Table of Content

20 May 2023, Volume 25 Issue 5

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Current Situation and Strategy of Honeybee Genetic Resources Protection in China

Xiao CHEN, Fuqing YU, Jian LU, Yazhou ZHAO, Jiandong AN

2023, 25(5):  1-7.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0371

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Honeybee genetic resources are rich in China. These resources have different characteristics. They are excellent germplasm resources and are basic materials for breeding. At present， there are 14 local varieties， 8 cultivated varieties， 8 introduced varieties， and 8 other bee resources in China. Among them， Chinese honeybee is the native bees in China，which is an indispensable original breeding material for cultivating new high-quality honeybee breeds， and is also a national protected species. The current situation of honeybee resources protection and existing problems of honeybees genetic resources protection in China were summarized， and the suggestions for honeybee genetic resources protection were put forward， which was of great significance to the development of honeybee genetic resources protection in the future.

Ability of Agricultural Research Institutes Based on AHP to Transform Scientific and Technological Achievements Research on Evaluation Index System

Xin XIAN, Tong LI, Jianzhong LU

2023, 25(5):  8-23.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0099

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The transformation ability of scientific and technological achievements is one of the key factors affecting the development of agriculture. At present， scholars at home and abroad pay more attention to the research on the transformation path， model and policy of scientific and technological achievements， but there is little research on the transformation ability and evaluation of scientific and technological achievements in agricultural research institutes. Based on the nature and characteristics of agricultural research institutes， the evaluation index system of the transformation ability of scientific and technological achievements of agricultural research institutes were established by using analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. Based on the case analysis， the present situation and influencing factors of the transformation ability of scientific and technological achievements of agricultural research institutes were scientifically evaluated. The results indicated that this index system could better reflect the actual situation of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements of agricultural research institutes， the utility model had good use value and application prospect.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Effects of Planting Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Wheat Photosynthetic Characteristics， Yield， and Soil Nitrogen Content in Fluvo-aquic Soil in Northern Henan Province

Chen CHEN, Ke SHI, Changwei ZHU, Guiying JIANG, Lan LUO, Weiwei MENG, Fang LIU, Fengmin SHEN, Shiliang LIU

2023, 25(5):  24-33.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0062

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In order to explored the effects of planting density and nitrogen level on wheat photosynthesis， yield and soil nitrogen content， four treatments were set under field condition including conventional sowing rate+conventional nitrogen application rate （CBCF）， increasing sowing rate by 30%+conventional nitrogen application rate （ZBCF）， increased sowing by 30%+reduced nitrogen by 20% （ZBJF） and conventional seeding+20% nitrogen reduction （CBJF）， which conventional sowing rate was 232.5 kg·hm^-2， and conventional nitrogen application rate was 219 N kg·hm^-2. The photosynthetic indexes of wheat during main growth stage and different nitrogen forms in soil after harvest were measured and analyzed. The results were followed. ①The net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content increased first and then decreased with the growth period. The net photosynthetic rate at jointing stage under CBJF treatment was increased. In the filling stage， the net photosynthetic rate of ZBJF treatment reached the maximum of 20.53 μmol·m^-2·s^-1， which increased the chlorophyll content of wheat at jointing stage. ②The intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance decreased with the growth period. And at jointing stage， the intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance under the treatments with normal nitrogen application rate were significantly higher than that under the treatments with nitrogen reduction. The maximum intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance were under ZBJF treatment with 270.87 μmol·mol^-1 and 0.33 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. ③The transpiration rate was firstly increased and then decreased during the growth stage. The maximum transpiration rate was 3.51 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 under ZBJF treatment at the filling stage. ④The number of grains per ear under ZBJF increased by 12% compared with that under CBJF treatment. The wheat yield under the treatments with nitrogen reduction was higher than that under the treatments with conventional nitrogen application. ⑤Compared with CBCF treatment， the contents of total nitrogen， alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen， ammonium nitrogen， nitrate nitrogen， dissolved organic nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen in the soil layer of 10—20 cm were decreased under the treatments with nitrogen reduction. Under the experimental conditions， although the available nitrogen content in 10—30 cm soil layers was reduced under the treatments with nitrogen reduction， the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer was significantly increased compared with conventional nitrogen application treatment. Meanwhile， the wheat growth and yield did not be affected by the nitrogen reduction. Among them， under ZBJF treatment， the photosynthesis of wheat during filling stage and the chlorophyll content in the leaves before flowering stage were improved. Meanwhile， the grain number， thousand grain weight and yield were improved under ZBJF treatment.

