田间管理措施对滨海盐渍地区中低产田生产力的影响

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0565

中国农业科技导报 ›› 2024, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (1): 163-172.DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0565

• 生物制造资源生态 • 上一篇

田间管理措施对滨海盐渍地区中低产田生产力的影响

王韵弘¹^,²(), 苗琪³(), 李俊超³, 王红叶⁴, 张济世⁵, 崔振岭¹

^1.山东省农业科学院玉米研究所，济南 250100
^2.农业农村部农业机械化总站，北京 100122
^3.中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京 100193
^4.农业农村部耕地质量监测保护中心，北京 100125
^5.河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所，郑州 450000

收稿日期:2022-07-07 接受日期:2022-11-16 出版日期:2024-01-15 发布日期:2024-01-08
通讯作者: 苗琪
作者简介:王韵弘 E-mail： wang_yunhong@cau.edu.cn；
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900901)

Effect of Comprehensive Management Measures on Productivity of Medium and Low Yield Farmland in Coastal Saline Areas

Yunhong WANG¹^,²(), Qi MIAO³(), Junchao LI³, Hongye WANG⁴, Jishi ZHANG⁵, Zhenling CUI¹

^1.Institute of Maize Research，Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Jinan 250100，China
^2.Agricultural Mechanization Station，Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，PRC，Beijing 100122，China
^3.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences，China Agriculture University，Beijing 100193，China
^4.Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Protection Center，Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，PRC，Beijing 100125，China
^5.Institute of Plant Nutrition，Resources and Environment，Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Zhengzhou 450000，China

Received:2022-07-07 Accepted:2022-11-16 Online:2024-01-15 Published:2024-01-08
Contact: Qi MIAO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究提高滨海盐渍化农田农业生产力的集约化种植方案，从2015年开始在山东省垦利区开展田间定位试验，综合考虑施肥量、施肥时期、种植密度、土壤改良剂等措施，试验设置农户习惯（farmer’s practice，FP）、土壤改良（improved soil management，ISM）、作物调控（improved crops management，ICM）和土壤作物综合调控（integrated soil crop management，ISCM）4个处理，追踪小麦关键生育期的群体动态变化，分析小麦、玉米收获期干物质积累量和植株的氮磷钾养分吸收量，调查小麦、玉米产量及产量构成因素的变化，比较作物生产净收益、收获期0—20 cm土层的土壤脱钠率和钠吸附比。结果表明，相较于FP处理，ISM显著增加了小麦和玉米收获期穗数，最终产量分别提高25.2%和10.0%，净收入提高7.8%。此外，ISM处理土壤脱钠率达78.6%；ICM处理显著提高了小麦和玉米的群体干物质积累量，相较FP处理产量分别提高17.8%和10.7%，净收入增加19.3%；ISCM处理获得试验条件下小麦、玉米最大产量，分别为11.96和10.83 t·hm^-2，净收入比FP处理提升20.8%，土壤脱钠率达82.9%。ISM处理能显著降低滨海盐渍土的钠离子含量，提高小麦玉米养分吸收能力并增加产量；ICM处理虽然增产效果低于ISM处理，但较低的投入成本能够获得更高的净效益。综合来看，ISCM处理能够协同实现土壤质量提升、作物增产和经济效益增加，是该研究条件下最优管理实践方案。研究结果可为区域中低产田产能提升提供技术理论支撑和示范样板。

关键词: 盐渍化土壤, 土壤脱钠率, 小麦, 玉米, 生产收益

Abstract:

