Hao BAI, Yong JIANG, Guobin CHANG, Guohong CHEN, Zhixiu WANG

2025, 27(9):  21-34.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0158

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Muscle and adipose tissue are important components of the livestock organism， and they both act as endocrine organs to secrete cytokines， exosomes and other substances， and to regulate intramuscular fat deposition by autocrine and paracrine means. There are differences in intramuscular fat deposition among different varieties， strains， and even different individuals of the same strain. Intramuscular fat is closely related to meat quality and flavour. However， its deposition is influenced by genetic， environmental and nutritional level factors， and is also interconnected with muscle tissue. The development and type of muscle fiber and the number of myogenic cells also affect intramuscular fat deposition. Therefore， the recent research progress on skeletal muscle-adipose crosstalk mainly in terms of cytokines， exosomes， metabolites and the function of organelles were reviewed， which laid some foundation for genetic improvement of intramuscular fat and meat quality and flavor.

Research Progress on Antagonistic Effects of Selenium Against Heavy Metal Contamination

Mingxuan WANG, Wenyan ZHENG, Weidong LI, Jiaqiang HUANG, Lianshun WANG

2025, 27(9):  35-43.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0038

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Heavy metal pollution has always been a major environmental problem in China， especially the threat of heavy metals such as cadmium （Cd）， plumbum （Pb）， hydrargyrum （Hg） to farmland and public health. Selenium （Se）， as an essential trace element， not only has biological functions such as delaying aging and enhancing immunity， but also has significant antagonistic effect on heavy metals. Therefore， strengthening the application and development of Se element is one of the important means to alleviate heavy metal pollution. Firstly， the hazards of heavy metals were analyzed， pointing out their difficult to degrade and easy to accumulate characteristics， as well as their long-term damage to ecosystems and human health caused by their accumulation in organisms. Secondly， the mechanism by which Se alleviates heavy metal pollution was detailed， mainly including 2 aspects. One aspect was that， due to the affinity and binding， Se formed stable complexes with heavy metal ions， reducing the toxicity and bioavailability of heavy metals. Another aspect was the antioxidant and detoxifying effect of Se， which reduced the oxidative stress damage of heavy metals to organisms by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Finally， the broad application prospects of Se was put out in agriculture， aquaculture and medical fields. In agriculture， the application of Se fertilizer could significantly reduce the absorption of heavy metals by crops such as rice and corn， and improve crop yield and quality. In the field of aquaculture， Se feed could effectively reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in animals， and improve animal immunity and product quality. In the medical field， Se， as an antidote， had significant effect on the treatment of heavy metal poisoning， and could reduce the risk of cancer. Above results provided scientific basis for the development， research and rational application of selenium in multiple fields， and provided new ideas and methods for solving heavy metal pollution problems.

Analysis of Quality Traits of 168 Wheat Germplasm Resources

Yifan LIU, Shaoshuai LIU, Rui ZANG, Yang LI, Wei LIU, Tingting LI, Danmei LIU, Dengcai LIU, Aili LI, Long MAO, Xiang WANG, Shuaifeng GENG

2025, 27(9):  44-57.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0001

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To study the trends of high molecular weight glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） and some quality traits in wheat improvement process， 168 wheat germplasm resources （46 Chinese landraces， 18 introduced modern cultivars， 44 modern Chinese cultivars before 2000 year and 60 modern Chinese cultivars after 2000 year） were selected as materials. The HMW-GS subunit composition， amylose content， wet gluten content and sedimentation value were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 13 subunit types were detected at the Glu-1 loci. At Glu-A1 locus， there were 2 subunit types with the null subunit being predominant （67.86%）， there were 8 subunit types with subunit 7+8 being predominant （60.71%） at Glu-B1 locus， and there were 3 subunit types with subunit 2+12 being predominant （73.21%） at Glu-D1 locus. The 13 subunit types formed 21 different subunit combinations. The combinations N/7+8/2+12， N/7+9/2+12， 1/7+8/5+10 and 1/7+9/5+10 appeared more frequently， accounting for 44.05%， 10.12%， 8.33% and 7.74%， respectively. The amylose content ranged from 11.11% to 24.31% with a coefficient of variation of 10.51%， the wet gluten content ranged from 24.43% to 69.36% with a coefficient of variation of 19.06%， and the sedimentation value ranged from 20.50 to 61.33 mL with a coefficient of variation of 15.92%. To sum up， during wheat improvement， the number of HMW-GS types and combinations gradually increased， amylose content significantly increased， wet gluten content significantly decreased， and sedimentation value showed no significant change. Scoring of subunit combinations indicated that there were 22 materials with both quality scores and sedimentation value scores greater than 9. Above results provided important germplasm resources and reference for the further breeding of high-quality varieties with superior subunits.

