Table of Content

15 September 2022, Volume 24 Issue 9

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Review， Status and Suggestions of the Protection on New Agricultural Plant Varieties in China

Abudukeyoumu Abudurezike, Gulimila Aikebaier, Lin XU, Guorong YAN, Ning LIU, Lianjia ZHAO, Chaohong DENG, Palidan Aihaiti, Wei WANG

2022, 24(9):  1-11.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0894

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The protection of new plant varieties is an important part of the implementation of the national intellectual property strategy and promoting agriculture strategy through science and education， and an important driving force of agricultural science and technology innovation. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the protection status of new varieties of agricultural plants in China， this paper collected and sorted out the data of protection of new varieties of agricultural plants over the years， and summarized the status quo and research progress of protection of new varieties of agricultural plants in China. In view of the problems existing in the protection of new varieties of agricultural plants in China， such as weak protection consciousness， unbalanced application structure， low protection level， weak protection strength， difficulty in safeguarding rights， obtaining evidence and enforcing laws， etc.， countermeasures and suggestions were put forward to promote the protection and innovation of new varieties of agricultural plants in China from the aspects of increasing publicity， strengthening scientific and technological management and formulating incentive measures. It provided important theoretical support and reference for further developing the modern seed industry promotion project in China， effectively enhancing the seed industry supervision and governance capacity， and building a powerful seed industry.

Evolution in the Spatio-temporal Pattern on Animal Husbandry Green Development Competitiveness in China

Zhaohui ZHANG, Yifan JI, Zejun HE

2022, 24(9):  12-23.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0432

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Green development competitiveness is an important basis to judge the quality of animal husbandry development. It is the realistic basis for improving the animal husbandry green development competitiveness to make clear the characteristics of spatio-temporal evolution. According to the connotation of green development， an evaluation index system was established. Entropy method and cluster analysis were used to measure and classify the green development competitiveness level of animal husbandry of 30 provinces（cities or regons） in China from 2009 to 2019， and its evolution characteristics were analyzed. The results showed as followed： from 2009 to 2012， the green development competitiveness level of animal husbandry decreased slightly， and increased steadily from 2013 to 2019， which were driven by resource conservation， environmental friendliness and product safety improvement； the provinces or regions with higher competitiveness were concentrated in the northern， and those with lower competitiveness in the southwest and southeast， while the competitiveness of the central provinces was growing faster； provinces or regions with higher competitiveness were mainly driven by product safety and resource conservation. The improvement of competitiveness in southwest provinces or regions were restricted by the low level of environmental friendliness and product safety， while low output efficiency restrictsed the improvement of competitiveness in southeast provinces or regions. The results provided scientific basis for improving the animal husbandry green development competitiveness according to local conditions.

Development Trend in the Field of Plant Synthetic Biology

Nan LI, Zheping XU, Xiaozhen GUO, Youhua WANG, Xuefu ZHANG

2022, 24(9):  24-38.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0206

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Plant synthetic biology brings new opportunities for solving important agricultural problems such as crop breeding and quality improvement. In order to enable researchers and administrators to timely understand of the research progress in plant synthetic biology， grasp the frontiers of science and technology in the field， effectively carry out scientific research cooperation， and optimize the layout of scientific research， this study analyzed the development trend of plant synthetic biology in China from the perspective of literature. Based on constructed retrieval strategy， 97 551 research papers （from 2000 to 2021） were searched from the Web of Science core set. The quantitative indexes reflected the quantity trend of papers published， the quantity and distribution characteristics of scientific research subjects， the content and evolution characteristics of literature topics. The results of indexes analysis showed that the number of papers published by Chinese scholars and the frequency of their citations were in the leading position in the world. According to the topic cluster analysis of the highly cited literature and the subject of the literature， it showed that the regulation mechanism of important functional elements such as transcription factors， the excavation and identification of standardized genetic elements such as promoters， functional genes， the analysis of the synthetic and metabolic pathways of natural plant products， key technologies such as gene editing and multi-group analysis were the important contents of this field， and would continue to drive innovation in this area. In addition， the funding and research layout of synthetic biology at home and abroad were compared and analyzed. Based on the current situation of funding in the field of plant synthetic biology in China， the prospect of strengthening national top-level design was put forward， with funding to be increased for plant synthetic biology.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Physiological Response and Effect of S3307 on Water Stress of Adzuki Bean Root

