Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology

Food Legumes of Regional Public Brands： Status， Problems and Development Suggestions

Luan ZHANG, Guodong YIN, Yun ZHANG, Changyi JIANG, Jiliang MA, Huijie ZHANG

2025, 27(5): 1-12. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0007

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Food legumes constitute a critical pillar of China’s food system， and regional public brands serve as a strategic lever to drive their industrial upgrading toward high-quality development. The current status of regional public brands for food legumes was analyzed in China across 4 dimensions： brands number， brands distribution， brands value and brands premium. The findings revealed that China had established 84 regional public brands of food legumes， but the average annual growth rate dropped to 1.2%. 1/3 of the planting provinces accountted for 3/4 of the brands， with 90% of the brands concentrated in mung beans， adzuki beans， broad beans， peas and kidney beans. In comparison to other agricultural products， the regional public brand value of food legumes ranked in the middle to lower range， with brand premium rates varying between 12.63% and 2 058.70%. The development of legume brands was hindered by the lack of top-level design， insufficient development efforts， underutilization of potential medicinal properties and an imperfect entry-exit mechanism. Based on these findings， several recommendations were proposed， including the development of innovative products， strengthening of strategic planning， categorization and cultivation of regional public brands and improvement of the brand entry-exit framework.

Extension of Agricultural Scientific and Technological Achievements in China： Logical Cognition， Realistic Predicament and Breakthrough Path

Zhi WANG, Zhao SHI

2025, 27(5): 13-20. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.1068

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The extension of agricultural scientific and technological achievements is an important support for achieving agricultural modernization and building a strong agricultural country， and is crucial for enhancing the overall competitiveness of agriculture. Therefore， this paper explored the prominent characteristics and contemporary connotations of the promotion of agricultural scientific and technological achievements were， and proposed a “three dimensional” optimization path to accelerate the promotion of agricultural scientific and technological achievements： the government should play the core role of promoting， guiding and guaranteeing； the scientific research institutions should to play a key role in scientific and technological innovation， achievement promotion and personnel training； the enterprises should assume the important responsibility of transforming scientific and technological achievements into actual productive forces. Above analysis provided certain references for promoting the transformation of scientific and technological innovation into actual productivity， developing new agricultural quality productivity， promoting comprehensive rural revitalization， and accelerating agricultural modernization construction.

Research Progress of Cellulase Derived from Microorganisms

Huiyan QIAO, Yali SHI, Haojian HAN

2025, 27(5): 21-38. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0502

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Developing renewable energy is an effective measure to address the increasing energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable energy includes solar energy， hydro energy， wind energy， biomass energy， wave energy， tidal energy， ocean temperature difference energy， geothermal energy， etc. They could be recycled and regenerated in nature. One of the ways to utilize biomass energy is through biorefinery， which utilizes biomass degradation to generate electricity， gas， ethanol， and other fuels. The important method for degrading biomass is to use cellulase to hydrolyze cellulose. At present， industrial cellulase mainly comes from microorganisms. The research progress of microbial derived cellulases was introduce from the following 5 aspects： ① microorganisms that produce cellulases， including fungi， bacteria， and actinomycetes； ② the characteristics of cellulase derived from microorganisms mainly include the classification and properties of cellulase， cellulase structure， and catalytic mechanism； ③ method for measuring cellulase activity； ④ methods for improving cellulase production and activity； ⑤ application of cellulase. The research progress of microbial derived cellulases was elaborated， which should provide reference for screening and developing efficient cellulases.

Effects of Badh2 Gene on Rice Quality Based on CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Technology

Wenting ZHANG, Yang LI, Shi QIU, Guangming LU, Dongshu GUO, Baolong ZHANG, Jinyan WANG

2025, 27(5): 39-48. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0889

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The loss of function of Badh2 gene leads to an increase of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline （2-AP） content， which holds significant implications for enhancing rice quality. To investigate the impact of Badh2 gene on diverse aspects of rice quality， a knockout line targeted the Badh2 gene in the non-aromatic rice variety japonica cultivar Nipponbare was got using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. 2 mutants were obtained： badh2-1 with a 45 bp deletion and badh2-2 with a 1bp insertion. 2-AP content， volatile flavor substances， agronomic traits， milling and appearance quality， palatable nutritive qualities and taste values， and RVA profile characteristics of the wild type and mutant lines were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the mutants badh2-1 and badh2-2 had significantly higher 2-AP content， significant increased in seed setting and grain number per panicle， but decreased effective tillers. And the appearance quality of mutants showing decreased， but had the same rice quality grade with wild-type. The protein content and nutritional quality of mutants significantly reduced， the overall taste scores such as straight chain amylose content and taste value significantly increased. The setback and the gelatinization temperature of mutants showed a significant decrease， resulting in a better cooking taste. There were also significant differences in primary volatile flavor substances， effective tillers， thousand-grain weight， plant height， brown rice percentage， and peak viscosity between the 2 mutants， and the cooking flavor quality of badh2-1 was better than that of badh2-2. In conclusion， CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology could be successfully utilized in new germplasm resources of fragrant rice， the mutation of Badh2 gene had important effects on rice quality， and different mutation type should affect the quality of rice. Above results provided references for the subsequent breeding of high-quality fragrant rice.