Genome-wide Identification of VOZ Genes Family in Cotton and Study on Salt Tolerance Function of GhVOZ1

Hao JIA, Hongzhe WANG, Zhengwen SUN, Qishen GU, Dongmei ZHANG, Xingyi WANG, Yan ZHANG, Huaiyu LU, Zhiying MA, Xingfen WANG

2025, 27(9):  58-68.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0238

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The vascular plant one-zinc finger protein （VOZ） is a transcription factor specific to higher plants， which is involved in regulating plant growth and development， as well as responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. To identify the VOZ gene family of cotton and analyze the function of the GhVOZ1 gene under salt stress， the VOZ family in diploid and tetraploid cotton species was analyzed. The results showed that diploid and tetraploid cotton species contained 3 and 8 VOZ members， respectively， and the structures of most VOZs genes in Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense were highly conserved. GaVOZ1， GrVOZ1， GhVOZ1， GhVOZ5， GbVOZ1 and GbVOZ6 clustered together with several salt-tolerant genes， indicating that this group of VOZs had similar functions. The expression of GhVOZs was significantly upregulated under salt stress for 12 h. Among them， the expression levels of GhVOZ1 and GhVOZ5 were upregulated by nearly 7 times compared with the water control， suggesting that these 2 genes were important candidate genes involved in the response to salt stress. GhVOZ1 was localized in cytoplasm， and its overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana could significantly enhance the salt tolerance of the plants. Above results provided reference for deeper understanding of the function of cotton VOZ genes under salt stress and offer new gene resources for molecular improvement of salt tolerance.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Flax Local Varieties in Gansu

Jie LIU, Bin WANG, Jingjing HOU, Bing WU, Li ZHAO

2025, 27(9):  69-78.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0222

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Flax is a major oilseed crop in arid regions of China， and Gansu is one of the main production areas of flax in China. Studying the genetic diversity and population structure of flax local varieties in Gansu province is of great significance for uncovering rich and superior allelic variations and improving sesame breeding efficiency. Using SSR molecular marker， the genetic diversity and population structure of 94 flax local varieties from 13 counties （cities and districts） in Gansu province were analyzed. The results showed that 46 alleles were got by 21 SSR primers with 2~3 alleles per primer； the polymorphism information contents were 0.158~0.522 with an average of 0.343， the observed heterozygosity （H_o） was 0.060~0.957 with an average of 0.448， the expected heterozygosity （H_e） was 0.126~0.569 with an average of 0.408， and the Shannon diversity index were 0.267~0.860 with an average of 0.613. With a genetic distance threshold of 0.028， the 94 sesame resources were grouped into 4 groups. It showed that the genetic differences between sesame local varieties in Gansu province were small， the genetic distances were close， and the genetic background was narrow.

Mining and Analysis of Genes Related to Anthocyanin Degradation in Purple Pepper

Huaqiang TAN, Liping LI, Manman TIE, Jiaqin YANG, Xiaoyun ZHENG, Shaokun PAN, Youwan TANG

2025, 27(9):  79-91.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0208

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To further study the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin degradation in purple pepper， the transcriptome data of purple unripe peppers at 30 d after anthesis and red ripe fruits at 60 d after anthesis from 3 varieties （HN191， HN192， HN005） were analyzed. The results showed that 7 104 common differentially expressed genes were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis results inidcated that these genes were predominantly associated with processes such as cell wall， secondary metabolism， lipid metabolism， carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Further analysis identified 3 MBW （MYB-bHLH-WD40） transcription factors （including 1 MYB and 2 WRKY）， 3 peroxidases and 2 β-glucosidase encoding genes. Additionally， a MADS-box transcription factor and a NAC transcription factor were identified through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. The results of qRT-PCR revealed that the expression levels of these genes were higher in red ripe fruits than those in purple unripe fruits， which proposed that these 10 candidate genes might be associated with the degradation of anthocyanins in purple pepper fruits. Above results provided potential candidate genes for the breeding of mature purple peppers.