Hongtao XIANG, Wan LI, Ning HE, Qiang WANG, Lingling ZENG, Manli WANG, Chunjie YANG, Yanjiang FENG

2022, 24(9):  39-49.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0155

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In order to explore the effects of uniconazole （S3307） on root physiology and yield of adzuku bean under flooding stress， the seedling of Longxiaodou 4 （LXD 4） and Tianjinhong （TJH） were treated in pot by flooding stress for 5 d， and foliar sprayed with S3307 at seedling stage. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species， membrane lipid peroxidation， activities of antioxidant enzymes in adzuki bean roots， and yield were determined. The results showed that root physiological indexes after flooding stress changed during seedling stage， the contents of H₂O₂， malonaldehyde （MDA）， proline， soluble sugar （SS） and soluble protein （SP） signficantly increased， as the same as the activities of SOD， POD and CAT. Waterlogging for 3~5 d resulted that the single pot outputs of LXD 4 significantly decreased from 4.77% to 8.40%， and those of TJH decreased from 5.59% to 9.91%. S3307 had the effect on resisting flooding stress， and could effectively increase the contents of proline and SS in the root of adzuki bean， reduce the content of H₂O₂ and MDA， increase the activities of SOD， POD and CAT， and reduce the SOD/CAT ratio， significantly. Foliar spraying S3307 significantly increased the outputs of LXD 4 and TJH by 2.85% and 5.29%， respectively， under waterlogging treatment for 4 d. In conclusion， there were significant differences under physiological stress on reactive oxygen species accumulation， membrane lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities among different varieties of adzuki bean under flooding stress. Spraying S3307 could effectively alleviate the effects of flooding stress on the physiology and yield in adzuki bean， which provided a theoretical basis for further studying the physiological mechanism of adzuki bean resistance to flooding at the seedling stage and improving the yield of adzuki bean under flooding stress.

Isolation and Application of Sepal Colored Protoplast in Hydrangea macrophylla

Gaitian ZHANG, Hui QI, Suoning YANG, Zhiyun CHU, Suxia YUAN, Chun LIU

2022, 24(9):  50-57.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0372

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In order to establish isolation system of sepals colored protoplast in Hydrangeamacrophylla， sepals of Hydrangeamacrophylla were used as experimental materials. The factors influencing enzymolysis were analyzed， such as treated methods of sepals， the components of enzymatic hydrolysates， enzymolysis time， centrifugal speeds etc. The results showed that the optimal procedure of enzymolysis was followed with the toring epidermis of sepals， 4% （w/v） cellulase， 0.4% （w/v） macerozyme， 0.6 mol·L^-1 mannitol and 0.1% （w/v） BSA， 10 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂， enzymolysis for 2 h， and 1 426 r·min^-1 centrifuge at 4 ℃. This system was used to isolate sepal colored protoplast of 4 Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars， and 13~35 protoplasts per microscope vision at 200× were obtained. H⁺ flux measurement showed that the H⁺ effluxing tendency of blue vacuoles was more obvious than that of pink vacuoles in the same cultivar， it indicated that pH in blue vacuoles was higher than that in pink vacuoles of same cultivar.

Research on Effects of Genotypes and Environments on Cd Contents in Pakchoi

Long ZHENG

2022, 24(9):  58-65.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0883

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To research the differences of the Cd contents in pakchoi， and the effects of genotypes and environments， the AMMI model was utilized to analyze the Cd contents of 6 varieties of pakchoi planted in 6 locations in Putian， Fujian Province. The results suggested that the Cd contents in different varieties planted in different pilot fields varied in a large range. There were no significant correlations among the Cd contents in the aboveground parts， the underground parts and the soil of the pilot fields. However， genotypes， environments and their interactions showed very significant effects on Cd contents of pakchoi. And the environmental effects on Cd contents of the aboveground parts and the underground parts accounted for 84.07% and 65.97%， respectively， which indicated that the environmental effect was the main cause leading to the differences of Cd contents. Thus， the main approach for reducing the Cd content in pakchoi was to choose appropriate planting locations. The interaction effect of genotypes and environments was second， and the effect of genotypes was the least. Under comprehensive consideration， it was most efficient to reduce the Cd content of pakchoi by adopting the strategy of combining region controlling and variety blending. According to the phenotypic value of the Cd content， the AMMI biplot and stability analysis results， the Cd contents of pakchoi ‘Tianyuanqingguan’ in Xingsha and Dongda villages were low and stable， which could be the priority choice in production.