Effect of Low Temperature Stress on Photosynthetic Performance， Antioxidant Enzyme System and Related Gene Expression in Maize Seedlings

Taotao MAO, Xiaoqiang ZHAO, Xiaodong BAI, Bin YU

2025, 27(5): 49-60. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0847

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To explore the response mechanism of maize seedlings to low temperature stress， the low-temperature sensitive GS2264 and the low-temperature tolerant LY2030 were used as materials， which were cultured at 10 （LT） and 22 ℃ （CK） for 7 d. And the changes of seedling growth and photosynthetic performances， reactive oxygen species， osmotic regulation， antioxidant enzymes activities， and the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes related genes in leaves were analyzed. The results showed that low temperature stress inhibited the growth and development of maize seedlings. Compared with CK treatment， the seedling length， root length， seedling fresh weight， root fresh weight， and root-shoot ratio of LT treatment significantly decreased by 7.06%， 19.60%， 18.75%， 24.32% and 7.79%， respectively， and the net photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance， transpiration rate， rubisco activity， water use efficiency， F_v/F_m and F_v/F_o significantly decreased by 42.88%， 27.09%， 15.23%， 59.38%， 29.78%， 31.90% and 32.88%， respectively， however， intercellular CO₂ concentration， O $2 ? -$ production rate and the contents of H₂O₂， proline， malondialdehyde significantly increased by 67.27% and 119.55%， 154.04%， 55.19%， the activities of SOD， POD， CAT， APX significantly increased by 46.66%， 96.53%， 158.44%， 4.34%， while GR activity showed a slight decreased of 3.34%. The correlation and principal component analyses showed that a complex and network relationship among traits of maize seedlings. Further analysis showed the relative expression levels of 8 antioxidant oxidase related genes were significantly up-regulated under LT treatment， which indicated they could be used as candidate genes for improving cold resistance in maize. Above results laid a foundation for systematically revealing the cold-resistant response mechanism of maize seedlings and the improvement of cold-resistant maize germplasm.

Proteinome and Metabolome Combined to Analyze the Response Mechanism of Oat to Saline-alkali Stress

Lei LING, Huixin JIANG, Mingjing LI, Yajie YIN, Naiyu CHEN, Xiaoju ZHAO

2025, 27(5): 61-71. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0118

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Salt-alkali stress is one of the main abiotic stresses limits plant growth. Planting oats in saline-alkali land allows the oat stems to absorb salt from the soil and store it in oat straw to repair the saline-alkali land. In order to clarify the effects of salt-alkali stress on oat proteome and metabolome， four-week-old oats were treated with 6， 12， 24 and 48 h salt-alkali stress， and the physiological and biochemical properties of oats after salt-alkali stress were measured， and its proteome and metabolome were analyzed. The results showed that， with the prolongation of salt-alkali stress time， malondialdehyde content of oat increased overall， the proline content and the activities of superoxide dismutase， peroxidase， catalase generally showed an upward trend. Proteomic and metabolomic sequencing identified a total of 7 603 differential proteins， including 3 217 up-regulated， 4 386 down-regulated and 855 differential metabolites. They were mainly involved in pathways such as sugar metabolism， amino acid metabolism， photosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Among them， lycopeneβ-cyclase， cyclooxygenase and zeaxanthin were key enzymes related to photosynthesis. In summary， salt-alkali stress enhanced the accumulation of metabolites such as sugars， nucleosides and amino acids. Ribosomes， phenylpropanoid biosynthesis， glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism， and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms of leaves were the main pathways responsed salt-alkali stress. Above resltus provided effective informations for the restoration of saline-alkali soil and the reconstruction of ecosystems， and laid a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement and cultivation of oat stress resistance.

Effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Colony Development and Honey Production in Honeybees

Guiqian ZHANG, Li ZHANG, Qian WANG, Caiyun LIU

2025, 27(5): 72-80. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0939

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Honeybees are important pollinators，and improving the immunity of bees is the foundation for ensuring the productivity of colonies. Astragalus polysaccharide is a natural bioactive plant extract with strong antioxidant capacity. Its application in livestock and poultry had significantly improve herd immunity. In order to investigate the effect of astragalus polysaccharide on the health of honey bees， astragalus polysaccharide was feed to 4 000 Chinese honey bee colonies in 5 major Chinese honeybee breeding counties in Gansu province. The incidence of diseases， colony size， swarming， honey yield，overwintering mortality rate and the effect on honey quality were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that， after feeding astragalus polysaccharide，the colony size increased rapidly， and the proportion of strong colonies above 5 frames increased by more than 1 time. During the honey flow period， the proportion of swarmed colonies decreased by 30%， the honey yield increased by 27%， and the overwintering mortality rate decreased by 40%. Meanwhile， the feeding of astragalus polysaccharide did not affect the quality of honey. It indicated that astragalus polysaccharide could improve the colony immunity， promote the colony development and increase the honey production. Above results were important for application the traditional Chinese patent medicines in preventing colony diseases and improving the colony immunity in honeybees.

Vitamin C Modulates Function and Gene Expression of Mouse TM4 Sertoli Cells

Xinxin WANG, Ziwei WU, Ting FANG, Qiao MOU, Fang WANG, Han ZHAO, Zhiqiang DU, Caixia YANG

2025, 27(5): 81-89. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0583

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To investigate the effects of vitamin C on the function and gene expression of mouse TM4 Sertoli cells， the cells were treated with 0， 100， 250 and 500 μmol·L^-1 of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium hydrate （AA2P） for different time length. Cell viability under different treatments was used to select the optimal conditions for AA2P treatment of TM4 cells. Further， different methods were used to detect cell proliferation， apoptosis， reactive oxygen species （ROS） level， mitochondrial function， RNA methylation （m⁶A）， histone H3 trimethylation levels （H3K4me3， H3K9me3 and H3K36me3）， anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH）， estradiol， lactate， as well as gene expression alteration. The results showed that treatment of TM4 cells with 250 μmol·L^-1 AA2P for 36 h significantly increased cell viability， promoted cell proliferation， reduced early apoptosis， decreased ROS level， enhanced mitochondrial function， altered m⁶A level and histone H3 trimethylation （H3K4me3， H3K9me3 and H3K36me3） levels， promoted the secretion of AMH and estradiol， and reduced lactate level. RNA-seq results revealed that AA2P treatment （250 μmol·L^-1， 36 h） induced significant differential expression of 112 genes， which were involving in multiple GO （gene ontology） items and KEGG （kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes） pathways. To sum up， vitamin C could regulate the function and gene expression of mouse TM4 Sertoli cells.

Development Status of Threshing Technology and Equipment of Grain Combine Harvester

Chaoxu LEI, Chengqian JIN, Panpan LI, Xiaoyu YANG, Zihao ZHAO, Lulu LYU

2025, 27(5): 90-102. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0813

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As one of the core working parts of the grain combine harvester， the performance of the threshing device directly affects the quality of the machine. In order to solve the problem of low harvest quality caused by the large loss of grain combine harvester threshing device in China， the mechanical properties of grain， grain harvesting theory， parts of threshing device， structural parameters and motion parameters of threshing device， research on grain harvesting threshing technology， loss monitoring and control methods of threshing device were reviewed， aiming to improve the design of threshing device with higher performance. In the process of experimental research， the following steps needed to be carried out： detailed theoretical analysis and calculation of the existing device， including efficiency， power consumption etc and optimization of the design through calculation simulation. The advantages and disadvantages of different types of devices should be analyzed to select the appropriate combination of threshing devices and components according to the characteristics of crops， and design and conduct bench tests and small-scale field trials to verify the effectiveness of the improved design， combined with the internet of things， big data and artificial intelligence technology， develop intelligent threshing devices， real-time monitoring and automatic control， so as to achieve the goal of precision agriculture and bring higher benefits to agricultural production.

