Table of Content

15 October 2022, Volume 24 Issue 10

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Achievements and Prospects on China’s Seed Industry Development at Different Stages

Pei XIE, Zihan SONG, Mingmin XIONG

2022, 24(10):  1-5.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0969

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Seed industry is related to agriculture， rural modernization， food security and people’s better life. This paper comprehensively reviewed the characteristics of seed industry development at 3 historical stages： initial stage， rapid stage and modern stage. The outstanding achievements of seed industry at the 3 stages were analyzed from 2 aspects of grain and agricultural product supply and breeding technology. The scientific and technological development direction of seed industry was put forward in strengthening the protection of germplasm resources， strengthening basic research， making breakthroughs in key technologies and cultivating important varieties， which was expected to provide reference for the development of seed science and technology.

Development Status and Countermeasures of Agricultural Products Processing Industry in China

Xinyu LIU, Yao ZHU, Yajie LIU, Jing WANG, Hehe LI, Jinyuan SUN, Dongrui ZHAO, Xiaotao SUN, Baoguo SUN, Yahui HE

2022, 24(10):  6-13.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0629

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Agricultural products processing industry is the largest manufacturing industry in China， which is the strategic pillar industry in economic development. By summarizing and analyzing the development status of China’s agricultural product processing industry and the problems compared with some developed countries， it could be found that our agricultural products processing industry presented a steady development trend as a whole，while the development of China’s regional agricultural product processing industry was not so balanced， and the processing conversion rate of agricultural products and the ratio of agricultural product processing industry to total agricultural output value needed to be improved. Some suggestions from the aspect of policy guidance， standard system， characteristics and advantages of different localities and technological innovation were put forward to explore how to break through constraints and bottlenecks of China’s agricultural product processing industry， increase the conversion rate of agricultural product processing， improve the ratio of agricultural product processing industry to total agricultural output value， enhance the ability of independent innovation， optimize industrial transformation， and promote upgrading and accelerate the rapid development of China’s agricultural product processing industry.

Reasons and Countermeasures for the Obstruction of Agro-products Export from China to Republic of Korea

Linyu GUO, Chao ZHOU, Xinxin SONG, Ruigang GAO, Sujuan CUI, Guibiao YE

2022, 24(10):  14-22.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0543

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With the intensive development of China’s opening to the outside world， the structure of China’s agricultural trade has undergone significant changes， and the agricultural trade has shown deficits for consecutive years， which has been continuously widening. Hence， taking effective measures to promote export growth is an significant task concerning the agricultural balance of payments. Republic of Korea is the fourth largest target market for agricultural exports of China， and China has maintained a surplus in agricultural trade with Republic of Korea for a long time， but the growth rate of China’s agricultural exports to Republic of Korea has tailed off in recent years. Pesticide residue limits are typical technical trade measures that hinder and restrict the export of our agricultural products to Republic of Korea. Particularly in recent years， Republic of Korea has been adjusting management system for pesticide utilization and measures related to import monitoring and inspection， resulting in an increasing trend of China’s agricultural exports to Republic of Korea being hindered due to pesticide residue problems. This study collated data about pesticide residue violations notified by Republic of Korea to China’s exports of agricultural products from January 2015 to April 2022 . The results showed that the number of China’s agricultural exports to Republic of Korea notified for pesticide residue problems， the types of pesticides involved and the range of products affected had been increasing. The main factors leading to the increase of obstruction were the overall implementation of the Positive List System of pesticides in Republic of Korea and the expansion of the scope of monitoring of pesticide residues in imported agricultural products， and the insufficient ability of our agricultural export enterprises to obtain information about foreign regulations and standards， and the standardization of pesticide use management in the production process remained to be enhanced. To enhance the ability of China’s agricultural products to deal with pesticide residue trade barriers in Republic of Korea， it was needed to enhance the early warning of regulations and standards in Republic of Korea， improve the scientific use of pesticides and quality and safety control capabilities of production entities， explore to promote the Republic of Korea side to establish key trade products import limits and improve pesticide registration and limit standards for characteristic domestic small crops.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Indexes Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of Drought Resistance of Cotton Varieties

Juyun ZHENG, Zhiwei SANG, Junduo WANG, Zhaolong GONG, Yajun LIANG, Zeliang ZHANG, Jiangping GUO, Ming MO, Xueyuan LI