Breeding and Propagation of FAT1 Transgenic Ancestral Bull

Chunling BAI, Lei YANG, Guanghua SU, Zhuying WEI, Xueqiao WANG, Lin ZHU, Xinyu ZHOU, Chao HAI, Di WU, Xuefei LIU, Yunxi WU, Li ZHANG, Guangpeng LI

2022, 24(9):  66-78.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0498

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n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids （n-3 PUFAs） are essential fatty acids for human health and can inhibit many diseases. Using transgenic technology to produce FAT1 transgenic cattle can improve the content of n-3 PUFAs in beef and milk， and provide healthy food for human. In this study， after propagation of FAT1 transgenic cattle through superovulation and embryo transfer （MOET） technique， the growth index and genetic stability of F₁ generation cattle were tested. After that， ZK005 bull was determined as ancestry based on the analysis. The F₂ generation was produced by artificial insemination with frozen semen of ZK005， and its growth indexes， genetic stability and blood biochemical indexes were measured. The results showed that 8 FAT1 gene positive F₁ cattle were obtained. There was no significant difference in growth index between F₁ and wild-type cattle. The content of n-3 PUFAs increased significantly and the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs decreased significantly. The content of n-3 PUFAs in various tissues significantly increased， especially in muscles. Total of 12 F₂ generation cattle， were obtained by artificial insemination. There was no significant difference in growth and development and blood biochemical indexes between F₂ generation cattle and wild-type cattle as a whole， while the above research showed that breeding FAT1 transgenic cattle with transgenic technology could cultivate new transgenic cattle strains （species） rich in n-3 PUFAs， improved the content of n-3 PUFAs in beef and milk， and FAT1 gene could be stably and effectively expressed in F₁ and F₂ generation cattle， which had no adverse impact on the health of transgenic cattle and could provide more nutritious food for human beings.

Primary Culture and Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Gushi Chicken Umbilical Cord

Yue WU, Yun’an WANG, Ha’nan SONG, Weijun GUAN, Nan LI

2022, 24(9):  79-87.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0297

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In order to study the biological characteristics and induced differentiation of Gushi chicken umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells （UCMSCs），the experiments of primary culture， cell and directional differentiation were studied. The umbilical cord tissue was selected from 14 d old Gushi chicken embryo， the Wharton’s jelly was cut into 1 mm³ size after the artery and vein of umbilical cord were removed， and then UCMSCs were isolated and cultured by collagenase digestion， cell morphology was observed， UCMSCs growth curves of P3， P9 and p15 generations were drawn to measure population doubling time and clone formation ability of UCMSCs. The results showed that the morphology of Gushi chicken UCMSCs was long spindle shape， and the growth trend was in line with the law of logistic growth curve， showing a typical S-shape. Immunofluorescence and RT-PCR results showed that Gushi chicken UCMSCs expressed mesenchymal stem cell surface marker genes such as CD29， CD44， CD73， CD90 and CD166， but did not express primitive hematopoietic progenitor cell marker CD34 and pan leukocyte marker CD45. Specific staining and PCR showed that UCMSCs could differentiate into adipocytes，osteocytes and chondrocytes in vitro. This experiment confirmed that UCMSCs isolated from Wharton’s jelly of Gushi chicken umbilical cord had good proliferation and differentiation potential in vitro. Moreover， they had similar biological characteristics to UCMSCs isolated from other species in vivo. The multiple differentiation abilities showed the application prospects of cell transplantation， and the results could provide new potential seed cells for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Screening of Acidic Protease Producing Strains and Its Application in Seed Germination