Accurate Identification and Grading Method for Daylily Flower Buds

Jialiang YUAN, Runnan LIAN, Wuping ZHANG

2025, 27(5): 103-112. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0915

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Aiming at the problems of complex backgrounds， small individual size and inconsistent grading standards after harvesting of daylily buds in field environment， a recognition and post-harvest grading method for daylily buds was proposed. A database was established based on 1 716 images of daylily buds under various complex conditions such as different lighting， occlusion， and blurriness. The Biformer self-attention mechanism was introduced into the backbone network of the YOLOv5s model to train the dataset， and comparative tests were conducted against various other target detection algorithms. After recognition， a daylily bud grading algorithm was used to obtain the contours of the daylily buds through image processing technology， and geometric calculation techniques were used to measure the length and diameter of the daylily buds for grading. Experimental results showed that theimproved YOLOv5s algorithm significantly increased recognition precisionthe precision， recall rate， and mean average precision （mAP） of improved YOLOv5s algorithm of 94.80%， 91.40%， and 96.60%， respectively， in the open field recognition of daylily. The accuracy of the daylily grading algorithm reached to 97.00%， meeting the requirements for daylily grading in production practice and providing reliable support for the intelligent development of the daylily industry.

Design of Shear End Effector for Dragon Fruit Picking Based on Oval Claw

Qiao CHEN, Mingwei XIAO, Chendi LUO, Jiazheng GAO, Chunfan OUYANG, Chunlin ZENG, Wentao LI, Xuecheng ZHOU

2025, 27(5): 113-121. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0937

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Aiming at the difficultly picking problems of dragon fruit， such as complex growing environment， diverse growth posture， high shear strength of stems in branches and easily damaging peel near fruit pedicle， a kind of cutting end effector of dragon fruit picking based on oval claw was designed to pick dragon fruit in different growing posture without damage. The elliptical grippers were capable of separating the fruit from the branches， thus protecting the integrity of the fruit. By incorporating V-shaped grooves on the elliptical grippers， it accommodated dragon fruits with different inclinations， preventing obstacles from branches during gripping actions. The dragon fruit harvesting method adopted a pre-cut and pull approach. Mechanical analysis of the gripping and cutting mechanism determined the minimum cutting force to be 33.5 N， and appropriate power sources were selected accordingly. A model for the pulling force during dragon fruit harvesting after cutting was established. Through finite element analysis and comparison with manual cutting force tests in the orchard， an average pulling force of 20 N was measured， which did not damage the fruit. A physical prototype was constructed and subjected to 15 gripping experiments and 25 field cutting trials in the orchard. Experimental results demonstrated that the harvesting range of the end effector surpasses the existing dragon fruit positioning accuracy significantly. The end effector can harvest dragon fruits with inclinations ranging from 50° to 90° with an average inclination of 75°， the average harvesting time is 3.1 s with a success rate of 92%， the average length of the cut leaves was 55.3 mm， which could meet the picking demand.

Research on Activity Detection Methods at Various Stages of Egg Incubation

Lin ZHANG, Wenhui ZHU, Jianrong CAI, Yu QIAO, Qiyang LI, Yiming ZHAO

2025, 27(5): 122-132. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0965

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High hatchery yields are achieved in chicken egg incubation， however， research on the detection of dead embryos and infertile eggs at different incubation time is scarce. During the early incubation period， due to the weak embryo activity and low heat production， thermal imaging detection struggles to effectively differentiate live embryos from dead embryos and infertile eggs； from the middle to later stages of incubation， as live embryos become more developed， light cannot penetrate through the eggs， rendering optical detection methods ineffective in distinguishing dead embryos. To address these issues， optical detection and thermal imaging detection was combinated to identify dead embryos and infertile eggs during the early （6 to 12 d ） and mid-incubation periods （15 to 18 d）. Changes in light transmission of eggs during 6 to 12 d were captured using a photoelectric sensor， and feature parameters were extracted. Additionally， thermal images of eggs’ natural cooling temperature drop sequences during 15 to 18 d were collected using custom-developed software. After obtaining region of interest templates after image processing， the sequence of thermal images was segmented， and the grayscale mean change curves of egg regions were derived. Feature parameters reflecting egg viability were extracted， and detection models for different incubation time points were established using logistic regression （LR）， K-nearest neighbors （KNN）， support vector machine （SVM）， decision tree （DT）， naive Bayes （NB） and random forest （RF） algorithms. Results indicated that KNN performed best in distinguishing egg viability from 6 to 12 d， with an accuracy of 98.7% on 10 d. LR demonstrated the most stable performance across all days， achieving an accuracy of 94% in distinguishing egg viability from 6 to 12 d. SVM performed best in distinguishing egg viability from 15 to 18 d， with an accuracy of 97.1% at 18 d. Utilizing optical detection to detect changes in light transmission during the early incubation period and thermal imaging technology to analyze grayscale mean temperature changes of eggs during the mid-incubation period enabled batch detection of egg viability in different stages of incubation for White Leghorn chicken eggs.