Research on Mutagenic Mechanism and Genetic Mechanism of a Yellowing Mutant in Barley

Daokuan BAI, Baojian GUO, Yi HONG, Mengna ZHANG, Juan ZHU, Chao LYU, Feifei WANG, Rugen XU

2023, 25(5):  34-45.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0761

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In order to study the effect of temperature on phenotype and photosynthetic characteristics of yellowing mutant in barley， the wild-type ‘Yangnongpi 5’ and yellowing mutant G039 obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate （EMS） on two-rowed malting barley ‘Yangnongpi 5’ were used as the test materials in this study. The leaf color， plant main traits， photosynthetic characteristics， chloroplast ultra-structure and photosynthetic related gene expression of mutant and wild type were measured and analyzed under natural field conditions and different indoor temperature. At the same time， the genetic analysis of the mutant gene was carried out by F₁ and F₂ populations that was constructed by crossing the mutant with wild type and ‘Yangnongpi 7’. The results showed that the leaf color of G039 was yellow at seedling stage under natural low temperature， the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were significantly lower than ‘Yangnongpi 5’. With the temperature rising， the leaf color gradually turned green. There was no differences in chlorophyll a between G039 and ‘Yangnongpi 5’， but there was still significant differences in chlorophyll b. The plant height， internode length below the spike， number of tillers， panicle length and grains per panicle of G039 were significantly lower than ‘Yangnongpi 5’， while the grain length， grain width and 1 000-grain weight of G039 were significantly higher than ‘Yangnongpi 5’. Under different temperature treatment， G039 was significantly affected by growth temperature. G039 exhibited a less number of chloroplasts and more loose grana lamella at low temperature. Between 10~20 ℃， the colder the temperature was， the more serious the etiolation was， the lower the SPAD value and chlorophyll content were， and the net photosynthetic rate， intercellular CO₂ concentration and water utilization rate of G039 were significantly different from those of ‘Yangnongpi 5’. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis of barley was around 20 °C. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the yellowing trait of G039 was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. The qRT-PCR results indicated that genes related to photosynthetic pigment metabolic pathway， chloroplast development and photosystem were significant differences in G039 at different temperatures when compared with those in the wild type. Above results laid the foundation for the analysis mutagenic mechanism and molecular regulation of leaf color mutation in G039.

Ion Response Mechanism of Canola Seedlings to Saline-alkali Stress

Lupeng SUN, Yang YANG, Weichao WANG, Tingdong FU, Guangsheng ZHOU, Fenghua ZHANG

2023, 25(5):  46-54.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0835

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To study the mechanisms of ion distribution and uptake in canola seedlings under combined saline stress at different growth stages （early-seedling stage and late-seedling stage）， ‘Huayouza 62’ was as material. The changes of dry weight and the contents ions （Na⁺， K⁺， Ca²⁺， Mg²⁺） in root and stem-leaf of canola seedlings at different stages under different degrees of combined salinity stress were determined by a pot experiment. The results showed that the root/shoot ratio under moderate and high stress increased by 16.47% and 48.83% in the early-seedling stage compared with the low stress， and decreased by 9.06% and 45.49% in the late-seedling stage. The Na⁺ contents in the stem-leaves and roots of canola seedling increased with the increase of salinity stress， and the Na⁺ content under high stress was significantly higher than other treatments， and Na⁺ accumulated mainly in stems and leaves in the early-seedling stage while in roots in the late-seedling stage. Compared with that in the early-seedling stage， the Na⁺ content of root in the late-seedling stage increased significantly by 1.80 （low stress）， 1.80 （moderate stress） and 1.17-fold （high stress）. K⁺ was mainly accumulated in roots， and the K⁺ content of root in the late- seedling stage was significantly lower than that in the early-seedling stage， with a reduction of 65.7% （low stress）， 83.1% （moderate stress） and 67.3% （high stress）. The selective transport coefficient （S_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{a}}^{\mathrm{2}+},\text{?}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}^{+}}） in early-seedling stage was higher than that in late-seedling stage， and S_{{\mathrm{K}}^{+},\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}^{+}}， S_{\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{2}+},\text{?}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}^{+}\text{?}}in early-seedling stage were lower than those in late-seedling stage. Salt tolerance mechanisms of ion homeostasis in early-seedling and late-seedling stages of canola were different under combined salt stress. In the early-seedling stage， Na⁺ accumulated mainly in the stem and leaves， which preferentially promoted root growth and development and increased the selective transport of Ca²⁺ from the roots to the stem and leaves to alleviate salinity stress. In the late-seedling stage， salt tolerance was improved by accumulating more Na⁺ in the roots and reducing Na⁺ accumulation in the stem and leaves， and increasing root uptake of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ and the selective transport of K⁺ and Mg²⁺ from the roots to the stem and leaves. Above results provided a theoretical basis for rapeseed planting in saline-alkali land.