Heterologous Expression of PaMT3-1 Gene from Phytolacca americana Enhances Salt and Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Yueriyeti Sali, Nuerbiye Yisimayi, Aliya Waili, Lingna CHEN, Yongkun CHEN

2025, 27(9):  92-98.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0300

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Metallothionein （MT） is a cysteine-rich， low molecular weight metal binding protein， which is crucial for regulating metal homeostasis and enhancing tolerance to abiotic stress. The cadmium-resistant metallothionein gene PaMT3-1 from Phytolacca americana was introduced into Arabidopsis， and the root length， fresh weight， physiological and biochemical indexes of transgenic strains and wild type were determined under 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl and 200 mmol·L^-1 mannitol stress. The results showed that the expression of PaMT3-1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants increased resistance to salt and osmotic stress. Compared to the wild-type， the transgenic lines exhibited significantly greater root length， fresh weight， and chlorophyll content. The root lengths of transgenic lines OE1 and OE3 was more than twice that of wild-type line when treated by 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl and 200 mmol·L^-1 mannitol， and the transgenic lines exhibited a notable increase in proline content and activities of peroxidase （POD）， superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） under stress conditions. Particularly， the POD activity in OE1 treated by 200 mmol·L^-1 mannitol was 9.85 times higher than that of the control. Above results indicated the transgenic lines had enhancement of osmotic adjustment ability and antioxidant enzyme activities. MT gene responded to abiotic stress in plants through various mechanisms， and could be used as a universal gene resource for plant resistance to various abiotic stresses， which provided a reference for molecular improvement of crop resistance.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Crushing Effect of Double Tooth Roller Crushing Mechanism and Wall Breaker Crushing Mechanism on Kitchen Waste

Xuelin DU, Ying LIU, Jiahua ZOU, Yu TU, Can ZHOU, Jinpeng CHENG

2025, 27(9):  99-109.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0147

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The intelligent garbage sorting device can automatically recognize and classify garbage， including recyclable garbage， harmful garbage， kitchen waste and other garbage. In order to solve the problem of kitchen waste crushing treatment， the wall-breaking crusher and the double-tooth roller crusher were designed by using SolidWorks， and the discrete element particle bonding model of kitchen waste was established in EDEM， then the simulation experiment was carried out based on these 2 crushers. The results showed that the percentage of small particles crushed by the wall-breaking crusher was higher， such as 86.2% and 39.9% for the crushing object 1 and object 2 in the simulation experiment， and the proportion of particles obtained from the simulation experiment and the prototype experiment were basically the same， with an error of no more than 5%. It could be found that the crushing effect of the wall-breaking crusher was better than that of the double-toothed roller crusher. Above results provided reference for the design of the kitchen waste residue liquid separation and treatment device.

Research on Apple Yield Estimation Model Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing

Zhenfei ZHANG, An YAN, Jing GUO, Yuhang ZHAO, Yilin YUAN, Peng LIU, Zuohao QU, Chuan YUAN

2025, 27(9):  110-119.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0159

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The rapid and accurate estimation of apple tree yield based on UAV remote sensing technology is of great significance for precise orchard management and market planning. Using a DJI Phantom 4 RTK quadcopter drone equipped with a multispectral camera， multispectral images of apple trees during the flowering period， fruit setting period， fruit expansion period， and maturity period were obtained. The images were stitched using DJI Terra software， and 13 vegetation indices and 4 phenotypic features including tree height， east-west canopy width， north-south canopy width and average canopy width were extracted. Subsequently， different apple yield estimation models were constructed for different growth stages and variable combinations using random forest （RF）， back propagation neural network （BPNN） and support vector regression （SVR）. The results showed that， compared to considering single variables， combining phenotypic features with vegetation indices yielded better yield estimation results. Among the 4 growth stages， the frui expansion period was more suitable for apple yield estimation. Among the 3 regression algorithms， SVR achieved the best yield estimation performance. The optimal yield estimation model was the P+VI-SVR_S3 model based on phenotypic features and vegetation indices during the fruit expansion period， with a coefficient of determination （R₂） of 0.802 0， mean absolute error （MAE） of 15.024 2， and root mean square error （RMSE） of 18.510 7. Using vegetation indices and phenotypic features， apple yield could be estimated， and combining phenotypic features with vegetation indices could improve the accuracy of apple yield estimation. SVR performed better for apple yield estimation during the fruit expansion period.