Transcriptome Analysis of Resistance to Sharp Eyespot of Wheat Mediated by Piriformospora indica and Key Genes Screening

Shuo SHI, Yu FENG, Liang LI, Rui MENG, Yanze ZHANG, Xiurong YANG

2025, 27(5): 133-145. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0152

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Sharp eyespot of wheat is a frequent soil borne disease worldwide， which has serious harm on stable and high yield of wheat. To clarify the induction effect of Piriformospora indica， an endophytic fungus， on wheat resistance to sharp eyespot and to use a biological method which breaking through the traditional chemical control mode to enhance wheat resistance to sharp eyespot， wheat seeds were soaked in P. indica spore solution， followed by inoculation with Rhizoctonia cerealis， and physiological and biochemical indicators and transcriptome results were analyzed. The results showed that pre-colonization of P. indica in wheat could enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes， alleviate the reduction of relative water content caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis and increase the membrane stability that partially destroyed by the fungi by 39.6%， and could also raise the content of chlorophyll by 32.3%， improving the photosynthesis ability of wheat. The transcriptome analysis revealed that the colonization of P. indica could restore the transcriptome changes caused by pathogenic fungi， induce the expression of related resistance genes， and improved plant biomass by influencing hormonal metabolic pathways. The resistance of wheat to R. cerealis had been comprehensively promoted by various ways and means. Key genes including TraesCS1A02G372300 and TraesCS1B02G393100 etc had been screened based on the transcriptome data， which would provide theoretical and experimental basis for catching on the kernal layer of plant-microbe interaction and acceleration of the breeding work related to disease resistance and yield increase.

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Antifungal Activity of Total Diterpene from Fokienia Hodginsii

Shuoshuo FU, Weiyong GONG, Yixuan LIN, Yuanshun LI, Chengcan LIU, Lin NI

2025, 27(5): 146-155. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0391

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To optimize the extraction process of total diterpene from Fokienia hodginsii leaves and antifungal activity， the response surface method was used， and the antifungal activity of total diterpenoids of Fokienia hodginsii leaves against 6 plant pathogenic fungi was investigated by mycelium growth rate method. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Panz. was used as the test bacterium， and the changes of physiological and biochemical indexes of mycelia and the activity of protective enzymes were further determined to explore the antifungal activity of total diterpene extracts. The results showed that the optimal process conditions were as follows： anhydrous ethanol was used as the extraction solvent， extraction temperature was 79 ℃， extraction time was 53 min， liquid-solid ratio was 14.5 mL∶1 g. Under this condition， the total diterpene yield was 36.8%. The total diterpenoids of Fokienia hodginsii leaves had a good inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Panz.， and theEC₅₀ value was 1.466 mg·mL^-1. The dry weight of mycelia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Panz. treated with total diterpenoids was significantly decreased， the conductivity was increased， the content of reducing sugar was significantly increased， and the activities of protective enzymes in the fungi increased first and then decreased. Above results laid a foundation for the resource utilization of Fokienia hodginsii leaves.

Effects of Grazing Intensity on Stability and Anti-erodibility of Soil Aggregates in Desert Steppe

Tian TIAN, Zhenqi YANG, Jianying GUO, Zhenyu YAO, Tianqi ZHAO, Xinyu LIU, Ziwei WANG

2025, 27(5): 156-163. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0826

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In order to explore the effect of different grazing intensities on the stability of soil aggregates， the long-term grazing experimental platform （grazing prohibition， mild， moderate and heavy grazing intensity） of desert steppe established in Xilamuren， Damao Banner， Baotou City， Inner Mongolia was selected as the research object. The soil water stable aggregates in the soil layer from 0 to 40 cm under different grazing intensities were measured， and the composition， stability and anti-erodibility characteristics of aggregates under different grazing intensities were analyzed. The results showed that the grazing intensity had a great influence on the content of soil water-stable macroaggregates， and the contents of soil water-stable macroaggregates under different grazing intensities were 73.00%~89.93%. With the increase of grazing intensity， the content of aggregates increased firstly and then decreased. The mean weight diameter （MWD） and geometric mean diameter （GMD） of light and moderate grazing intensities were higher than those of grazing prohibition. The correlation analysis showed that the contents of soil water-stable macroaggregates， MWD and GMD were significantly negatively correlated with soil erodibility factor. In summary， moderate grazing could enhance the stability of soil aggregates， improve soil erosion resistance and maintain long-term sustainable development of grassland.