Effect of Different Water Retention Agents on Mineral Elements Dynamic Changes During the Growth and Development of Cigar Leaves

Xinyan LI, Mingyue ZHANG, Fangling WANG, Huijuan JIANG, Jun WANG, Qiu ZHONG, Mingqin ZHAO

2023, 25(5):  55-65.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.1013

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To study the effects of different water retention agents on the contents of mineral elements in cigar leaves under drought stress， ‘Dexue No. 3’ was as the test material， a pot experiment was conducted to study the response of the interactions between the types （SAP， Walter and homemade water retention agent） and amounts （2， 4 and 6 g·plant^-1） of water retention agents. The dynamic change of mineral elements in leaves were determined during the process of cigar growth. The results showed that the application of the three water retention agents under drought stress significantly increased the contents of N， P and K in leaves at the early stage， and slowed down the accumulation of N and P at the later stage， which helped the timely transformation of C/N metabolism and the timely yellowing of tobacco leaves. And the application of the three water retention agents under drought stress effectively increased the K content of tobacco leaves， which the K contents were higher than CK. The application of the three water retention agents could suppress the Ca content in leaves， which could prevent the tobacco leaves from being too thick and rough due to the high Ca content and the poor availability of tobacco leaves. As the growth and development progressed， the application of the three water retention agents had a certain promotion effects on increasing contents of Fe， Mn， B， Zn and Cu in cigar tobacco. The correlation analysis indicated there were synergistic effects between N， K， Ca and Mg， while there were certain antagonistic effects between B and N， K， Ca， Mg， and between Cu， Mn and Ca， Mg. Comparing different treatments， the effects of harmonizing the balance between large， medium and micro elements in cigar leaves were better when SAP， Walter and homemade water retention agent were applied at a dosage of 4，6 and 4 g·plant^-1， respectively.

Phylogenic and Functional Profile of Ser/Thr Kinases in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Xiaoting WANG, Pengpeng ZHANG

2023, 25(5):  66-76.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0657

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Signal perception and transduction for organisms are tightly associated with their adaptability to environments. For signal transduction systems， two-component kinase systems or Ser/Thr kinase systems both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes have been studied and reviewed. As a prokaryotic photosynthetic model organism， except for the typical two-component His-Rep kinase systems， Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 also possesses 12 genes encoding putative eukaryotic Ser/Thr kinases， which can be divided into 2 subfamilies according to their structural features， PKN2 subfamily and ABC1 subfamily. Genes encoding Ser/Thr kinases belonging to the PKN2 subfamily have been investigated mostly， while the rest belonging to the ABC1 subfamily mostly are functionally unknown. In this paper， the prediction of conserved domains and motifs， as well as protein cellular localizations of these 12 Ser/Thr kinases in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was investigated. As the representative monocotyledon and dicotyledon， rice and Arabidopsis were chosen as reference objects， and by sequence analysis together with 15 rice ABC1Ks and 17 Arabidopsis ABC1Ks， the potential functions and evolutionary relationship of Ser/Thr kinases in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803were discussed， which would provide new insights into a more comprehensive understanding of Ser/Thr kinase signaling process in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

Analyses of Deinococcus radiodurans Chassis Expressing a Nitrogen-fixing Module

Xuemeng QIU, Juan ZHENG, Wei XUE, Shaoyu WU, Chen QI, Yueyue HAN, Yongliang YAN, Yuhua ZHAN

2023, 25(5):  77-86.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0226

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Transferring the nitrogen fixation module into a eukaryotic cell to accomplish autonomous nitrogen fixation in eukaryotes via biotechnology is of enormous scientific significance and application benefit. So far， no eukaryotes have been discovered that can fix nitrogen on their own. In order to explore the expression adaptability of nitrogen fixation modules in eukaryotic chassis， the nitrogen-fixing module of Paenibacillus polymyxa WLY78 was introduced into the Deinococcus radiodurans R1， which was a gram-positive model bacterium with an evolutionary position between prokaryotes and eukaryotes， to obtain the Deinococcus radiodurans R78. The expression characteristics of the recombinant Deinococcus radiodurans were investigated by qPCR（quantitative real-time PCR）and Western Blot analysis. The results showed that the genes related to the nine genes in nitrogen fixation module of the recombinant Deinococcus radiodurans could be transcribed normally， but the translation of nitrogenase ferritin genes was affected. Transcriptome results showed that the expression changes of related genes involved in energy transfer， nitrogen metabolism， iron and sulfur transport might be the limiting factors affecting the expression of nitrogenase in the recombinant strain. Above results laid a theoretical foundation for further design of nitrogen fixation module and chassis optimization， and finally built artificial high-efficiency nitrogen fixation device.

Identification and Biological Characteristics of a Thelonectria Pathogenic Fungi of Potentilla anserina L.