Optimization of Discrete Elemental Simulation Parameters for Forest Panax pseudoginseng Plantation Red Soil Based on GA-BP-GA

Haidong ZHANG, Zhixian TANG, Liyun ZHANG, Qi YU, Chaojun SONG

2025, 27(9):  120-130.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0188

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In order to solve the problem of the lack of accurate and reliable discrete element simulation parameters for the design of agricultural implements in Yunnan forest Panax pseudoginseng cultivation， the red soil of Yunnan forest Panax pseudoginseng cultivation was taken as the research object， and the Hertz-Mindlin with JKR cohesion model in EDEM was selected to calibrate the relevant simulation parameters. On the basis of the previous experiments， the Plackett-Burman test and the steepest-climbing test were used to screen the significance factors and their optimal value intervals， the soil simulation stacking angle was used as the response value， and the response surface methodology （RSM） and machine learning were used to optimize and compare the significance parameters， respectively. The results showed that the soil JKR （Johnson-Kendall-Roberts） surface energy was 5.597 J·m^-2， soil-soil collision recovery coefficient was 0.314， soil-soil rolling friction factor was 0.132， and soil-65Mn steel collision recovery coefficient was 0.264 after using RSM optimized， the simulated stacking angle was 38.16°， and the relative error with the actual stacking angle was 2.03%. While using genetic algorithm （GA）-back propagation （BP）-GA model optimized， the soil JKR surface energy was 5.245 J·m^-2， soil-soil collision recovery coefficient was 0.404， soil-soil rolling friction factor was 0.171， soil-65Mn steel collision recovery coefficient was 0.318， simulated stacking angle was 36.81°， and the relative error with the actual stacking angle was 1.57%， which was superior to that of the RSM. Above results showed that the GA-BP-GA algorithm was superior to the RSM method in parameter optimization， and the red soil parameter calibration results obtained could be used in discrete element simulation.

Design and Experiment of Self-propelled Garlic Vertically-planting and Fertilizing Integrated Machine

Xiang DAI, Haichao SONG, Chuan SU

2025, 27(9):  131-144.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0266

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Taking into account the current low mechanization status of garlic planting， a self-propelled garlic vertically-planting and fertilizing integrated machine was invented， and early field experiments were conducted. The machine used seed spoons and garlic chains to work together to fetch and transport each of the garlic seeds， and used a parallel four-link structure to vertically plant the garlic seeds and an outer groove wheel fertilizer discharger to achieve fertilizer supply. By using a hydraulic system， the single-seed picking system and the garlic vertically-planting system attached to the rear tailstock frame could meet the needs of switching between transportation and planting states， and the whole machine could be held up to accomplish in-situ turning. The radius of the planting disc was determined to be 162.5 mm when the distance between garlic plants was 120 mm and 6 duck beaks were installed in the circumferential direction of the vertically-planting system， and the edge curve of the duck beak opening disc was determined accordingly. In order to increase structural performance and save weight， the frame and tailstock assembly were profile-optimized using ANSYS Workbench based on the study of the frame’s statics， modal and frequency response. Field experiments showed that the machine’s appropriate planting depth was about 6 cm， and it shouldn’t be utilized for planting operations at lesser depths. In the circumstance of seeding depth of 6 cm， when the planting rate was greater than 15 m·min^-1， the reseeding rate was less than 3.0%， and when the planting rate was greater than 18 m·min^-1， the missing planting rate was greater than 5%. Overall， the machine’s acceptable planting rate was about 15 m·min^-1， with the corresponding vertically planting rate about 85%， and the pass rate of planting depth generally greater than 90%， which effectively ensured that the garlic seeds could be vertically planted in appropriate planting depth. When the fertilization depth was greater than 5 cm， the fertilization stability coefficient was close to 0.95， indicating that relatively strong fertilization stability could be attained. The entire machine had met the predetermined conditions in the vertically-planting and fertilizing integrated function.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Density Interactions on Occurrence of Diseases and Insect Pests and Grain Yield of Rice