2022, 24(10):  23-34.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0474

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To screen the index closely related to drought resistance of upland cotton and varieties with high drought resistance， 203 upland cotton varieties resources from home and abroad were as materials. The agronomic traits and indexes of physiological and biochemical were determined in drought stress and normal irrigation treatments. The drought resistances of 203 varieties were comprehensively evaluated by grey correlation degree， comprehensive measurement of drought resistance， comprehensive drought resistance coefficient and weighted comprehensive drought resistance coefficient. The results showed that the close relationships between index and comprehensive measure of drought resistance （D value） were as followed， chlorophyll content > boll weight > lint percent > plant height > fruit branch > the frist node fruit branch > leaf area > height of the frist node fruit branch > proline content > fruit node > bolls number > yield per plant > molondialdehyde content > superoxide dismutase activity. It showed that chlorophyll content， boll weight， lint percentage， plant height， number of fruit branch， the first node of fruit branch， leaf area and the height of the first node of fruit branch were closed relationships with D value and could be as important indexes identified drought-resistant. The cluster analysis showed that 203 upland cotton varieties were divided into 5 types. Type Ⅰincluded 12 cotton varieties （such as Ekangmian 10， Ganmian 10， Turkmen land cotton， etc.） and showed high drought resistance， accounting 5.9%. Type Ⅱ included 62 cotton varieties （such as KK-1543， Yumian 15， Wanmian 8407， etc.） and showed middle drought resistance， accounting 30.5%. Type Ⅲ included 80 cotton varieties （such as Jinmian 6， Xinluzhong 48， Lumian 28， etc.） and showed drought tolerance， accounting 39.4%. Type Ⅳ included 35 cotton varieties （such as Yumian 17， 17N8， Nongken 5， etc.） and showed drought sensitive， accounting 17.3%. Type Ⅴ included 14 cotton varieties （such as Xinluzao 24， Xinluzao 29， Jimian 12， et al.） and showed high sensitive to drought， accounting 6.9%. The indexes and varieties of high drought resistance were screened， which provided theoretical and material support for drought resistant breeding of cotton.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Mechanism of Foxtail Millet Male Infertility Induced by Glyphosate Ammonium Salt

Ruifeng GUO, Yuemei REN, Zhong YANG, Guishan LIU, Guangbing REN, Shou ZHANG, Wenjuan ZHU

2022, 24(10):  35-43.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0198

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To promote the heterosis utilization of foxtail millet and improve the efficiency of cross breeding， transcriptome sequencing of the grain spike treated by ammonium glyphosate was performed using the Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology， the differentially expressed genes were analytically screened among different treatments. The physiological indexes such as resistant starch and soluble sugar were determined. The results showed that the grain ears treated with glyphosate had 797 differentially expressed genes compared with untreated ears， among which 645 differentially expressed genes obtained GO functional classification， and they mainly focused on glucose metabolism and biosynthesis， hormone metabolism and biosynthesis and cell wall， reflecting the biological function of response genes to glyphosate treatment. A total of 138 pathways were established by KEGG enrichment analysis， including 19 differentially expressed genes involved in the plant hormone signaling pathway and 16 differentially expressed genes involved in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. In the grain spike treated by ammonium glyphosate， the contents of resistant starch， soluble sugar and gibberellin decreased， while the IAA content increased， which were consistent with the expression pattern of differeatly expressed genes by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. These above results provided a theoretical basis for screening suitable chemical androcide reagents.

Effects of Different Concentrations of Lysine on Development and Metabolism of Young Bumblebee Workers （Bombus terrestris）