Xinci WANG, Junqiao LI, Chenqin LI, Tian TIAN, Junru QU

2023, 25(5):  87-95.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0973

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In order to identify the pathogen causing the root rot of Potentilla anserina L. and its biological characteristics， the strain MY-BSX4-1 was as material， which isolated from the tuberous root of Potentilla anserina in the artificial planting base of Menyuan， Qinghai province. The strain MY-BSX4-1 was analyzed by the pathogenic detection， morphological observation， rDNA-ITS sequence analysis. The growth and spore production of the pathogen were analyzed under different temperatures， pH， light， carbon sources， nitrogen sources and culture media. The results showed that MY-BSX4-1 was identified as Thelonectria olida according to its morphological characteristics and rDNA-ITS sequence analysis. It was identified to be the pathogenic fungus of Potentilla anserina L.according to Koch’s rule. The biological characteristics showed that the optimum temperature of strain MY-BSX4-1 was 25 ℃for mycelial growth and spore production. The light condition was beneficial to mycelium growth， but had no obvious effect on spore production. The mycelium could grow well at pH 4.0~12.0， which the optimum pH for mycelium growth was 6.0~9.0 and the optimum pH was 8.0 for spore production. In carbon sources， soluble starch was beneficial to mycelial growth， lactose was beneficial to spore production， while fructose was unfavorable to mycelial growth. In nitrogen sources， beef extract was beneficial to mycelial growth， while ammonium nitrate was unfavorable to mycelial growth. Potentilla anserina L juice medium （JM） and JM （sodium nitrate） were beneficial to mycelial growth and spore production. The lethal temperature of mycelium was 47 ℃ for 10 min.

Comparative Study on Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity and Antioxidant Activity of Gingerol Before and After Purification

Jing XU, Xiufen WANG, Xiaoyan LIU

2023, 25(5):  96-105.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0855

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In order to explore the purification method of gingerol by macroporous resin， four different polar resins （NKA-9， AB-8， D4020 and D101） were selected to study the static adsorption-desorption kinetics. The results showed that AB-8 was the best resin which was used as adsorbent. The optimum purification process of gingerol was discussed， and the scavenging ability of gingerol to 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine （DPPH） radical， 2,2-diazo-bis（3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid） diammonium （ABTS） radical and its inhibitory activity to pancreatic lipase were compared before and after purification. The contents of 6-gingerol， 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol in the crude extract before purification and after purification were determined by HPLC. The results showed that the optimum conditions for dynamic purification of gingerol by AB-8 resin were as follows： sample mass concentration 1.6 mg·mL^-1， pH=4， sample flow rate 1.5 mL·min^-1， elution rate 1.5 mL·min^-1 at 80% ethanol solution. The purity of gingerol after purification was increased by 3.3 times. The results of high performance liquid chromatography showed that the content of three gingerol monomers was more than 3 times higher than that before purification. The inhibition rate and free radical scavenging ability of purified gingerol on porcine pancreatic lipase were significantly higher than those before purification， indicating that AB-8 resin had a good effect on the separation and purification of gingerol and could achieve the enrichment of components， which was of great significance to improve the added value of gingerol utilization.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Study of Soybean Row Line Extraction Method Under High Light Conditions

Jian HU, Gang CHE, Lin WAN, Huiru ZHOU, Guang LI

2023, 25(5):  106-111.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0217

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A study of soybean row line extraction methods under high light conditions was conducted to address the problems of complex soybean field environment， high light intensity and poor adaptability of commonly used crop feature extraction methods in southern China. Using the 2G-R-B algorithm， this study extracted green features from soybean plants， and performed morphological processing， small area denoising of the grayscale image to remove the image background and noise from the image. This study extracted soybean field crop feature points based on the SUSAN corner point detection algorithm，and then used the location features of the feature points to automatically categorise the feature points， and the MLESAC algorithm was used to fit the discrete points to obtain the crop row lines. The results show that the algorithm had a strong noise immunity performance. Using this algorithm could accurately extract the feature points on the soya bean seedling strip， and use the location features of the feature points to automatically categorise the feature points and extract the soya bean seedling strip line on both sides of the monopoly. The accuracy of soya bean seedling strip line extraction was 93%， which could provide a research basis for field navigation operations.This results provided a reliable navigation method for autonomous field navigation operations such as weeding and fertilisation of soybean seedlings.

Design and Experiment of Thermal Insulation Facilities for the Front Roof of Bistable Folding Solar Greenhouse

Ruoding WU, Bin HE, Yibo ZHANG, Jianlin GONG, Yuquan ZHAO

2023, 25(5):  112-122.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.1018

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In order to improve the keeping warm capability of greenhouse， a new type of solar greenhouse bistable folding structure thermal insulation facility was researched and developed， which could replace the traditional covering such as straw curtain and thermal insulation quilt. It had a stable cavity structure after the front roof was unfolded and covered， which not only beared the snow load， but also was more conducive to the thermal insulation. In addition， compared with the traditional front roof thermal insulation facilities， the bistable nature of the new thermal insulation facilities made it have two structural stable states of unfolding and folding， which also directly leaded to the fundamental change of its operation mode. As long as the geometric incompatibility was destroyed by inflation or air extraction， the state could be switched to carry out unfolding and folding operations without the use of curtain rolling machines. Through the method proposed in this study， any size of solar greenhouse folding structure insulation facilities could be made. Through the example of finite element analysis， it was concluded to ensure the structural stability of the unit structure only when the inclination angle was 0°， and the internal maximum stress was less than the material strength. Through the static hot box test， it was found that the heat transfer coefficient of the folding thermal insulation facilities was only 2.62 W·m^-2·K^-1， and its thermal insulation performance was better than that of the traditional thermal insulation facilities. At the same time， the new type of front roof insulation facilities also met the requirements of superior mechanical properties， energy saving， environmental protection， good economy， strong weather resistance， light weight and other indicators through the selection of materials， which had a broad application prospect and is more conducive to the modernization of agricultural facilities.