Jianfeng ZHANG, Wenfeng HOU, Yongqing WU, Kaixu LI, Xiaokun LI

2025, 27(9):  145-154.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0594

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In order to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and density interactions on the occurrence of diseases， insect pests and yield of rice， Liangyou 3905 was used as the material， and a split-plot test design was adopted. The nitrogen application rate was the main plot， and the plant density was the sub-plot. There were 4 nitrogen application rates including 0.0（N0），82.5（N82.5），165.0（N165），247.5 kg·hm^-2（N247.5） and 4 plant densities including 15×10⁴（D1），21×10⁴（D2），27×10⁴（D3），33×10⁴ plants·hm^-2（D4）. The occurrence of rice blast， stem borer and floret sterility， yield and yield components of each treatment were analyzed. The results showed that nitrogen application rates and plant density had significant and interactive effects on the incidence of rice blast， stem borer infestation and floret sterility. Compared with the N0 treatment， the application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the incidence of rice blast and disease index by 1.8~47.1 and 0.9~37.6 percentage points， respectively， while the incidence of stem borer initially increased and then decreased， ranging from -0.4 to 1.3 percentage points， and floret sterility decreased by 0.6~2.9 percentage points. The occurrence and severity of rice blast were significantly positively correlated with planting density， which increased by 1.2~3.0 and 0.7~3.1 percentage points， respectively， compared to D1. Both the incidence of stem borer and floret sterility showed a decreasing trend with increasing density， reducing by 0.7~1.2 and 0.9~1.8 percentage points， respectively， compared to D1. The yield increased with nitrogen application rates and plant density within a certain range. The application of nitrogen significantly increased the effective number of spikes and the number of grains per spike by 9.6%~25.1% and 18.4%~30.4%， respectively. Densification had a greater effect on the effective number of spikes， with an increase ranging from 25.1%~30.6%. The yield was maximum at 7 328 kg·hm^-2 under the treatment of N165D3. Continuing to increase nitrogen or density led to a decrease in yield. Appropriate combination of nitrogen and density significantly increased the effective number of spikes per unit area and balance the yield components for high yields. Based on the conditions of this experiment， binomial regression analysis and modeling revealed that the optimal nitrogen application rate was 182.18 kg·hm^-2， while the optimal planting density was 26.90×10⁴ plants·hm^-2. It was anticipated that the reinforcement of rice blast control on this basis would result in a further increase in yields. Above results provided theoretical foundation and technical support for the advancement of environmentally sustainable， high-yield and high-efficiency rice production.

Extraction， Component Identification and Fumigant Activity of Lemongrass Essential Oil Against Red Imported Fire Ants

Fan KUANG, Mingkun XIAO, Yuhan HUANG, Hongmin JIANG, Lei HU, Ying WEI, Wei HU

2025, 27(9):  155-164.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0697

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To investigate the fumigant activity of Cymbopogon citratus （lemongrass） essential oil （EO） on Solenopsis invicta （red imported fire ants， RIFA）， the lemongrass essential oil was extracted and purified using hydrodistillation and column chromatography. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） was applied to analyze and identify the chemical components of lemongrass essential oil and its different fractions. Then fumigant activities of different fractions in EO and monomers against RIFA were determined. The results showed that the light yellow lemongrass EO was extracted by water distillation with the rate of 1.02%. The fumigant activity of lemongrass EO against RIFA increased as the increase of treatment dosage. At 400 μL·L^-1， the LT₅₀ （lethal time of 50%） was 0.197 h with obvious sublethal effect. 2 fractions A1 and A2 from lemongrass EO were obtained by column chromatography. GS-MS analysis showed that the dominant component of lemongrass EO and A1 fractions was citronellal with the relative contents of 24.72% and 31.75%， respectively， and geranol was the main component of A2 fraction with the relative contents of 23.54%. Under the same dosage treatment， the fumigation activity of A1 fraction was highest， and the lemongrass EO was second. After treatment with 25.0 and 12.5 μL·L^-1 for 0.5 and 1.0 h， both citronellal and D-limonene showed 100% fumigant activity against RIFA， indicating that citronellal and D-limonene were the main active substances. Above results provided new ideas for the prevention and control of RIFA.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Research Progress on Effect and Mechanism of Exogenous Calcium Induced Plant Response to Cadmium Stress

Yanxin HUANG, Xiang WU, Yan CAO, Xuyu YAN, Ling LI

2025, 27(9):  165-171.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0223

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Cadmium （Cd） is one of the most serious soil pollutants in China. It can accumulate in plants through absorption by roots or leaves， leading to interference in various physiological and biochemical functions， causing disruption of plant physiological metabolism and growth inhibition. Calcium （Ca） plays an important role in the growth and development of plants and the response to environmental signals. The effects of exogenous Ca on the Cd accumulation and distribution， growth and development， photosynthesis， antioxidant system， nutrients and morphological indicators of the plants were summaried， and the mechanism of Ca signaling induced plant response to Cd stress was discussed， which provided reference for plant ecological remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.