Investigation of Co-pyrolysis Behavior and Pyrolysis Product Analysis of Oak Bark and Corn Stalks

Lijun DUAN, Xianhua DING, Weiqin LI, Shuangdui YAN

2025, 27(5): 164-172. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0880

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Co-pyrolysis of corn stalk as an agroforestry waste with oak bark helps to improve the thermal conversion efficiency of oak bark， which is of great significance for its large-scale application as an energy substance. In order to investigate the co-pyrolysis characteristics of oak bark and corn stalk， the weight loss behavior， product yield during co-pyrolysis process were investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer and tube furnace， and the pyrolysis gas， pyrolysis oil and char were also analyzed. The results showed that the co-pyrolysis process increased the peak of weight loss rate， and with the increase of addition amount of corn stalk， the peak of weight loss rate in the temperature range of 350~425 ℃ gradually increased， indicating that the co-pyrolysis promoted the volatile release of oak bark. In addition， the increase of corn stalk addition promoted the generation of both pyrolysis char and gas products， and the increase rate of pyrolysis gas was increased. The production rate of pyrolysis oil was suppressed， and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAHs）（tricyclic and tetracyclic） had the highest decreasing rates of 6.30% and 18.49%， respectively. However， at the high addition of corn stalk， the decrease rates of yield of monocyclic and bicyclic PAHs were relatively low. Furthermore， the Raman band area ratio I_{（Gr+Vl+Vr）}/I_D of char gradually decreased with the increase of addition amount of corn stalk， and its decrease rate gradually increased， showing the increase in aromatization of char. The main reason for the above phenomenon was due to the faster weight loss rate of corn stalk during pyrolysis， and the alkali metal catalysts in corn straw promoted the conversion of high molecular hydrocarbons to low molecular hydrocarbons. This leaded to an increase in the weight loss activity of and gas yield during the co-pyrolysis process with high corn stalk additions， as well as a significant decrease in the yield of more cyclic PAHs.

Effects of Integrated Microbiome Agent on Tomato Plant Growth and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Diversity

Jianglin LAN, Rongfeng XIAO, Jieping WANG, Haifeng ZHANG, Bo LIU

2025, 27(5): 173-181. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0936

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To study the effect of integrated microbiome agent （IMA） on tomato plant growth， using greenhouse substrate cultivation method， 3 treatments were set including old substrate （TA）， old substrate+10% IMA and new substrate （TC）. The growth of tomato and rhizosphere bacterial community diversity under different treatments were determined. The results showed that， compared with TA treatment， TB treatment significantly promoted the growth of tomato plant， but had little effect on the nutritional status of old substrate. Therefore， IMA should be used in conjunction with other （biological） organic fertilizers to improve the microbial population structure and nutritional composition of the substrate. A total of 40 phyla， 121 classes， 291 orders， 438 families and 748 genera were detected by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology， and Proteobacteria was the most abundant phyla with relative abundance 35.24%-38.25%， Actinomycetes （13.20%~20.60%） followed. TB treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinomycetes， and decreased the abundance of Firmicutes， but had little effect on the diversity and richness of bacterial community in substrate. Actinomyces and Proteobacteria were positively correlated with total potassium， total nitrogen and organic matter contents， but negatively correlated with total phosphorus content and pH. Firmicutes， Chloromyces and Acidobacteria were positively correlated with the total phosphorus content and pH， and negatively correlated with the contents of total potassium， total nitrogen and organic matter. Among the substrate physical and chemical factors， the pH， total nitrogen， total phosphorus and total potassium contents had significant effects on the bacterial community， and total nitrogen was the most important environmental factor. Therefore， during the repeated use of tomato substrate， the application of IMA should be combined with the appropriate nitrogen fertilizer， which should beneficial to increase the nutrient contents of substrate and improve the substrate microbial community structure， so as to ensure the good development of tomato substrate ecosystem.