Exploring the intensive planting scheme to improve the agricultural productivity of coastal salinized farmland， the field positioning trial conducted in Kenli district， Shandong province was carried out since 2015， and 4 treatments were set up by considering fertilizer application amount， fertilizer application period， planting density， soil amendment and other measures including farmer’s practice （FP）， improved soil management （ISM）， improved crops management （ICM）， integrated soil crop management （ISCM）. Track the population dynamic changes in the key growth period of wheat， analyzed the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium nutrient absorption of wheat and maize during harvest， investigated the changes of wheat and maize yield and yield components， and compared the net income of crop production， soil sodium removal rate and sodium adsorption ratio in the 0—20 cm soil layer after harvest. The results showed that compared with FP treatment， ISM significantly increased the number of ears during wheat and maize harvest， resulting in a 25.2% and 10.0% increase in yield， and a 7.8% increase in net income， respectively. In addition， the soil sodium removal rate of ISM treatment reached 78.6%. The ICM treatment significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of wheat and maize， with a yield increase of 17.8% and 10.7%， respectively， compared to the FP treatment， and the net income increase of 19.3% . The ISCM treatment obtained the highest wheat yield of 11.96 and 10.83 t·hm^-2， respectively， the net income increased by 20.8% compared to the FP treatment， and the soil sodium removal rate reached 82.9%. The ISM treatment could significantly reduce the sodium ion content of salinized soil， improve the nutrient absorption capacity of wheat and maize， and increase yield. Although the yield increase effect of ICM treatment was lower than that of ISM treatment， lower input cost could obtain higher net benefit. On the whole， the ISCM treatment could simultaneously achieve soil quality improvement， crop yield increase and economic benefits， which was the optimal management practice scheme under the conditions of this study. This research result could provide technical and theoretical support and demonstration models for improving the production capacity of medium to low yield fields in the region.

Key words: salinized soil, soil sodium removal rate, wheat, maize, production income

中图分类号:

S156

王韵弘, 苗琪, 李俊超, 王红叶, 张济世, 崔振岭. 田间管理措施对滨海盐渍地区中低产田生产力的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2024, 26(1): 163-172.

Yunhong WANG, Qi MIAO, Junchao LI, Hongye WANG, Jishi ZHANG, Zhenling CUI. Effect of Comprehensive Management Measures on Productivity of Medium and Low Yield Farmland in Coastal Saline Areas[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2024, 26(1): 163-172.

图/表 8

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处理 Treatment		穗数 Ear number（10⁴·hm^-2）	穗粒数 Grain number	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g	产量 Yield/（t·hm^-2）	氮肥偏生产力 PFP_N/（kg·hm^-2）
小麦 Wheat	FP	935.57±50.34 c	29.43±1.47 a	39.45±0.81 ab	8.70±0.80 c	28.99±2.68 c
	ISM	1 065.68±56.24 b	31.00±2.27 a	38.63±1.45 b	10.89±0.82 ab	60.50±4.55 b
	ICM	1 015.59±37.39 bc	31.24±2.30 a	41.69±1.72 a	10.25±0.27 b	56.94±1.49 b
	ISCM	1 192.95±94.58 a	30.89±0.97 a	40.31±1.46 ab	11.96±0.28 a	66.43±1.55 a
玉米 Maize	FP	7.17±0.61 c	487.13±24.56 ab	279.59±15.88 b	9.26±0.90 b	33.07±3.22 b
	ISM	7.28±0.51 bc	506.46±19.13 a	287.68±8.95 b	10.19±0.75 ab	55.08±4.03 a
	ICM	8.42±0.67 ab	417.63±31.61 c	320.59±20.10 a	10.25±0.59 ab	55.41±3.21 a
	ISCM	8.59±0.63 a	448.38±23.21 bc	335.58±16.86 a	10.83±0.84 a	58.55±4.55 a