Dongmei HAO, Ying FAN, Jin XU, Yueqin GUO, Jilian LI, Jun YAO

2022, 24(10):  44-52.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0013

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In order to understand the nutritional requirement of amino acid in bumblebee feeding and pollination， this paper set 4 lysine levels （0%， 2%， 4%， 6% of total amino alids） to study the its effects on the growth， development and physiological metabolism of young bumblebee workers taking the mixture of 18 kinds of amino acids and syrup as experimental materials. The one-day-old bumblebees were fed for 20 d， and the death number of workers was recorded. The chest muscle protein content of workers was determined， and the metabolites in their hemolymph were analyzed by LC-MS metabonomics method. The results showed that when the dietary lysine level was 6%， the chest muscle protein content was the highest and the number of worker bees death rate was the lowest. Metabonomic analysis showed that hemolymph metabolites of 6% lysine group were significantly separated from those of dietary lysine deficiency group， and 28 differential metabolites were identified including amino acids， purines and so on. The results of differential metabolite enrichment analysis showed that the most significant pathway was histidine metabolism （P<0.01）， and the significant pathways were alanine， aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism， arginine biosynthesis， purine metabolism， pantothenic acid and coenzyme A biosynthesis （P<0.05）. Considering the above indicators， although the breast muscle protein content and life span of 6% lysine group were better， the hemolymph metabolites histamine， adenosine and adenine showed a downward trend at this level. 4% to 6% of the lysine level in the diet was more suitable for the growth and development of young worker bees. This study revealed the relationship between lysine requirement and breast muscle protein content and longevity of young bumblebee workers， and analyzed the effects of different levels of lysine on metabolism of bumblebee workers， which provided theoretical basis for nutritional supplement in large-scale feeding and pollination applications.

Comparison of Six Diluents and Preservation Conditions on Rooster Semen

Mengqian HE, Junyue WANG, Lingwei SUN, Jiehuan XU, Caifeng WU, Shushan ZHNAG, Janjun DAI, Kaixuan YANG, Defu ZHANG

2022, 24(10):  53-61.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0394

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In order to explore the effects of different diluents on rooster semen cryopreservation， 6 diluents （LR， lake’s， BPSE， modified Sasaki， Beltsville and Nabi） were respectively used for the cryopreservation of Xiayan roosters semen. The semen was briefly stored at 37 and 4 ℃ after thawing. The viability， motility， functional integrity and antioxidant capacity of sperm treated with different diluents and storage conditions were determined. The results showed that lake's diluent got the highest viability （48.20%）， motility （45.70%） and acrosome integrity （45.26%）. The viability in LR diluent treatment after thawing was 48.16%， which the motility rate in LR treatment was significantly lower than those in lake’s diluent treatment. 4 ℃ was more suitable for short-term preservation of rooster sperm after thawing， and the viability of rooster sperm in Lake’s and Nabi diluents could still reach over 30% after 45 min storage. Although the viability and motility of sperm in Nabi diluent were lower than those in LR and lake’s diluents at 0 min， it showed the best viability ability with the extension of preservation time. The mitochondrial activity， plasma membrane integrity and antioxidant capacity of frozen sperm in LR， Lake’s and Nabi diluents decreased with storage time， which the decreased range was more obvious when stored at 37 ℃. Furthermore， the semen in LR diluent showed a worse tolerance on these indicators. In conclusion， the lake’s and Nabi diluents were more suitable for rooster semen freezing. The storage at 4 ℃ after thawing could prolong the survival time of frozen sperm in vitro. The sperm in LR diluent showed a high viability after thawing， but lower motility and preservation resistance.

Identification of Perilla Germplasm for Both Medicinal and Edible Leaves

Saiqun WEN, Lingdi LIU, Wei TIAN, Xiaoliang XIE, Dongsheng JIA, Ming LIU, Chunxiu WEN, Tao JIANG

2022, 24(10):  62-70.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0417

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In order to identify the excellent Perilla germplasm for both medicinal and edible leaves， 30 accessions of Perilla frutescens were as materials. The contents of active components in leaves of 30 accessions were determined forcomprehensively evaluating nutritional and medicinal quality. The results showed that the nutritional and medicinal qualities of different Perilla germplasm were not uniform， which the contents of active components in leaves varied among different germplasm. The contents of anthocyanin and perillaldehyde varied greatly among different germplasm， and there was extremely significant positive correlation between the two components， with correlation coefficient of 0.604. According to the membership function of fuzzy mathematics and cluster analysis， 6 germplasm were screened with excellent comprehensive quality， including Jizi 2， Perilla frutescens var from Guangxi and Boyelvxin， Boyezixin， Duozi 2， Boyechunzi from Hebei， which provided excellent parent materials to improve quality in Perilla breeding.