Xin PENG, Can FENG, Xiang MA, Hong LI, Yanqiong TANG, Juanjuan LI, Zhu LIU

2022, 24(9):  88-95.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0420

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Acid protease is of great demand in industrial production. At present， the varieties of acidic protease producing strains in China are relatively rare， so it is urgently needed to develop new microbial protease and select high-yield protease strains. A strain producing protease in acidic environment was screened from mangrove soil in Haikou. The protease activity was determined by folinol method. It was identified as Serratia rubidaea by morphological observation， physiological and biochemical experiment and 16S rRNA sequence blast. The strain was used to ferment fish waste to produce biological liquid fertilizer. The effect of the fermentation liquid as biological liquid fertilizer was evaluated through seed germination promotion experiment. The results showed that the protease producing strain R3 isolated in this study could be used for the fermentation of fish waste. When the fermentation broth was diluted 5 to 25 times， the treatment for 60 h could promote the germination of cabbage seeds， and the germination rate reached the effect of liquid fertilizer. In this study， the isolated strain producing acid protease was used to ferment fish waste to biological liquid fertilizer， which utilized the waste fish protein as the resources and increased the value of fish products.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Wheat Ear Detection Method Based on Deep Learning

Yue ZHAO, Yong WEI, Huiyong SHAN, Zhimin MU, ZHANGJianxin, Haiyun WU, Hui ZHAO, Jianlong HU

2022, 24(9):  96-105.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0612

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Wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world. In order to solve the problem of low efficiency of artificial field wheat ears counting and yield prediction， this paper proposed a real-time detection method based on deep learning for high resolution small and dense objects. The wheat ear images data set was preprocessed， including image segmentation， marking and enhancement， and the YOLOv4 network model was built based on TensorFlow to improve the transfer learning after adjusted； different models of YOLOv3， YOLOv4-Tiny and Faster R-CNN were trained and used compare to the practicability and limitations with the improved model； the key factors affecting the performance of the wheat ears detection model were discussed. By means of image segmentation， this paper studied the influence of images with different resolutions on model detection. The results showed that the difference between foreground and background could be improved by changing the image resolution， and the optimal pixel ratio of the target could be determined， which had a significant effect on small dense wheat ears and effectively improved the accuracy of the model. By testing the results of the improved model and evaluating the precision recall performance of different models， the model showed high detection accuracy and strong robustness. The mean average precision accuracy of wheat ear images with different resolutions， different varieties and different seasons was 93.7%， and the detection speed of single image was 52 frame·s^-1， which met the real-time detection of wheat ears. The results provided a technical guarantee for wheat spike counting and yield prediction in the field.

Delineating Management Zones in Spring Maize Field Based on UAV Multispectral Image

Chuang LU, Haitang HU, Yuan QIN, Heju HUAI, Cunjun LI

2022, 24(9):  106-115.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0618

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In order to improve the pertinence of practice in a large scale farm， and explore an efficient method for delineating management zones， a 30.8 hm² typical black farmland of spring maize in Heilongjiang province was taking as object to study management zones. Based on the multispectral images at silking stage of maize obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles（UVA） equipped with Sequoia sensor， a method of multiresolution segmentation combined with fuzzy-C means clustering algorithm was used to delineate the farmland. At the same time， segmentation by fuzzy-C means clustering algorithm based on grid sampling and soil properties， including soil organic matter， available NPK， soil volumetric moisture content， soil conductivity， and pH， was conducted as a contrast. The coefficient of variable （CV） of soil properties and yield were chosen to evaluate effect of the 2 methods. The results showed that the partition based on UAV images was delineated to 4 optimal management zones named as M1， M2， M3， M4， and their yields were 7 597.53，8 236.35，8 686.98，9 119.93 kg·hm^-2， respectively. There were significant differences in maize yield between each zones， and in soil nutrient between M1， M2， M3 zones， and the CV of soil nutrient， crop yield among each zones were much lower than that before the management zones. It was also delineated to 4 optimal zones determined based on soil properties named as S1， S2， S3 and S4， and their yields were 7 754.81，8 173.44，8 860.05，9 153.23 kg·hm^-2. There were significant differences in soil nutrients and soil water content between each zones （P<0.05）， and the homogeneity of soil properties within the zones was improved. The 2 methods had certain similarity in spatial distribution. The spatial coincidence degree under the same level zones were 40.00%， 46.51%， 57.45%， 59.38%， respectively， and the overall coincidence degree was 51.32%. Further，the results based on UAV multispectral images provided basis for farmland management zoning in the absence of soil data.