Research on Intelligent Control Method of Feeding System in Outdoor Breeding Pond

Zhaoyang LIU, Yongqiang WANG, Congling ZHOU, Siqi QIANG

2023, 25(5):  123-130.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0983

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In order to solve the problem of intelligent baiting in the process of outdoor pond culture， an intelligent control method of baiting system based on machine vision was proposed. 4 texture feature parameters of entropy， energy， correlation and contrast were extracted from the gray-scale co-occurrence matrix to quantitatively evaluate the feeding intensity of the fish. According to the statistical results， the feeding intensity of the fish was divided into 3 types： no feeding， weak feeding and strong feeding. The independent weight method was used to determine the best weight of the 4 parameters and establish a parameter weighted fusion model. The results showed that the weight of entropy was the highest， reaching to 47.04%， the weight of correlation was the lowest with 12.70%， and the weights of energy and contrast were 27.55%， 12.71%； using support vector machine to identify the 3 feeding inteisities of fish， the recognition accuracy reached 99.77%， and the processing time of a single frame image was 0.48 s. Above method was simple and fast， and could meet the technical requirements of the intelligent control of the feeding system， and provided a new idea for the intelligent control of the feeding system for outdoor pond culture.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Effects of High Temperature on Fitness and Synchrony of Bemisia tabaci and Its Dominate Parasitoid

Xueying FENG, Lukuan WANG, Yucui HUANG, Chunping YANG, Haiyun XU

2023, 25(5):  131-138.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0021

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To reveal the effect of high temperature on the agricultural pests-natural enemies system under the background of climate change， the effect of high developmental temperature on the fitness and synchrony of Bemisia tabaci and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa were studied. The developmental duration， survival rate and body size of newly emerged females of B. tabaci and E. formosa， as well as egg load and the length of eggs of E. formosa were observed daily under constant optimum temperature （26 ℃） or alternating high/optimum temperature （30/26， 34/26 and 38/26 ℃）. The results showed that the development duration of egg-1^st instar nymph， 2^nd instar nymph， and 3^rd instar nymph of B. tabaci decreased as the temperature increased； the development of the whole pre-adult of B. tabaci was shortened by 1.6， 1.9 and 4.4 d at 30/26， 34/26 and 38/26 ℃ compared with that at 26 ℃； the hind tibia length of newly emerged B. tabaci females at 34/26 and 38/26 ℃ were significantly shorter than that under the optimum temperature conditions 26 ℃. Development duration of egg-larva and pupa of E. formosa under high temperature conditions were shortened； the development duration of the whole pre-adult was shortened by 2.2， 2.0 and 3.0 d at 30/26， 34/26 and 38/26 ℃ compared with that at 26 ℃； hind tibia length and the number of ova of E. formosa decreased as the temperature increased. Fitness of B. tabaci and E. formosa was significantly influenced by the increased developmental temperature. Their synchrony destroyed by the high temperature. The results of this study indicated that the different effects of environmental temperature changes on B. tabaci and its parasitoids should be fully considered in the practice of biocontrol， so that a reasonable strategy for biocontrol of B. tabaci could be formulated.

Field Control Efficacy and Cost Analysis of Different Spraying Methods for Control of Oligonychus ununguis （Jacobi）

Jianhua WANG, Xiaolei WEN, Jianing LI, Sirou GUO, Chunming ZHAO, Shifeng MU, Dexuan ZHAO, Huixia QI

2023, 25(5):  139-146.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1011

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In order to screen safe and effective acaricides for the control of Oligonychus ununguis （Jacobi） and clarify the control effect and cost of plant protection UAV spraying， six acaricides were screened by indoor and field tests. The results showed that the dilution of 20% avermectin·spirodiclofen SC with 1 000 times had the best control effect aganist O. ununguis， and the control effect on 3 and 14 d after treatment were 100% and 97.80%， respectively. 24% Spirodiclofen SC+40% propionate EC diluted by 3 000+550 times， 36% bifenazide·spiromite SC diluted by 2 500 times and 10% abamectin SC diluted by 7 000 times could also provide good control effects， which the control effects after treatment 1，3 and 14 d were ranged 88.59%~99.39%. The screened formulations had the characteristics of quick response and long duration， which could be rotated and used alternately in agricultural practice. When drone spraying was applied to spray the dilution of 20% avermectin·spirodiclofen SC diluted by 1 000 times （the dose rate of effective ingredient was 136 g·hm^-2）， and orange peel oil was added to the spraying solution with the rate of 450 mL·hm^-2， the control effect could reach more than 97% after 14 d. Compared with electric knapsack spraying and engine-operated portable sprayer spraying， the cost of drone spraying could be saved by 38.93% and 45.24%， respectively.