N-glycosylation in the Propeptide Improved Thermostability of Camel Prochymosin and Enhanced Its Secretion in Pichia pastoris

Nan WANG, Caifeng YANG, Huakang PENG, Wenfang GUO, Mengqi WANG, Gangqiang LI, Dehu LIU

2022, 24(10):  71-78.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0213

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The expression level of camel prochymosin in Pichia pastoris is low and cann’t meet the needs of industrialization. In order to improve the expression of camel prochymosin， N-glycosylation sites were introduced into the 11^th，26^th，34^th，35^th，38^th，39^th amino acids of propeptide region， respectively，to constructe 6 N-glycosylation mutants： chy11，chy26，chy34，chy35，chy38 and chy39. These mutants were introduced into P. pastoris for secretory expression and the expression levels of wild type and mutants were measured and compared. The secretory expression of chy34， chy35， chy38 and chy39 increased significantly， and the expression level of chy34 was the highest. The leading peptide of all 6 mutants maintained self cleavage activity. At 50 ℃ for 8 h， the enzyme activity of wild was completely lost， while the mutants still had 20%～80% relative enzyme activity， indicating that the thermotability of the 6 mutants was significantly enhanced. The results provided new research idea for improving the expression of camel prochymosin in P. pastoris and enhancing thermostability.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Application and Research Advances on Deep Learning in Apple’s Industry Chain

Hao HUANG, Shengqiao XIE, Du CHEN, Heng WANG

2022, 24(10):  79-89.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0688

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China is a big apple producer， with wide apple planting areas and many varieties. Combining deep learning with machine vision technology and applying it to the entire industrial chain of apple planting and production are important means and direction for the technological upgrading of the apple industry. This article focused on 3 key stages of fruit tree planting， harvesting and postharvest inspection in the apple industry chain， and systematically combed the related application and research progress of deep learning technology， which mainly included leaf disease and insect pest identification， planting monitoring， target detection of harvesting robot and non-destructive grading testing of apple after harvest. Based on the analysis and comparison of the technical differences and commonalities between different technologies， the difficulties and challenges that deep learning faced in apple industry chain were discussed.

Physical Field Analysis and Structure Optimization of Solar Hot Air Dryer Based on COMSOL

Wenbin GUO, Yao LI, Zhanghua HUANG, Jianqiang DU, Shanzhu QIAN, Zemin HE, Jingjing GAO

2022, 24(10):  90-98.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0770

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Drying box is the key device for solar drying agricultural material， and its structure rationality directly affect the material drying quality and efficiency. In order to improve drying effect， this paper took solar hot air drying box physical distribution uniformity as the research object to analyze the distribution of wind field and temperature field inside the box body characteristics by the combination of experiment and COMSOL numerical simulation method， and optimized drying box structure optimization based on the analysis. The results showed that the COMSOL simulation of the wind speed and temperature distribution was consistent with the experimental results， so it could be used to accurately simulate the physical field inside the drying chamber. Based on the simulation analysis method， this paper put forward optimization design scheme of changing air inlet location， adding a hole blocking flow board， and building partition type of air chamber， by which the uneven coefficient of wind velocity field distribution inside drying box was reduced to less than 10%， and effectively guaranteed the uniformity of material drying. The above results provided reference for the structure improvement of the solar hot air drying equipment.

Tuber Physical Characteristics and Calibration of Discrete Element Simulation Parameters of Pinellia ternata

Guichuan YANG, Fugui ZHANG, Le ZHENG, Zhen WANG, Manman KONG, Xinpeng ZHANG

2022, 24(10):  99-108.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0868

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In order to design and study the sowing and metering device of Pinellia ternata， the physical parameters of the tuber were measured， and the discrete element simulation parameters were calibrated. Through rying test， soaking test， uniform speed compression test， and it was determined that the water content of pinellia seeds was 62.23%， density was 1 210 kg·m^-3， Poisson’s ratio was 0.373 1， and elastic modulus was 5.751 MPa. The regression model was established through the actual crash test and simulation test， and the crash recovery coefficient of pinellia was 0.472 0， and the crash recovery factor of P. ternata-stainless steel plate was 0.635 8. Through the slope sliding test combined with the simulation regression model， the static friction coefficient between pinellia and stainless steel plate was determined to be 0.615 4. Using the cylinder lifting test combined with the steepest climbing test and the Box-Behnken test， the rolling friction coefficient between pinellia and stainless steel plate was 0.15， the static friction coefficient between pinellia was 0.554， and the rolling friction coefficient between pinellia and pinellia was 0.157. The research results provided theoretical references and design basis for the design research and structural optimization of pinellia mechanized production equipment.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Current Status and Strategies of Winter Wheat Breeding with Reristance to Stripe Rust in Gansu Province