Rape Identification at Seedling Stage Based on UAV RGB Image

Lingwen HU, Zhongfa ZHOU, Linjiang YIN, Meng ZHU, Denghong HUANG

2022, 24(9):  116-128.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0913

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UAV visible light remote sensing has the advantages of low economic cost and flexible take-off and landing mode， and has good application prospect in monitoring rape seedling shortage and plant quantity calculation. The visible light images of rape planting area were obtained by DJI phantom 4 Pro v2.0 UAV with 4 rotors. 1 experimental area and 4 verification areas were set up to compare and analyze DN values in red（R），green（G），blue（B） bands of soil， rape seedlings， weeds and other ground objects. According to the normal distribution characteristics and ratio relationship of DN values in each band， the green-blue-red difference index （GBRDI） was constructed. the GBRDI was used to calculate the visible light image of rape planting area. The histogram of different ground objects was drawn and the intersection point was as the image segmentation threshold to extract rape seedlings and plants； finally， the extraction results of the GBRDI was compared with those of common excess green index （ExG）， visible band difference vegetation index （VDVI） and normalized green blue difference index （NGBDI）. The results showed that： compared with ExG， VDVI and NGBDI， GBRDI had better effect on extracting rape seedlings from weeds and other background features， with accuracy of 92.93% and integrity of 83.63%； in the 4 verification areas with complex weed growth， the accuracy and integrity of extracting rape seedlings by GBRDI index were higher than those of VDVI， ExG and NGBDI. Above results showed that GBRDI could quickly and accurately extract rape seedlings and separate weeds， soil and other background features， which provided technical reference for rape precision farming.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Research on the Green Control Technology Model of Diseases and Insects in Double-cropping Rice in Jiangxi Province

Wei WANG, Lijuan XIE, Dongya XIAO, Gensheng CHEN, Liang XIE, Ziming WU, Xugen SHI, Huijie LI

2022, 24(9):  129-138.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0321

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In order to increase the benefit of rice planting， minimize the application amount of chemical pesticides in rice fields， ensure the quality of rice and the ecological environment of the rice field， the feasibility of integrated application of green prevention and control technology of rice diseases and insect pests in Jiangxi province was evaluated by selecting resistant varieties， optimizing tillage and cultivation measures， strengthening fertilizer and water management， planting honey-source plants， implementing sex attract insecticidal and frequency vibration insecticidal lamps， combining biological pesticides and emergency chemical pesticides， and applying efficient plant protection equipment to improve agricultural production efficiency. In 2019—2020， comparative experiments were carried out in Xingan and Xiajiang counties of Jiangxi province. Taking 5 major rice diseases and insect pests as examples， the control effects of different pesticide application schemes on pest control were compared， the costs and economic benefits were analyzed. The results showed that the integrated application of green control technology to sustainable control of diseases and insect pests reduced the hazard rate of “three insects and two diseases” by 2.62%~47.11%； increased rice yield by 0.35%~11.16%； the costs per hectare of the use of chemicals had been reduced by 139.1 yuan·hm^-2 with a decrease of 7.84%. Due to the characteristics of environmental friendly， simply and easily， the green control technology should become a national main technology and have a good prospect to be used widely.

Isolation， Identification and Adaptability of Trichoderma spp. for Biocontrol of Rice Sheath Blight

Hui JIN, Wei WANG, Chendong YAN, Wei WANG, Xiying LI

2022, 24(9):  139-148.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.1079

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In order to screen out the Trichoderma spp.with strong biocontrol effect on rice sheath blight， 20 strains were isolated and purified from different plant rhizosphere soil samples by the dilution coating plate method. It was found that D1 strain and the fermentation concentrated had strong inhibitory effects on rice sheath blight， through the indoor plate confrontation culture test， and the inhibitory rates reached 80.82% and 69.55%， respectively. From the pot disease prevention test of the D1 strain against rice sheath blight， it was concluded that the D1 strain was against rice plants. D1 strain was safe and increased the yield of rice by 27.41% compared with sterile water treatment； the control effect of D1 strain on rice sheath blight was between 51.09% and 70.64%. The control effect of germs was the highest when strain D1 was first treated for 24 h and then followed by simultaneous inoculation treatment， and the treatment had the lowest control effect with D1 strain after inoculation with the germs for 24 h. It showed that the D1 strain had preventive and therapeutic effects on rice sheath blight， and the preventive effect was better than the curative effect. The D1 strain was initially identified as Trichoderma brevicompactum through morphology and molecular studies. A confrontation experiment between D1 and 8 plant pathogens showed that the inhibitory rate of D1 strain against them was between 63.03% and 95.18%； at 20~30 ℃ and pH 4~5， strain D1 was effective against rice sheath blight， with the best antibacterial effect. the tested 5 fungicides had different virulence to the mycelial growth of the D1 strain， and their EC₅₀ value was 0.042~384.24 mg·L^-1， but they had strong antibacterial effect at the common concentration in the field with the inhibitory rate from75.8% to 100%. This study provided theoretical basis for the pollution-free control of rice sheath blight.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Precision Hill-direct-seeding Rice