Effects of Different Filling Rate and Aeration Technology on Composting Effect of Roller

Jiang WU, Hongsheng CHENG, Jingtao DING, Yujun SHEN, Haibin ZHOU, Wenxiu GUO, Ying ZHANG

2025, 27(9):  172-180.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0187

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In order to comprehensively evaluate the effects of different filling rates and aeration processes on the effect of roller compost， the pig manure and straw were used as raw materials， and took the harmless compost treatment effect， fertilizer quality and economic and environmental protection as evaluation indexes， the effects of different filling rates （0.60 and 0.75） and aeration processes （staged aeration process and constant aeration process） on the compost effect were studied. The results showed that the filling rate had a significant impact on the effect of roller composting. The high filling rate （0.75） was helpful to improve the fertilizer yield and increase the material handling capacity per unit volume reactor， but it would prolong the harmless treatment time， reduced the quality of fertilizer， and increased the emission of hydrogen sulfide gas （H₂S）. The main reason affecting the effect of high filling rate composting was that the material was difficult to mix in the early stage. Low filling rate （0.60） could better promote the rapid harmless material and improve the quality of fertilizer， but it would increase ammonia （NH₃） emissions， but the treatment efficiency and fertilizer production rate were relatively low， affecting the economy of the drum. Different aeration processes had a significant impact on the composting effect. The use of segmentation aeration process was more conducive to improve the harmless treatment effect of materials， shorten the harmless treatment time， improve fertilizer quality， and reduce operation energy consumption and ammonia （NH₃） emission， but increasing hydrogen sulfide （H₂S） emission. Above results provided technical support for the engineering application of roller composting technology.

Effects of Fertilization by Mulched Drip Irrigation on Soil Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution in Pear Orchards on Gneiss Mountain Slopes

Shanshan TONG, Feng JIN, Qingzhu YANG, Ruifang ZHANG, Xinxin WANG, Hong WANG

2025, 27(9):  181-192.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0141

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In order to reveal the vertical distribution pattern of soil nutrients in newly formed pear orchards on gneiss slopes under mulched drip irrigation conditions with the number of years of fertilization， the nutrient accumulation and distribution of pear orchard soils in different soil layers （0 to 20， 20 to 40， 40 to 60 cm） under different years （3~8 years） of mulched drip irrigation were studied using plots without fertilizer and crops for 8 years after land preparation as control. The results showed that the years of fertilization significantly affected the soil nutrient content of pear orchards， except for pH， each nutrient factor reached the peak value in the 8 years of fertilization treatment. Compared with the control， mulched drip irrigation with organic fertilizer treatment significantly increased the contents of organic matter， cation exchange， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium in pear orchard soil by 6.87%~691.60%， respectively. And the micronutrient contents in different soil layers of the pear orchard also showed a trend of increase with the prolongation of the fertilizer application years， with the increase of 122.00%~258.00%. With the increase of fertilization years， the soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and other contents in 40 to 60 cm soil layer with longer fertilization years were higher than those in 0 to 20 cm soil layer with shorter fertilization years， such as the soil hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus contents in 40 to 60 cm soil layer with fertilization 8 years increased by 24.3% and 31.45%， compared with those in 0 to 20 cm soil layer with fertilization 3 years， which indicated that long-term fertilization drived the migration of nutrients to the deeper layer. The soil nutrient contents showed the phenomenon of epimerization as a whole， and the fertilization 5 years was the inflection point of vertical migration of nutrients， after which the accumulation rate of available phosphorus and available potassium in the deep soil accelerated， and the coefficient of epimerization decreased. In conclusion， mulched drip irrigation with organic fertilizers could efficiently improve the whole profile soil fertility of pear orchards in gneiss mountains； however， long-term application （>5 years） should lead to available nutrients exceeding the leaching risk threshold， which should be combined with deep-rooted crops to regulate or optimize the frequency of fertilization.

Effects of Clover Mulch on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Leaf Physiological Characteristics in Dryland Apple Orchards