Shiqin CAO, Wanjun WANG, Qiuzhen JIA, Qinglin LU, Yaohui ZHANG, Bo ZHANG, Zhenyu SUN, Bin BAI, Jin HUANG

2022, 24(10):  109-124.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0355

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Stripe rust， caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici （Pst）， is one of the most foliar diseases on wheat in Gansu Province of China. Breeding and planting resistant varieties is one of the most economical， environmental friendly， and effective method to control wheat stripe rust in the field. The wheat breeders and plant pathologist are cooperated closely for controlling stripe rust， and a total of 333 winter wheat varieties with resistance to stripe rust have been bred and planted in Southern Gansu Province since 1950’s， which made an important progress in China. The frequent variance of the races/isolates of Pst virulent， the period of varieties and germplasms with resistance for stripe rust were shorter than other regions are main characters in over-summering zone of Southern Gansu Province. The emergency of new races/isolates of Pst， epidemics of the disease， and the lost of resistance to stripe rust in wheat varieties， which happened circlely in southern Gansu province. This paper introduced the role of the over-summer region in epidemics system of stripe rust in China， and analyzed the variation characters of resistant wheat varieties and germplasms， and summarized the experiences and lessons in wheat breeding， respectively. Finally， the questions of winter wheat breeding were proposed at present time， and the strategies in wheat breeding and controlling of stripe rust were also discussed， which provided the support in sustainable controlling the stripe rust in this region.

Research Progress of Autotoxic Secretions ​in Crops Replant Successive Cropping Obstacles

Fuhui CHEN, Naikun SHEN, Mingguo JIANG, Yibing WANG

2022, 24(10):  125-132.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0889

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Under the background of facility agriculture， replant disease is widespread in grain crops， such as food crops， cash crops， vegetables， trees， Chinese herbal medicines and other plants， which seriously restricts the sustainable development of planting industry. A large number of studies have confirmed that autotoxicity is one of the main causes of replant disease， so the paper systematically introduced the sources， types， characteristics and mechanism of autotoxicity， summarized research methods such as extraction of autotoxic substances， activity detection， isolation and screening of functional degradation strains， and analyzed the abatement measures such as soil improvement， cultivation mode improvement， biological control and others. As well as， the problems existing in the research and development research emphasis in the future were putted forward. It would provide reference for the in-depth study of replant disease and technical support for the green and healthy development of facility agriculture.

Control Effect of Ralstonia Phage RPZH6 Strain on Tobacco Bacterial Wilt and Its Complete Genome Analysis

Zhijian LIN, Changjiang CHEN, Ting ZHOU, Gang GU, Fangping HU, Chunying LI, Xueqing CAI

2022, 24(10):  133-142.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0891

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Crops bacterial wilt is a bacterial soil-borne and vascular bundle disease in the world which is severely harmful and difficult to control. Choosing the Ralstonia solanacearum TBRS12 as host bacterium， bacteriophage RPZH6 was isolated from tobacco rhizosphere soil using double-layer plate method. The pot experiment was used to identify its biological control effect， and whole genome sequencing， comparative genome and phylogenetic tree were used to analyze the genomic structural characteristics and evolutionary relationship. The results showed that the control effect of phage RPZH6 on tobacco bacterial wilt could reach 60.98% at 21 d after inoculation， and the control effect was also 53.85% at 35 d after inoculation， which was significantly higher than that with chemical treatment of CuOH. Nucleic acid identification and whole genome analysis showed that the genome of phage RPZH6 was double-stranded DNA with a total length of 64 657 bp and GC content of 64.84%. It contained 92 open reading frames with 1 tRNA， and the coded products of 47 genes were predicted to be functional and others were putative unknown protein. Comparative genome and phylogenetic analysis showed that phage RPZH6 was a novel member of the Bcep22-like subfamily of the family Podoviridae. In conclusion， this paper cleared the biological control effect， genomic structural characteristics and evolutionary relationship of the bacteriophage RPZH6， and the results provided theoretical basis for the further application and analyzing control mechanism.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Simulation Study on Effects of Planting Density and Sowing Date on Grain Quality of Winter Wheat