Kaihong XIANG, Xu LYU, Chuanhai SHU, Riqu WUZA, Jinyue ZHANG, Yuemei ZHU, Zhiyuan YANG, Yongjian SUN, Jun MA

2022, 24(9):  149-165.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0401

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In order to explore the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application on the yield and nitrogen utilization of precision hill-direct-seeding rice， different proportions of chicken manure organic fertilizer was used to replace chemical fertilizer in field plot experiment from 2018 to 2020. A two-factor split-zone design was used in the experiment. 3 varieties were main plot including Yixiangyou 1108， F you 498 and Deyou 4727， and the different proportions of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer were subplot including 100% chemical N fertilizer （M1）， 75% chemical N fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer （M2）， 50% chemical N fertilizer+50% organic fertilizer （M3）， 25% chemical N fertilizer+75% organic fertilizer （M4）， 100% organic fertilizer （M5）， which the total nitrogen application rate was 150 kg·hm^-2. And no N fertilizer was used as control （CK）. The results showed that grain per panicle and grain yield of 3 varieties increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of organic fertilizer proportion. For Yixiangyou 1108， the number of grains per panicle and grain yield in M2 treatment were highest， which increased by 2.92%， 5.53% and 8.07% compared with M1 treatment in 2018， 2019 and 2020， respectively. For F you 498 and Deyou 4727， the number of grains per panicle and the grain yield of M3 treatment increased by 9.13%， 7.33%， 7.21% and 2.7%， 6.03%， 8.69% compared with those of M1 treatment in 2018， 2019 and 2020， respectively. The grain yield of M5 treatment was the lowest among all fertilization treatments. The nitrogen transfer rates of M2 and M3 treatments increased， and the trends of 3 varieties were the same. Compared with M1 treatment， the nitrogen transfer rates of Yixiangyou 1108 under M2 and M3 treatments increased by 9.40% and 11.41%， the nitrogen transfer rates of F you 498 increased by 9.63% and 19.18%， and Deyou4727 increased by 9.40% and 18.03%. With the increase of organic fertilizer proportion， nitrogen apparent use efficiency decreased， and nitrogen harvest index， nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity increased firstly and then decreased. Compared with M1 treatment， the average nitrogen harvest index of Yixiangyou 1108 under M2 and M3 treatments increased by 5.05% and 5.54% ， F you 498 increased by 4.53% and 8.80%， and Deyou 4727 increased by 4.88% and 8.98%， respectively. In conclusion， under the precise amount of direct seeding， the rational combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers could better regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients for achieving high yield of rice. The optimal treatment for Y xiangyou 1108 was 75% chemical N fertilizer + 25% organic fertilizer， while that for Fyou 498 and Deyou 4727 was 50% chemical N fertilizer + 50% organic fertilizer.

Effects of Zinc Fertilizer Application on Physiological Characteristics and Grain Zn Content of Maize in Saline-alkali Soil