Wen HU, Pengpeng ZHANG, Liping ZHUANG, Pengli WANG, Yangjun ZOU

2025, 27(9):  193-203.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0255

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In order to investigate the effects of mulching with different clover varieties on soil physicochemical properties and leaf physiological characteristics of an apple orchard， the advantageous clover varieties suitable for dryland orchard planting were identified. The effects of grass mulching on soil physicochemical properties and leaf physiological characteristics were investigated by planting different varieties of clover （crimson clover， white clover and red clover） between clear tillage， with clearing cultivation as the control. The results showed that， compared with the clear-tillage treatment， the crimson clover significantly increased soil moisture content and reduced soil bulk mass， while the red clover significantly increased soil porosity. Compared with the clear-tillage treatment， crimson clover effectively increased the contents of soil organic matter and total phosphorus， significantly reduced the soil pH， increased the activities of soil sucrase and urease activities， and white clover significantly increased total nitrogen content and alkaline phosphatase activity in soil. Compared with the clear-tillage treatment， white clover significantly increased the contents of total nitrogen， Mg and net photosynthetic rate of apple leaves， crimson clover significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll b， total chlorophyll， carotenoid and stomatal conductance， water use efficiency， and decreased intercellular CO₂ concentration of apple leaves， red clover effectively increased the transpiration rate of apple leaves. In conclusion， crimson clover was the best grass variety for clover mulch in dry apple orchards， which could significantly improve soil comprehensive fertility and leaf physiological function of apple leaves. Above results provided scientific basis for grass management in dryland orchards.

Effects of Adding Microbial Inoculants and Lime on Fermentation and Nutrient Content of Sisal Waste

Shibei TAN, Dietram Samson MKAPA, Shenglin LI, Jingen XI, Weihuai WU, Helong CHEN, Xing HUANG, Yanqiong LIANG, Kexian YI, Jinlong ZHENG

2025, 27(9):  204-214.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0230

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To explore the optimal fermentation conditions and the effects of additives for sisal waste， and to improve the quality of sisal waste compost， a fermentation experiment was conducted using sisal waste as the test material. The experiment was set up with 2 fermentation conditions （aerobic and anaerobic） and 4 additive treatments （no additives， microbial inoculants alone， lime alone and a combination of microbial inoculants and lime）. The color， smell and nutrient content of the sisal waste fermentation products were measured. The results showed that， under aerobic condition， the color of the fermentation products generally changed from yellow to brown， while under anaerobic condition， the trend was the opposite. The rancidness smell of sisal waste fermentation products was stronger under anaerobic condition compared to aerobic condition. Adding microbial inoculants under aerobic condition reduced the rancidness smell of the products， while adding lime reduced the rancidness smell under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The pH of the fermentation liquid under anaerobic condition （5.0~8.3） was generally lower than that under aerobic condition （7.4~8.9）. The total nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium contents of the solid-state fermentation products of sisal waste treated with different methods were 11.3~19.5， 1.8~3.8 and 0.9~4.3 g·kg^-1， respectively， while the fermentation liquid had total nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium contents of 39.9~233.3， 5.0~153.5 and 0.58~0.85 mg·kg^-1， respectively. The addition of inoculants resulted in the highest total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in solid-state fermentation products， averaging 17.6 and 3.5 g·kg^-1， respectively， under aerobic condition. Compared to the 2 fermentation conditions， the phosphorus content of the fermentation liquid under anaerobic condition was generally higher than those under aerobic condition， especially with the addition of inoculants， where it significantly increased， averaging 84.5 mg·kg^-1. Under the same additive treatments， the overall mass loss rate of sisal waste under anaerobic condition was lower than that under aerobic condition. The addition of lime significantly reduced the mass loss rate of sisal waste. The potassium loss rate of sisal waste was relatively high， reaching 75.9%~82.2%. In conclusion， sisal waste performed better under aerobic condition for fermentation， microbial inoculants facilitated the decomposition of sisal waste， and lime could reduce the smell of sisal waste fermentation products. However， the effectiveness of inoculants decreased when mixed with lime. It was recommended to use aerobic condition with the addition of microbial inoculants and a small amount of lime for the fermentation treatment of sisal waste in production.

Effects of Citric Acid on Enhance the Remediation of Cd-contaminated Soil by Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.