Yuli CHEN, Ping YANG, Huawei LI

2022, 24(10):  143-153.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0047

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Planting density and sowing date are important factors affecting the grain quality of winter wheat. In order to quantify the effects of planting density and sowing date on winter wheat grain quality， and build the simulation model of the effects of planting density and sowing date on winter wheat grain quality， a field experiment were carried out in the 2019—2020 and 2020—2021 growing seasons using winter wheat variey Jimai 44 under different planting density and sowing date levels. On the basis of experiment data collected in the 2019—2020 growing season， the influence of planting density and sowing date levels on winter wheat grain quality was analyzed. The results showed that the protein content， wet gluten content and the dough water absorption rate increased firstly and then decreased， and the flour yield decreased gradually， while the dough stability time decreased first and then increased with the increase of planting density during on sowing date at October 10^th. The quality index decreased first and then increased with the increase of planting density during on sowing date at October 20^th. The protein content， wet gluten content and dough water absorption rate increased firstly and then decreased， while the flour yield and dough stability time decreased first and then increased during on sowing date at October 30^th. The protein content and dough water absorption rate decreased firstly and then increased， while the wet gluten content and flour yield decreased and the dough stability time increased with the delay of sowing date. On that basis， the simulation model of the effect of planting density and sowing date on the grain quality of winter wheat was built by introducing the impact factors of protein content， wet gluten content， flour yield， water absorption rate and stability time. These models were validated with an independent dataset collected from 2020 to 2021. The results showed that all root mean squared error （RMSE）， mean absolute error （d_a）， and ratio of d_a to the mean observation （d_ap） indicated that the simulated values were consistent with the measured data. These models could be used to simulate the effects of planting density and sowing date levels on winter wheat grain quality.

Effects of Straw Returning Amount on Soil Phosphorus Leaching and Corn Yield in Dryland of Northeast China

Xiaohui LIU, Xiaomei GAO, Miao YU, Yang LI, Jing AO, Yulu SUN, Zhixue WANG

2022, 24(10):  154-160.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0662

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To investigate the effects of straw returning amount on phosphorus vertical distribution in soil and maize yield in dryland of Northeast China， the random block design was used in maize cultivation experiment. The conventional fertilization was used as control （CK）； and different treatments of straw returning amounts were set， including 0.25， 0.50， 0.75， 1.00， 1.25 and 1.50 kg·m^-2. The contents of total phosphorus （TP） and available phosphorus （AP） in different soil layers （0—90 cm）， the cumulative leaching loss of leachate， and maize yield were determined. The results showed that the contents of TP and AP in soil decreased from top to bottom. Compared with CK， P migration decreased with the increase of straw returning amount. And the effect of straw returning amount on P migration was significant， which the contents of TP and AP in leaching solution significantly decreased with 12.93%~59.85% and 11.22%~46.28% of TP and AP， respectively. The yield of maize was significantly affected by straw returning amounts， and the highest yield was obtained when the straw returning amount was 0.75 kg·m^-2， which was 14.61% higher than CK. In conclusion， the straw returning field could increase the content of available phosphorus， decrease the leaching loss of soil phosphorus， and increase the yield of maize， which provided theoretical basis for the control of agricultural non-point source pollution.

Effect of Biochar on Mechanical Properties of Zein/Polypropylene Composites

Yuyong WEI, Qingfa ZHANG, Kuichuan SHENG

2022, 24(10):  161-168.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0572

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In order to realize material utilization of zein， the composite was prepared using biochar， polypropylene （PP） and zein， and the effect of biochar on mechanical properties of Zein/PP composite was studied. The results showed that the increase of biochar did not change the crystal structure of PP and reduced the relative crystallinity of Zein/PP composites. The stable interface structure formed by biochar pores and PP matrix improved the flexural properties， tensile properties， impact strength， rigidity， elasticity， and dimensional stability of Zein/PP composites. When the content of biochar was 15%， the composites obtained the best mechanical properties， and the flexural strength， flexural modulus， tensile strength， tensile modulus， elongation at break and impact strength were 44.68 MPa， 2.66 GPa， 24.27 MPa， 0.29 GPa， 7.07% and 6.10 kJ·m^-2， respectively. The results provided a basis for improving the properties of Zein/PP composites.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution and Influencing Factors of Evapotranspiration in Mu Us Sandy Land