Qian YANG, Na WU, Cong ZHAO, Yu HAN, Zhonghua MA, Yongsen YANG, Jili LIU

2022, 24(9):  166-176.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0385

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In order to study the effects of different zinc application rates on the physiological characteristics and grain zinc content of maize in saline-alkali land， a field experiment was conducted with Kehe 699 as the test material by random block design. 6 treatments were set up： T0（0 kg·hm^-2）， T1（7.5 kg·hm^-2）， T2（15 kg·hm^-2）， T3（22.5 kg·hm^-2）， T4（30 kg·hm^-2）， T5（37.5 kg·hm^-2）， and the physiological characteristics， grain zinc content and yield of maize under different treatments were measured. The results showed that zinc application decreased the relative conductivity， proline and MDA content of maize leaves in saline-alkali soil. Compared with T0 treatment， the relative conductivity， proline content and malondialdehyde content under T3 treatment were decreased by 22.3%， 24.7% and 15.9%， respectively in the filling stage. Zinc application increased the protective enzyme activity of maize leaves， and the superoxide dismutase（SOD）， peroxidase（POD） and catalase（CAT） activities in T3 treatment at big trumpet stage were increased by 68.7%， 152.1 % and 72.6% respectively， compared with in T0 treatment. At the same time， the zinc content in maize grain first increased and then decreased with the increase of zinc application rate， and reached the maximum value under T3 treatment. T3 treatment could improve the transfer rate and contribution rate of zinc in leaves and stems， reduce the bare tip of maize， increase ear length， grain number and 100-grain weight， thus increasing the zinc content and yield of maize grains. The results of this study showed that appropriate application of zinc fertilizer could improve the physiological activity of maize leaves and enhance the resistance of maize in saline-alkali environment， and the maize yield and grain zinc content were the highest when the zinc application rate was 22.5 kg·hm^-2.

Effects of Peanut Planting Modes on Desertification in the North Agro⁃pastoral Zone

Li QI, Zhenjia HE

2022, 24(9):  177-187.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0371

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This paper analyzed the influence of peanut planting modes on desertification in the north agro-pastoral zone to explore suitable land use patterns for restrain land desertification. Taking the different land use and planting modes of the main peanut planting areas in the northern part of Zhangwu county as the research objects， the correlation analysis was carried out based on the phenological characteristics and crop spectral characteristics of the multi-temporal remote sensing images in the area in 2020. The chemical experiment method， combined with SPSS and other softwares to build a desertification degree evaluation index system， using the cumulative curve classification method to divide the land desertification degree into four grades： no desertification， mild desertification， moderate desertification， and severe desertification. The desertification database was used to compare and test the degree of desertification. The results showed that 5 modes in clading agroforestry mode， sand-flat shelterbelt-peanut mode， sandy hill shelterbelt-peanut mode， sandy-flat land-peanut mode， and sandy hill-peanut mode had lower ability to reduce desertification in turn. The agroforestry mode， the sandy-flat land shelterbelt-peanut mode， and the sandy hill shelterbelt-peanut mode all had the effect of reversing succession of desertification， but the degree of succession gradually decreased. Among them， agroforestry model was the most suitable planting mode， and the sandy hill shelterbelt-peanut mode had certain limitations； the sandy-flat land-peanut model and sandy hill-peanut model had the positive succession effect of desertification， and the degree of succession gradually increased. The study aimed to evaluate the desertification of land under different planting modes to explore the influence of different planting modes and the direction of desertification succession， which provided references for standardizing and improving unreasonable planting modes.

Effect of Biogas Slurry Pretreatment on Anaerobic Digestion of Vegetable Straws

Yan MENG, Wei WANG, Quancai XI, Yi LI, Laisheng CHEN, Zhongping DU, Rui HAN

2022, 24(9):  188-196.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.1105

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To investigate the effect of biogas slurry pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of vegetable straws， 4 vegetable straws （cucumber， tomato， eggplant and pepper） were used as raw materials， which treated by pig manure biogas slurry for pretreatment with 3， 5， 7 and 9 d at （35.0±0.5） ℃， and then carried out the medium temperature batch anaerobic digestion experiment. The results showed that the pretreatment time had a great influence on the degradation effect of vegetable straw lignocellulose as well as anaerobic digestion performance. With the prolongation of pretreatment time， the degradation rates of cellulose and hemicellulose were higher （1.53%～24.47% and 2.11%～52.48%）， while the lignin was difficult to degrade. The optimal pretreatment time varied from different vegetable straw. Among them， the optimal pretreatment times of tomato straw and pepper straw were 5 d with the maximum cumulative methane production of 147.95 and 99.17 mL·g^-1， increasing 36.52% and 26.33% compared with that of the untreated， respectively. Cucumber straw and eggplant straw achieved the best methane production for 7 days， with the maximum cumulative methane production of 152.42 and 129.84 mL·g^-1， increasing 38.00% and 27.42% compared with that of the untreated， respectively. At the same time， the pretreatment of biogas slurry played a role reducing the cycle of anaerobic digestion （T₉₀ shortened by 3～8 d）. On the whole， the order of methane production performance of 4 vegetable straws after biogas slurry pretreatment was： cucumber straw>tomato straw>eggplant straw>pepper straw. Pretreatment of vegetable straw with biogas slurry could effectively improve the anaerobic digestion performance， and the optimal pretreatment time was 5～7 d for pretreatment of vegetable straw.