Junyu ZHOU, Yu GU, Haiyong WU, Mingde LI, Qiongfeng LIU, Xuan ZHOU, Chunhua DONG

2025, 27(9):  215-223.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0247

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In order to explore the effect of exogenous citric acid addition on the remediation of cadmium （Cd） contaminated soil by Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.， 2 Cd contaminated soils with moderate （M） and low （L） were selected and treated with 4 citric acid dosage of 2.5（T1）， 5.0（T2）， 10.0（T3）， 20.0 mmol·kg^-1（T4） to study the response of phytoremediation characteristics of A. hypochondriacus L. to citric acid application with no citric acid added as control （CK）. The results showed that exogenous addition of citric acid to moderate and low Cd contaminated soil reduced soil pH to a certain extent， promoted the conversion of Cd components in soil and improved the biological availability of Cd in soil. The application of citric acid in low Cd-contaminated soil significantly increased the above-ground Cd content but did not affect the normal growth， and significantly increased the above-ground Cd remediation efficiency， which increased with the increase of citric acid dosage， ranging from 58.58% to 213.20%， among them， L-T4 treatment had the best effect， and the aboveground Cd removal rate （18.98%） was significantly higher than other treatment. Although the above-ground Cd content in moderately Cd-polluted soil after application of citric acid showed an increasing trend， the above-ground Cd removal rate was not significantly changed by exogenous application of citric acid because excessive enrichment of Cd inhibited its normal growth. In conclusion， applying 20 mmol·kg^-1 citric acid could effectively improve the remediation efficiency of A. hypochondriacus L. in low Cd polluted soil by reducing pH， increasing Cd bioavailability， Cd removal rate and so on. However， there was no need to apply citric acid when A. hypochondriacus L. was used to repair moderate Cd contaminated soil. Therefore， the exogenous addition of citric acid could enhance the Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. remediation of Cd-polluted soil to a certain extent. Above results provided important reference value and guiding significance for the treatment of moderate and low Cd contaminated farmland.

MARINE AGRICULTURE & FRESHWATER FISHERIES

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Factors of Marine Fishery Ecological Security in China

Feng CUI, Jingzhou LIU, Yixin QIAN, Guiying CHEN

2025, 27(9):  224-239.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0329

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In order to promote the high-quality development of marine fisheries， an evaluation index system of marine fishery ecological security was constructed based on the CAS-DPSIR （complex adaptive system-driving forces， pressure， stage， impact， responses） model， and the temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics and significant driving factors of marine fishery ecological security were analyzed by the grey correlation-TOPSIS （technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution） model， Theil index and system GMM （generalized method of moments） model. The results showed that the marine fishery ecological security in China showed a fluctuating upward trend in the study time， especially after 2016， except Hainan， Jiangsu， Shanghai and Tianjin， the marine fishery ecological security level maintained a good development situation. From 2010 to 2016， there was an alternating distribution pattern of low or high safety grades by province， and from 2018 to 2022， a spatial pattern was basically formed with Jiangsu and Shanghai as the midpoint， and the north and south were high and the middle was low. With the overall improvement of the ecological security level of marine fisheries in China， the spatial differences were enlarged， and the spatial differences within the region were presented as Bohai Rim>Pan-Pearl River Delta>Yangtze River Delta. The status of marine fishery resources， fishing capacity， marine environmental regulation and fishery administration management capacity were significant driving factors for the spatiotemporal evolution of marine fishery ecological security. In the future， the spatial development difference of marine fishery ecological security level should be narrowed from 2 levels of regional strategies and factors， a marine fishery production pattern with ecological priority and economic sustainability should be formed under the guidance of green development， and the law enforcement of marine fishery administration should be strengthened by adhering to the rule of law.

Preparation and Characterization of Yeast Cobalt and Its Application in Fish Stress Resistance

Kerou SHI, Nan WANG, Yinyin LUAN, Yanqing LI, Zhen ZHANG, Yuanyuan YAO, Chao RAN, Qianwen DING, Yalin YANG, Zhigang ZHOU

2025, 27(9):  240-249.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0210

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Cobalt （Co） is an important essential trace element for aquatic animals and is critical for maintaining their physiological and metabolic functions. Probiotics can convert inorganic cobalt into organic cobalt forms with less toxicity and higher bioavailability， providing dual benefits of cobalt and probiotics.Yeast R was screened to improve cobalt-enriched ability from the probiotics recommended by the European Union Qualification for the Safety of Microbial Strains （QPS）， which had high tolerance and enrichment capacity for cobalt chloride. The optimal cobalt enrichment conditions was determined as initial pH 5.5， incubation temperature 30 ℃， incubation time 76 h， and the addition of 1.5 g·L^-1 cobalt chloride for 4 h， resulting in total cobalt content of 3.78 g·kg^-1. Characterization tools confirmed the possible presence of spherical cobalt on the surface of cobalt-enriched yeast （R-Co） nanoparticles. In the zebrafish test， the addition of 0.166 7 mg·kg^-1 R-Co had no effect on growth performance and improved survival rate under ammonia-nitrogen stress and cold stress compared with the addition of 0.166 7 mg·kg^-1 inorganic cobalt， suggesting that yeast R is an efficient cobalt-enriched strain with the potential of replacing inorganic cobalt for promising applications in improving the health and resilience of aquatic animals.