Oxidation Resistance Analysis and Component Identification of Distracted Wood Water Extracts

Chunlin MIAO, Huanhuan XU, Ziyi JIA, Aimin HE, Yangyang JI, Dehua MOU, Shan GAO

2025, 27(5): 182-192. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0863

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In order to study the optimal extraction process and oxidation resistance of the aqueous extract of diaphragma juglandis fructus （DJF）， the liquid-material ratio， ultrasonic time and ultrasonic temperature were selected as the influencing factors， and the free radical clearance rate of 1，1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine （DPPH） was used as the response value. The response surface method was used to optimize the process conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of DJF water extracts， and the component analysis and oxidation resistance of the water extracts from distracted wood were studied. The results showed that the optimal process for determining the aqueous extract of DJF by the Box-Benhnken model was as follows： liquid-material ratio of 92 mL∶?1 g， ultrasonic temperature of 58 °C， ultrasonic time of 19 min， and the obtained DPPH free radical clearance rate was 68.95%. High performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） showed that the content of polyphenols in the DJF water extracts was 0.28 mg·mL^-1， and the contents of polysaccharides were 0.33 mg·mL^-1， and the main active components were quercetin 245 μg·mg^-1， gallic acid 18 μg·mg^-1 and galactose 98 μg·mg^-1. The results of DJF water extract antioxidant capacity test showed that the free radical clearance rate of DPPH and free radical clearance rate of 2，2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid （ABTS） of DJF water extract were generally lower than those of vitamin C （Vc）， and the total reducing power was greater than that of Vc， indicating that it had better antioxidant capacity and it was a potential antioxidant food quality raw material. Above results provided data support for the extraction of DJF active ingredients， and provided a theoretical basis for further exploration of DJF functional components.

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Cadmium Enrichment of Setaria viridis Under Cadmium Stress

Xin ZHAO, Zilong WU, Chao HAN, Hao ZHANG, Wei SONG, Ziyi LI

2025, 27(5): 193-202. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0960

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In order to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal（AM） fungi on plant growth under heavy metal stress， the effects of AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae on the growth， photosynthetic characteristics， Cd absorption and enrichment of Setaria viridis at different levels（0， 10， 30， 50 mg·kg^-1）of Cd were studied. The results showed that under the same level of Cd stress， AM fungi significantly increased the plant height， chlorophyll content， net photosynthetic rate， transpiration rate， stomatal conductance， apparent quantum efficiency and biomass of S. viridis. When the level of Cd was 50 mg·kg^-1， the plant height， chlorophyll content， net photosynthetic rate， transpiration rate， stomatal conductance， apparent quantum efficiency and biomass of S. viridis inoculated with AM were significantiy increased by 51%， 24%， 33%， 33%， 26%， 45% and 51%， respectively， compared with those treated without AM （P<0.05）. Under the same level of Cd stress， AM fungi significantly increased Cd contents in roots， aboveground enrichment， root enrichment and Cd enrichment coefficient of S. viridis. The level of Cd was 50 mg·kg^-1， compared with the control without inoculation， the Cd contents in roots， aboveground enrichment and root enrichment of S. viridis inoculated with AM increased by 39%， 18% and 100%， respectively， which significantly promoted the absorption and enrichment of Cd by S. viridis. Above results could provide reference for the combined repair of Cd contaminated soil by AM fungi and S. viridis.

Analysis of Environmental Characteristics and Forecast Status of Tuna Fisheries in Central and Western Pacific

Guangyao LI, Shenglong YANG, Tianfei CHENG, Xuesen CUI, Weifeng ZHOU, Shengmao ZHANG

2025, 27(5): 203-221. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0749

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The environmental characteristics of tuna fishing grounds in the Central and Western Pacific were reviewed， including ocean currents， thermal structure， dissolved oxygen distribution and interannual variations. The development process from empirical forecasting to intelligent forecasting technologies were systematically introduced based on big data and artificial intelligence. The applications and shortcomings of statistical methods， numerical model methods， remote sensing and geographic information system methods were focused for discussing， as well as artificial intelligence and machine learning methods in fishing grounds. And the development trend of integrated forecasting and multidisciplinary fusion in integrating multi-source data and remote sensing technology were looked forwar. It proposed that the future development direction of the Central and Western Pacific tuna fishery should be intelligent forecasting models， deepening interdisciplinary research and innovative sustainable management strategies， which provided reference for the sustainable utilization and scientific management of tuna fishery resources in the Central and Western Pacific.

Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharides in Dietary on Hepatointestinal Health and Disease Resistance of Zebrafish

Guangcai FU, Daojun LI, Hongwei YANG, Shenghui LI, Qingshuang ZHANG, Zhen ZHANG

2025, 27(5): 222-230. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2025.0159

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To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with chitosan oligosaccharide on the hepatointestinal health and disease resistance of zebrafish， a 28-day feeding trial was conducted， which designed 4 treatment groups with chitosan oligosaccharide supplementation at mass fractions of 0 （control）， 0.05%， 0.10% and 0.20%. The results showed that feeding chitosan oligosaccharide had no significant effect on the growth of zebrafish （P>0.05）. However， it enhanced the antioxidant capacity of zebrafish， significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde in the liver and intestine （P<0.05）， increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory factor gene （transforming growth factor tgf-β） in the intestine， and significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory factor genes （nuclear transcription factor nf-?κb， tumor necrosis factor tnf-?α and interleukin il-1β）. In addition， dietary chitosan oligosaccharide increased the expression of genes related to hepcidin， lysozyme （LYS）， zonula occludens-1 （zo-1）， and occladin （occludin） in the intestine of zebrafish， as well as the survival rate after pathogenic bacterial infection. The results indicated that the addition of 0.10% chitosan oligosaccharide to the feed enhances the non-specific immunity of zebrafish， improves liver and intestinal health， and the ability to resist Aeromonas veronii infection， providing a reference for the safe and efficient promotion and utilization of chitosan oligosaccharide in aquaculture.

Optimization of Preparation for Vitamin D₂ by Liquid Fermentation of Pleutotus ostreatus Mycelium

Mengxin HE, Qing PENG, Xiaoqing XU, Dandan TIAN, Yuxin GONG, Xiaoyan XIONG, Bo SHI, Yu QIAO

2025, 27(5): 231-238. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2024.0014

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In order to obtain more vitamin D₂ （VD₂） from Pleutotus ostreatus mycelium， VD₂ was produced by liquid fermentation and photochemical transformation from Pleutotus ostreatus mycelium， and the process conditions were optimized. First， more ergosterol production was obtained from P. ostreatus mycelium by optimizing the liquid fermentation conditions. Then， Ultraviolet-B （UV-B， 280~320 nm） irradiation was performed on the liquid fermentation of P. ostreatus mycelium. The effects of different UV intensity， irradiation area and irradiation time on the formation of VD₂ were analyzed. The results revealed that the mycelium biomass was 3.23 g DW·L^-1 and the yield of ergosterol reached 6.40 mg·L^-1 under the fermentation temperature 28 ℃， the inoculation amount 5%， the shaker rate 120 r·min^-1， glucose as carbon source， beef powder as nitrogen source， fermentation 5 d. When the UV intensity was 131.27 W·m^-2， the irradiation area was 314.16 cm²， and the irradiation time was 80 min， the transformation rate of VD₂ was 1.74% and the yield of VD₂ was 111.24 μg·L^-1， which the yield of VD₂ increased by 37.55% compared with the before optimization. Above results provided data support for the development of VD₂ process for the production of edible fungi.

Preparation of Porous Carbon Material from Mangosteen Shell by Double Activation Method and Its Adsorption Properties for Congo Red

Hongli WANG, Lin NIU, Xiaodan ZHAO, Lei CHEN, Bing LIU

2025, 27(5): 239-249. DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0917

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The porous carbon material-based mangosteen shells had been successfully prepared by a one-step carbonization method of potassium tartrate and zinc chloride， a new green compound activator. The preparation conditions were optimized and the adsorption properties were investigated. Taking the iodine adsorption value as the evaluation index， the adsorption capacity of porous carbon in mangosteen shell was determined under different conditions， the results showed that under the conditions of impregnation ratio between mangosteen shell powder and composite activator was 1∶1.5， the mass ratio of potassium tartrate to zinc chloride was 1.5∶1，activation temperature 700 ℃ and activation time 1 h， the adsorption capacity of porous carbon material based mangosteen shell （SSZAC3-700） was the highest， reaching 1 068 mg·g^-1. The morphology， pore structure and surface functional groups of the materials were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy， specific surface area and pore analyzer， and infrared spectroscopy， respectively. The results showed that the specific surface area of SSZAC3-700 was 1 294.69 m²·g^-1， and the total pore volume was 0.651 0 cm³·g^-1. The pore structure was dominated by micropores， and there were a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups. The adsorption experiments of Congo red showed that the adsorption kinetics of SSZAC3-700 conformed to the quasi-second-order kinetic model， which was mainly chemisorption. The isothermal adsorption process was the Langmuir adsorption isothermal adsorption model with monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic results （ΔH>0） indicated that the adsorption process was an endothermic process. The adsorption and regeneration times of SSZAC3-700 for Congo red were 3 times， and the removal rate was much higher than that of the commercially available activated carbon. The preparation method facilitated the utilization of agricultural waste mangosteen shells， offering a novel approach for the comprehensive recycling of such shells and presenting a straightforward and expeditious solution for eliminating dye residues in the environment.

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