Induction Screening and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants

Yu ZHOU, Jiayu LI, Le WANG, Xiaoshuang JIA, Siqi GAO, Xiao WANG, Jian JIAO

2023, 25(5):  147-157.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1052

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To obtain the small colony variants （SCVs） of Staphylococcus aureus （S. aureus） is important biological materials for the research of anti-SCVs drugs. In this study， S. aureus ATCC43300 was used as the starting strain， the stable SCVs were obtained by secondary induction technique of low mass concentration （1.25~5.00 μg·mL^-1） gentamicin，and their characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that the stable SCVs could be obtained by secondary induction at 1/2×minimum inhibitory concentration（MIC）gentamicin 6 hours and 2×MIC gentamicin 12 hours. SCVs grew slowly， small colonies could be seen after incubated for 24 hours， even took 7 hours to reach the exponential growth phase；the sensitivity to gentamicin and the ability to produce membrane were increased 3 and 1 times；the recovery mutation rate was 0% after successive 20 passages； anti-stress， drug sensitivity and anti-coagulation were all enhanced. The SigB regulatory systems and the biofilm-related genes were up-regulated， the Agr regulatory system and the virulence factors were down-regulated. This method proposed successful new screening strategy for screening SCVs， and also provided stable test strains for pathogenesis of SCVs and the development of novel anti-SCVs drugs.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Research Progress on Frass After Organic Waste Transformation by Black Soldier Fly

Jingwen QIANG, Wanqing WANG, Manyu TANG, Shuang WU, Wei HUA, Xinyue ZHU, Yanling CHENG

2023, 25(5):  158-167.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0931

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At present， the annual production of organic waste in our country is about 4.5 to 5.0 billion tons， if its improper treatment will have a negative effect on the atmosphere， water body， soil and other aspects， thus causing secondary pollution for the environment. Black soldier fly larvae can effectively decompose organic solid wastes and convert them into marketable products in line with the concept of circular economy， and the frass produced in this process can be used as organic agricultural fertilizers， thus promoting the transition from traditional economic development to ecological circular economic model. However， the nutrient of frass， the composition of microorganisms and bioactive compounds， the post-treatment requirements to improve the biostability of frass， and the mechanism of frass in soil and plant metabolism are still unclear. Therefore， in order to improve the resource utilization of organic waste and promote sustainable agricultural development， this paper emphasized the potential of organic waste transformation by the black soldier fly， summarized the characteristics of frass and its effects on plant growth， and focused on the current application of frass as plant fertilizer. The promoting effect of this product on the development of modern ecological agriculture was pointed out， and put forward some research problems to be solved in the future.

Effects of Modified Cellulose on Germination and Dryland Soil Physicochemical Properties of Upland Rice

Hongyuan LIU, Zhihua ZHOU, Guangxin ZHAO, Yanjun WANG, Nana WANG

2023, 25(5):  168-175.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0850

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Water shortage and low nutrient utilization have always been important factors restricting the development of dryland agriculture in China. Modified cellulose can effectively hold soil moisture and nutrients， and also has a slow-release effect to promote crop growth. This study explored the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） on dryland soil properties and its practical effect in the process of plant growth， so as to provide scientific basis for the application amount and method of carboxymethyl cellulose in dryland soil. The effects of CMC-NH₄， CMC-Na and CMC-K at 0.05%， 0.10%， 0.30% and 0.50% on germination， soil moisture， physical properties and nutrients of upland rice were studied by pot experiment. The results showed that compared with the control group， the application of 0.05% of the three modified cellulose could promote the germination and increase the aboveground biomass by 214.29% to 316.33%. Adding modified cellulose could reduce soil water loss in the early stage of the experiment， and had no significant effect on soil cumulative water loss. However， it could increase soil hardness and soil compactness， especially CMC-NH₄ and CMC-Na. In addition， the application of CMC-NH₄ tended to decrease soil pH value， while the application of CMC-Na and CMC-K tended to increase soil pH value. As for soil nutrients， the contents of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in soil increased 202.45%~1 017.79% and 48.20%~172.60% by applying CMC-NH₄， respectively. The content of soil available phosphorus was increased by modified cellulose treatment to different extent. What’s more， the application of CMC-K could significantly increase the content of soil available potassium， up to 344.94%~1 458.73%. Therefore， the application amount of the three modified cellulose at 0.05% is beneficial to crop growth and soil nutrients increase， and can be used as soil amendments in dryland.