Liangyan YANG, Yanan LI, Hongjian FAN, Yating WANG

2022, 24(10):  169-178.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0103

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Mu Us Sandy Land has the problems of water shortage and fragile ecological environment， and exploring its spatial and temporal patterns of evapotranspiration （ET） can provide a basis for regional water resources development and utilization and ecological environmental protection. In this study， the MOD16 data from 2000 to 2019 were used to analyze the interannual variability of ET and its spatial distribution characteristics in Mu Us Sandy Land， China， and then the meteorological data， vegetation index and land use/land cover （LULC） data were used to analyze the factors affecting the change of ET with trend analysis and correlation coefficient. The results showed as follows： the ET of Mu Us Sandy Land showed significant regional variability in space， with an overall distribution pattern of low in the northwest and high in the southeast， and the average value of 258.8 mm from 2000 to 2019； the ET of Mu Us Sandy Land showed a rapid increasing trend from 2000 to 2019， with an average change rate of 6.87 mm·a^-1； the correlation coefficient between ET and rainfall was 0.74， with no significant correlation with temperature， and there was significant variability in ET for different LULC， and the spatial distribution and interannual variation curves of ET and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） were consistent， with a region-wide determination coefficient of 0.628 8 for both. Under the combined influence of rainfall， LULC and NDVI， ET increased significantly in the Mu Us Sandy Land， where rainfall was the main factor of climatic conditions in the Mu Us Sandy Land， NDVI was an important factor affecting ET in the same period. The study provided theoretical basis and scientific basis for ecological water conservation and protection in the Mu Us Sandy Land， and was an important guide to the implementation of water resources management system and ecological environmental protection policies in the study area.

Effects of Biogas Slurry Application on Green Pepper Growth and Soil Properties

Hairong XU, Lin WANG, Congmin WU, Yuanchun YU, Cheng DAI

2022, 24(10):  179-188.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0831

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In order to explore the application concentration and method of biogas slurry suitable for green pepper planting in Zhangjiagang area， 5 gradient biogas slurry application rates of 54（T1）， 84（T2）， 114（T3）， 144（T4）， 204 m³·hm^-2（T5） were set by irrigating and spraying. The yield and quality of green pepper， soil pH， organic matter and nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium contents were analyzed to determine the optimal application method and amount. The results showed that the proper amount of biogas slurry application could effectively improve the yield and quality of green pepper， and the effect of irrigating was obviously better than that of spraying. When the fertilization amount was 114 m³·hm^-2 and the fertilization method was irrigating， the fertilizer effect of the biogas slurry could be fully exerted. Compared with the control group CK1 without biogas slurry， the yield of green pepper increased by 97.74%， and the Vc and protein contents increased 32.77% and 83.82%， and the nitrate content conformed to our vegetable nitrate pollution level one standard. The application of biogas slurry could also significantly increase the contents of organic matter， total nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium in 0—20 cm soil layer， but it might deepen the degree of soil salinization. Biogas fertilizer could replace traditional chemical fertilizer for green pepper planting and production， and it was most beneficial to the growth of green pepper when using 114 m³·hm^-2 fertilizer to irrigate green pepper planting land， which provided scientific basis for promoting the utilization of local biogas slurry and solving the environmental pollution caused by the discharge of biogas slurry.