处理 Treatment		穗数 Ear number（10⁴·hm^-2）	穗粒数 Grain number	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g	产量 Yield/（t·hm^-2）	氮肥偏生产力 PFP_N/（kg·hm^-2）
小麦 Wheat	FP	935.57±50.34 c	29.43±1.47 a	39.45±0.81 ab	8.70±0.80 c	28.99±2.68 c
	ISM	1 065.68±56.24 b	31.00±2.27 a	38.63±1.45 b	10.89±0.82 ab	60.50±4.55 b
	ICM	1 015.59±37.39 bc	31.24±2.30 a	41.69±1.72 a	10.25±0.27 b	56.94±1.49 b
	ISCM	1 192.95±94.58 a	30.89±0.97 a	40.31±1.46 ab	11.96±0.28 a	66.43±1.55 a
玉米 Maize	FP	7.17±0.61 c	487.13±24.56 ab	279.59±15.88 b	9.26±0.90 b	33.07±3.22 b
	ISM	7.28±0.51 bc	506.46±19.13 a	287.68±8.95 b	10.19±0.75 ab	55.08±4.03 a
	ICM	8.42±0.67 ab	417.63±31.61 c	320.59±20.10 a	10.25±0.59 ab	55.41±3.21 a
	ISCM	8.59±0.63 a	448.38±23.21 bc	335.58±16.86 a	10.83±0.84 a	58.55±4.55 a

项目 Item		处理 Treatment
项目 Item		FP	ISM	ICM	ISCM
农资材料 Agricultural materials/（yuan·hm^-2）	种子 Seed	1 635	1 635	2 415	2 415
	肥料 Fertilizer	4 821	3 704	3 704	3 704
	改良剂 Amendment	0	2 550	0	2 550
	农药 Pesticides and herbicides	713	713	713	713
	灌溉用水 Irrigation water	600	600	600	600
机械使用 Machine use/（yuan·hm^-2）	耕作 Tillage	900	900	900	900
	播种 Sowing	300	300	300	300
	收获 Harvest	1 800	1 800	1 800	1 800
劳动力花费 Labor cost/（yuan·hm^-2）	肥料管理 Fertilizer management	6 000	7 500	7 500	7 500
	施用改良剂 Spreading amendment	0	2 250	0	2 250
	打药 Spraying pesticide	390	390	390	390
	灌溉 Irrigation	300	300	300	300
作物收益 Crop income	小麦产量 Wheat yield/（kg·hm^-2）	8 700	10 890	10 250	11 960
	小麦价格 Wheat price/（yuan·kg^-1）	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2
	玉米产量 Maize yield/（kg·hm^-2）	9 260	10 190	10 250	10 830
	玉米价格 Maize price/（yuan·kg^-1）	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4
净利润 Net profit/（yuan·hm^-2）	总花费 Total cost	17 459	22 641	18 621	23 421
	总收益 Total revenue	41 364	48 414	47 150	52 304
	净利润 Net profit	23 905	25 773	28 529	28 883

项目 Item		处理 Treatment
项目 Item		FP	ISM	ICM	ISCM
农资材料 Agricultural materials/（yuan·hm^-2）	种子 Seed	1 635	1 635	2 415	2 415
	肥料 Fertilizer	4 821	3 704	3 704	3 704
	改良剂 Amendment	0	2 550	0	2 550
	农药 Pesticides and herbicides	713	713	713	713
	灌溉用水 Irrigation water	600	600	600	600
机械使用 Machine use/（yuan·hm^-2）	耕作 Tillage	900	900	900	900
	播种 Sowing	300	300	300	300
	收获 Harvest	1 800	1 800	1 800	1 800
劳动力花费 Labor cost/（yuan·hm^-2）	肥料管理 Fertilizer management	6 000	7 500	7 500	7 500
	施用改良剂 Spreading amendment	0	2 250	0	2 250
	打药 Spraying pesticide	390	390	390	390
	灌溉 Irrigation	300	300	300	300
作物收益 Crop income	小麦产量 Wheat yield/（kg·hm^-2）	8 700	10 890	10 250	11 960
	小麦价格 Wheat price/（yuan·kg^-1）	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2
	玉米产量 Maize yield/（kg·hm^-2）	9 260	10 190	10 250	10 830
	玉米价格 Maize price/（yuan·kg^-1）	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4
净利润 Net profit/（yuan·hm^-2）	总花费 Total cost	17 459	22 641	18 621	23 421
	总收益 Total revenue	41 364	48 414	47 150	52 304
	净利润 Net profit	23 905	25 773	28 529	28 883

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