Effects of Amount and Frequency of Drip Irrigation Under Plastic Film on Potato （Solanum tuberosum L.） Growth and Water Use Efficiency in Semi-arid Region

Li JIA, Juan CHEN, Shanyu YONG, Xiaowen LI, Weiqin LIANG

2023, 25(5):  176-184.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0969

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To save water and increase yield of potato in semiarid area and determine the appropriate amount and frequency of irrigation， ‘Jizhangshu 12’ potato was as material under the drip irrigation with plastic film， and the randomized block design was used. The treatment of no irrigation with plastic film was control （CK）. The Irrigation rates were set according to 600 （W1）， 1 200 （W2）， 1 800 m³·hm^-2 （W3）， and the irrigation frequencies were 2（F1）， 3（F2）， 4 times （F3） in whole growth period， which 10 treatments were set. The growth index， yield， water use efficiency （WUE） and economic benefits were examined. The results showed that plant height， leaf area index， aboveground dry matter accumulation and SPAD value of potato increased first and then decreased with the progresses of growth period. Compared with CK， the drip irrigation could promote potato growth and accumulation of dry matter， which the growth index of W2F3 treatment was highest. With the rate and frequency of irrigation increasing， the water consumption and yield of potato increased， and WUE showed firstly increased and then decreased. W2F3 treatment had highest WUE and net income， which were 102.30 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1 and 24 203.88 yuan·hm^-2， respectively. Compared with CK， WUE and net income of W2F3 treatment increased by 49.63% and 117.19%， respectively. Therefore， appropriate irrigation rate and reasonable irrigation frequency should be beneficial to promote potato growth， yield and economic benefits， which provided theoretical support and scientific guidance for the popularization and application of potato drip irrigation technology in semiarid area.

Analysis on Relationship Between Yield Structure of Winter-sown Millet Covered Fully Biodegradable Water Permeable Plastic Film

Ruizhen LI, Jianmin YAO, Zhongxiang WANG, Fengxiang GAO, Guixin DOU, Ruiping YANG, Zhao LIU, Ji ZHANG, Zhenyu ZHANG

2023, 25(5):  185-191.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0888

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Winter-sown millet covered full biodegradable water permeable plastic film is a new organic dry farming technology， which can realize “the autumn rain stored in winter is used in spring”， and alleviate the problem of continuous drought in sowing in spring and summer in semi-arid ecological areas along the Great Wall. In this paper， a multipoint comparative test of winter-sown millet was applied with the 1 300 mm×0.007 mm full biodegradable water permeable plastic film mulching technique， and the contribution rate of each yield structure factor was calculated by regression coefficient method. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the contribution rates of panicle bearing tiller rate （31.65%）， full grains per spike rate （32.40%） and 1 000-grain weight rate after water separation （35.95%）. The technical measures taken to obtain high yield of winter-sown millet should topdress fertilizer to promote grain plumpness， strengthen the management of growth period to increase the number of full grains per spike， and increase the planting density to increase the number of completed spikes. Above results were of great significance to study the yield structure of winter-sown millet with biodegradable water permeable mulching film to increase the yield of winter-sown millet.

Effects of Microbial Fertilizer on Growth， Yield and Quality of Continuous Cropping Sugar Beet

Lu TIAN, Xiaoxia GUO, Wenbin SU, Chunyan HUANG, Zhi LI, Peng ZHANG, Caiyuan JIAN, Jia LIU, Dejuan KONG, Kang HAN

2023, 25(5):  192-203.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.1054

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Based on the situation of crop growth and yield inhibition of sugar beet continuous cropping in Inner Mongolia， widely used microbial fertilizer in the prevention and control of continuous cropping obstacles were selected. Five different dosages （0.250， 0.375， 0.500， 0.625， 0.750 kg·volume^-1） were set and no using as the control， the growth， yield and quality were studied to screen out the best amount of microbial fertilizer suitable for continuous cropping sugar beet in paper tube in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the application of microbial fertilizer could raise the survival rate， reduce the incidence rate of root rot and promote the growth of continuous cropping sugar beet. Compared with control， only 0.625 kg·volume^-1 in two years could significantly increased survival rate by 8.41% and 11.06% ， reduce the incidence rate of root rot by 66.48% and 88.32%， increase plant height by 9.67%~23.51% and 4.48%~31.26%， increase leaf area index by 28.88%~34.62% and 15.24%~38.86%， increase dry matter accumulation of stem and leaf by 11.51%~21.10% and 21.00%~38.76%， increase dry matter accumulation of root by 22.32%~46.13% and 34.80%~68.03%. The effects of other application treatments on the growth of continuous cropping sugar beet were inconsistent between years and growth period. The application of microbial fertilizer could improve the yield and quality， the yield and sugar yield showed 0.625 kg·volume^-1 >0.750 kg·volume^-1 >0.500 kg·volume^-1 >0.375 kg·volume^-1>0.250 kg·volume^-1. And 0.625 and 0.750 kg·volume^-1 showed significant effects in two years， the yield increased by 11.64% and 18.29%， 9.59% and 14.23%， the sugar yield increased by 14.41% and 24.19%， 11.36% and 15.96%. Thus， the planting benefit of continuous cropping sugar beet was improved. In conclusion， by fitting the application amount of microbial fertilizer with the yield and quality of sugar beet， and the combination analysis of sugar beet growth dynamics and economic benefits， the study showed that 0.625 kg·volume^-1 was the best amount which applied to continuous cropping sugar beet in paper tube. The results provided an effective way to solve the obstacles of continuous cropping sugar beet in Inner Mongolia.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Different Composite Substrates on Growth Condition of Coriandrum sativum L.