Soil Respiration Characteristics of Typical Grassland on the Northern Slopes of the Tianshan Mountains and Their Response to Environmental Factors

Wenzhang GUO, Changqing JING, Xiaojin DENG, Chen CHEN, Weikang ZHAO, Zhixiong HOU, Gongxin WANG

2022, 24(10):  189-199.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0290

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To reveal soil respiration patterns of different types of grassland on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains， this study used the soil carbon flux measurement system LI-840A to monitor the daily and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration （R_s） in desert steppe and shrub meadows on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains. The results showed that the daily variation of soil respiration rate in both types of grasslands in the growing season increased first and then decreased in the day time， and the variation trend was gentle at night， with the maximum daily emission rate occurring at 12:00—16:00 and the minimum value occurring at 4:00—7:00. The soil respiration rate of shrub meadows was higher than the rate of desert steppes in all months of the growing season. Soil respiration was exponentially correlated with temperature in both types of grasslands. Soil water content was more correlated with the soil respiration rate of shrub meadows than with the soil respiration rate of desert steppes. Soil respiration rate was significantly influenced by soil temperature at 5 cm depth （T） and 5 cm soil water content （W）. The best-fit model between the soil respiration rate of desert steppes and both variables was R_s=130.515e^0.031TW^2.513， whereas shrub meadows satisfied the best-fit model of R_s=-1.290 + 0.010T + 28.007W + 1.199 TW. The purpose of this paper revealed the changing law of soil respiration in desert steppe and shrub meadow， and provided basic data and theoretical support for the study of grassland carbon cycle on the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountains.

INNOVATIVE METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Establishment of IGF2R Knockout PK-15 Cells by CRISPR/Cas9 System

Chundi XIE, Xiaorong GUO, Xudong ZHANG, Rong ZHOU, Kui LI

2022, 24(10):  200-207.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0363

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As a local quality resource with Chinese characteristics， Tibetan pig has good adaptability to harsh environments such as high altitude， low oxygen and strong ultraviolet radiation. Previous study found that the insulin like growth factor 2 receptor gene of Tibetan pig had a 274 bp deletion in its intron， and this deletion was a unique variation of Tibetan pig. At present， there is no relevant research on whether IGF2R is involved in the adaptive regulation of Tibetan pig to poor environments such as hypoxia. Based on the previous findings， this study aimed to establish a pig cell line modified by 274 bp of IGF2R gene， so as to lay a foundation for the subsequent study of the effect of IGF2R gene on the hypoxia tolerance of Tibetan pigs. The gene knockout PK-15 cell line was established by CRISPR/Cas9 technology， and its molecular characteristics were identified by PCR， real time quantitative PCR （RT-qPCR）， Western-blot and immunofluorescence （IF）. Then the viability and apoptosis genes of gene knockout cells were detected by CCK-8， RT-qPCR and Western-blot. The results showed that a pig cell line with 274 bp deletion of IGF2R gene was successfully constructed， and the expression of IGF2R gene decreased extremely significantly（P < 0.01）. The activity of gene knockout cells increased extremely significantly （P < 0.01）at 72 h， and the protein levels of cysteine containing aspartate specific protein 9 （caspase 9） and Bcl-2 associated X （BAX） decreased significantly （P < 0.05）， The mRNA level of B-cell lymphoma-2 （BCL2） increased extremely significantly （P < 0.01）. In this study， the PK-15 cell line precisely modified of IGF2R gene was successfully constructed， and the function was preliminarily studied， which provided a cell model for the function studying of IGF2R gene and laid a foundation for the preparation of subsequent gene editing pigs.

Optimization of Glyceollins Synthesis Condition Induced by Xylooligosaccharides Based on Response Surface Methodology

Kaiqiang WANG, Xue YANG, Changfeng LI, Xiao DUAN, Qing PENG, Yu QIAO, Bo SHI

2022, 24(10):  208-217.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0073

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To study condition for inducible synthesis of glyceollins （GLYs）， the content of GLYs synthesized by xylooligosaccharides（XOS） in black soybean was used as an index. And the induction time， XOS mass concentration and temperature were optimized as independent variables. Based on the single factor experiment， central composite design-response surface methodology was employed to optimize inducible condition for GLYs synthesis. The results indicated that the established model fitted significantly well （F=13.780）， and produced GLYs content was matched well with predicted value （R²=0.925 4）. The optimal conditions subjected to optimization were XOS mass concentration 4.0 g·100 mL^-1， temperature 24 ℃， induction time 4 d. Under this condition， the content of accumulated GLYs reached 1.376 5 mg·g^-1 DW. Effect of temperature factor on producing GLYs content （P<0.05） was significant， but XOS mass concentration， induction time and interactions among factors were not significant on GLYs content. Hence， the present method was reasonable and feasible， which provided theoretical basis for glyceollin preparation and functional products development.