Effects of Water-fertilizer Coupling on Fine Root Growth and Root Antioxidant Enzyme of Lonicera caerulea Seedlings

Yang LIU, Qichang ZHANG, Lu ZHANG, Yuling LI

2022, 24(9):  197-207.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0478

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In this paper， the annual cuttings of Lonicera caerulea “Beihua 1” was selected as the research object， adopting the combined design of three factors （soil moisture， W； nitrogen fertilizer application， N； phosphorus fertilizer application， P） and 5 levels of quadratic rotation regression. The effects of water- fertilizer coupling on the fine root growth and root antioxidant enzyme of Lonicera caerulea seedlings were revealed by mathematical model and mathematical statistics. The results showed that W， N and P were positively correlated for root length， specific root length， the coupling effect of N and P was the most positively correlated for the root length， the coupling effect of W and N was the most positively correlated for the specific root length. The W， P had a significant negative correlation with peroxidase（POD）， glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px）， soperoxide dismutase（SOD）， ascorbate peroxidase（APX） in the roots of Lonicera caerulea seedlings， the coupling effect of N and P was the most positively correlated. The fitful combination of W， N and P was the most beneficial to the stability of the fine root growth and antioxidant enzyme activity of Lonicera caerulea seedlings. The optimum root length and specific root length could be achieved at 75% soil water content of the maximum field moisture capacity， nitrogen application of 3.8 g·plant^-1 and the phosphorus application of 1.9 g·plant^-1， the respective root length for the 1~3 order roots was 338.69，159.65，86.21 cm；the respective specific root length was 225.26，53.22，216.24 m·g^-1. The lowest antioxidant enzyme activity was observed under the condition of soil water content was 60% of the maximum field moisture capacity， nitrogen application was 2.4 g·plant^-1 and phosphorus application was 1.2 g·plant^-1，the respective activity of SOD， POD， APX，GSH-Px was 7.62，10.44，44.00，1.43 U·g^-1·min^-1. The results showed that W and N were the independent factors affecting the growth of fine roots and the root activity of antioxidant enzymes in Lonicera caerulea seedlings， it could provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and management of Lonicera caerulea seedlings， such as site screening， combined application of water and fertilizer， etc..

Effects of Nitrogen Levels on Flavonoids and Mineral Nutrient Accumulation in Coreopsis tinctoriaNutt.

Zhiyuan LI, Hong JIANG, Yan MA, Xiumei JIANG, Lifang ZHANG, Zhiguo LIANG, Zepeng WANG, Liang TANG, Xiao LIANG, Yong QIN

2022, 24(9):  208-216.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0234

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In order to explore the effects of different nitrogen levels on the accumulation of flavonoids and mineral nutrients in C. tinctoria seedlings，C. tinctoria seeds collected from Keliyang Town，Pishan County，Xinjiang were used as the test materials. And the seedlings were treated by different oncentrations of Ca（NO₃）₂ including 0 （N1） and 0.625 （N2）， 1.250 （N3）， 2.500 （N4） and 5.000 mmol·L^-1 （N5）. The morphological traits of C. tinctoria seedlings were determined， and the contents of mineral elements and flavonoids， and the activities of key enzyme in root stem and leaf were analyzed. The results showed that the carbon/nitrogen decreased with the increase of nitrogen level， and the contents of mineral elements in plants changed. The accumulations of flavonoids were higher under lower nitrogen levels （N1，N2 and N3 treatments），which was closely related to activities of phenylalnine ammonialyase（PAL）， cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase（C4H）， 4-coumaric acid CoA ligase（4CL）， chalcone synthase（CHS）. Correlation analysis showed that the balance of mineral elements had significant effect on the accumulation of flavonoids， especially changes in potassium， calcium， copper and iron elements. In conclusion， the availability of nitrogen and the balance of mineral elements in plant could significantly affect the accumulation of flavonoids in C. tinctoria， which provided theoretical basis for improving the accumulation of C. tinctoria flavonoids and establishing the best planting strategy of C. tinctoria.