Lifang ZHANG, Zhiyuan LI, Yuxiang LIU, Hongli ZHANG, Yong QIN

2023, 25(5):  204-214.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0816

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In order to investigate the effects of nine different substrates on the growth， assimilate accumulation and quality of potted coriander， and then to select the suitable substrate ratio for the growth of potted coriander， ‘Large Leaf Cilantro’ was as the material and peat， coconut bran， perlite and vermiculite were compounded into cultivation substrates. The physicochemical properties of different substrates and their effects on the growth and quality of potted coriander were studied， and a comprehensive analysis of the potted coriander was conducted with different substrates by combining principal component analysis and affiliation function method. The results showed that the plant height， stem diameter， assimilate accumulation， soluble protein content， carotenoid content， chlorophyll content and vitamin C content of coriander plants were improved with the peat： coconut bran =2∶1 （T2 treatment） compared with the control， and the dry to fresh ratio， root to crown ratio and seedling strength index were 18.61， 10.85 and 9.48， respectively. The compound substrate formulation of peat： coconut bran =2∶1 （T2 treatment） produced excellent growth and quality indexes of coriander， which could be used for pot cultivation of coriander.

Study on Fruit Quality of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ Grape Applied by Silicon Fertilizer in Root Zone

Yinan JIA, Guangdi ZHANG, Haoyu ZHANG, Chang XU, Kunming ZHANG, Jianglong WANG, Xiaojian HOU

2023, 25(5):  215-223.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0802

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In order to control the fresh-keeping period of postharvest of fruit，the different dosages of silicon fertilizer were used to the root zone of the 9-year-old which a dragon trunk-like shape ‘Muscat Hamburg’ grapevine at the cluster period， and the volatile organic compounds and conventional quality indicators of the fruit were determined by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy （GC-IMS） and other methods at the ripening stage of fruits. The results showed that the values of conventional quality indicators （such as soluble solids， total acid， Vc and total sugars） of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ grapes of fruits using different dosages （250， 500， 800 g·plant^-1） made a difference，and contents were as follows： 16.47%，17.97%，16.87%；0.325%，0.225%，0.300%；12.703，18.870，19.487 mg·100g^-1；23.82%，22.59%，30.18%. When the dosage was 800 g·plant^-1， the soluble solids and total acid had no change compared with CK（P>0.05）， but the Vc and total sugars were increased greatly（P<0.05）. The analysis of the Voc’s for fruit by using different dosages showed that the peak volume of some lipids was positively correlated with the increase dosage of silicon fertilizer， reached a peak at dosage of 800 g·plant^-1. The peak volumes of ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate were increased respectively compared with CK 70.89%， 368.49%. This paper’s aim was that laid a theoretical basis for further exploring the influence of these substances on postharvest fresh-keeping.

Study on Isotopic Composition and Influencing Factors of Rainfall in Southern Hilly Region

Lingli YUE, Yongzhong CHEN, Xiong XIA, Dong LIU, Xiangnan WANG, Youjie WU

2023, 25(5):  224-233.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0821

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In order to explore precipitation isotope variation of Camellia oleifera forest in southern hilly region， and reveal the response mechanism of water cycle in this forest system to water vapor source and climate， HYSPLIT（hybrid single particle lagrangian intergrated trajectory） was used for cluster analysis of different water vapor trajectory in Camellia oleifera forest， and partial correlation analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the main influencing factors of rainfall isotope composition. The results showed that the water vapor source of Camellia oleifera forest during monsoon period （from May to September） was mainly the warm and humid air mass of the Indian Ocean （14%） and western of Pacific Ocean （37%）， and more than 75% of the non-monsoon water vapor sourced from the local evaporation of water vapor and the cold air from the north. The isotopic composition was poor in monsoon period and enriched in non-monsoon period， which showed a “V” shaped seasonal variation pattern. In 2019， the precipitation line was δD=8.3δ¹⁸O+13.5 （R²=0.99）， reflecting the low evaporation level and humid climate conditions of forest land. There were obvious precipitation effect， wind speed effect and humidity effect in forestland precipitation isotope， and the precipitation effect far overcomed the temperature effect， and humidity effect was very sensitive to temperature change. These above results provided a theoretical reference for the study of water cycle mechanism of Changsha Camellia oleifera forest， which was beneficial to guide the scientific control of regional water resources and promote the development of forestry ecology.