Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Density on Growth and Yield of Orderly Machine-thrown Early Rice

doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.1076

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of nitrogen application rate and throwing density on the growth and development characteristics and yield formation of early rice under the orderly machine-throwing mode， Xiangzaoxian 24 was used as the test material， and a split-plot test design was adopted. The nitrogen application rate was the main area （N1： 120 kg·hm^-2， N2： 150 kg·hm^-2）， and the throwing density was the sub-area （D1： 22.2×10⁴ holes·hm^-2； D2： 25.0×10⁴ holes·hm^-2； D3： 30.8×10⁴ holes·hm^-2； D4： 33.3×10⁴ holes·hm^-2； D5： 38.5×10⁴ holes·hm^-2）. The yield， yield component factor， tillering rate， dry matter accumulation， leaf area index and leaf SPAD value of each treatment were analyzed. The results showed that proper nitrogen addition and density could significantly increase the yield of orderly machine-throwing early rice. Compared with the N1 treatment， the N2 treatment significantly increased the yield by 5.33%～6.75%， and the D3， D4， D5 treatments significantly increased the yield by 11.97%～15.05% compared with the D1 treatment. The main reason for the increase in yield was more effective spikes. In terms of population structure， proper nitrogen addition and proper throwing density could significantly improve the dry matter assimilation and accumulation capacity and leaf area index of the population， promote the ability of tillering into panicles， form more effective panicles， and significantly increase the total spikelet per unit area. The increase of nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase the leaf SPAD value and improve the photosynthetic production capacity of rice； while increasing the throwing density clould significantly reduce the SPAD value of rice leaves. In conclusion， the high yield could be obtained in the range of 30.8×10⁴～38.5×10⁴ holes·hm^-2 for orderly machine-throwing early rice. Considering the principle of cost saving and increasing efficiency， the recommended throwing density was 30.8×10⁴ holes·hm^-2， which provided a theoretical basis for orderly machine-throwing early rice production in Hunan province.

Key words: early rice, orderly machine throwing, nitrogen application rate, throwing density, yield

摘要：

为探究有序机抛模式下施氮量和抛栽密度对早稻生长发育特性和产量形成的影响，以湘早籼24号为供试材料，采用裂区试验设计，施氮量为主区（N1：120 kg·hm^-2；N2：150 kg·hm^-2），抛栽密度为副区（D1：22.2万穴·hm^-2；D2：25.0万穴·hm^-2；D3：30.8万穴·hm^-2；D4：33.3万穴·hm^-2；D5：38.5万穴·hm^-2），对各处理产量、产量构成因子、分蘖成穗率、干物质积累、叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值进行分析。结果表明，适当增氮和密植能显著提高有序机抛早稻的产量。N2处理比N1处理显著增产5.33%～6.75%，D3、D4、D5处理比D1处理显著增产11.97%～15.05%，增产的主要原因是有效穗数较多。群体结构方面，适当增氮和适密抛栽能显著提高群体干物质同化积累能力和叶面积指数，促进分蘖成穗能力，形成较多的有效穗数，显著提高单位面积总颖花数；增施氮肥能显著提高叶片SPAD值，提高水稻光合生产能力；而增加抛栽密度会明显降低水稻叶片SPAD值。综上，有序机抛早稻抛栽密度在30.8万～38.5万穴·hm^-2范围内均能获得较高产量，考虑节本增效的原则，推荐抛栽密度为30.8万穴·hm^-2，为湖南省有序机抛早稻生产提供理论依据。

关键词: 早稻, 有序机抛, 施氮量, 抛栽密度, 产量

CLC Number:

S511

Zhigang ZHENG, Li XIANG, Gongyi LIU, Cai XU, Bin QIN, Weiqin WANG, Huabin ZHENG, Qiyuan TANG. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Density on Growth and Yield of Orderly Machine-thrown Early Rice[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2023, 25(7): 132-143.

郑志刚, 向丽, 刘功义, 徐彩, 覃斌, 王慰亲, 郑华斌, 唐启源. 施氮量和密度对有序机抛早稻生长发育和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2023, 25(7): 132-143.

Figures/Tables 6

References 32

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年份Year	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate	抛栽密度Throwing density	产量 Yield/ （t·hm^-2）	有效穗数Panicles/ （10⁴·hm^-2）	每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	总颖花数Spikelets/ （10⁷·hm^-2）	结实率 Seed-setting rate/%	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g
2020	N1	D1	5.57 c	303.33 d	108.36 a	32.87 c	77.49 a	21.95 a
		D2	5.90 b	325.00 c	107.34 ab	34.88 b	77.02 a	22.05 a
		D3	6.43 a	349.23 b	103.17 bc	36.00 ab	77.15 a	22.07 a
		D4	6.54 a	362.78 a	100.76 cd	37.14 a	75.34 a	22.26 a
		D5	6.50 a	369.23 a	97.79 d	36.09 ab	76.26 a	22.18 a
		平均值 Mean	6.19 β	341.91 β	103.49 β	35.40 β	76.65 α	22.10 α
	N2	D1	6.21 c	326.30 c	108.22 a	35.31 b	76.14 a	21.73 a
		D2	6.46 b	343.75 b	107.59 a	36.97 b	76.36 a	21.86 a
		D3	6.85 a	364.62 a	107.46 a	39.18 a	75.99 a	21.97 a
		D4	6.61 ab	365.56 a	106.49 a	38.92 a	76.20 a	21.90 a
		D5	6.49 b	373.08 a	104.38 a	38.95 a	77.22 a	21.91 a
		平均值 Mean	6.52 α	354.66 α	106.83 α	37.87 α	76.38 α	21.88 β
	F值F value	N	84.77^**	53.58^**	12.93^**	47.13^**	0.12	5.78^*
		D	24.31^**	53.33^**	16.38^**	19.37^**	0.16	0.56
		N×D	12.88^**	5.38^**	2.23	0.50	0.36	0.26
2021	N1	D1	5.19 c	297.78 c	108.82 a	32.40 b	76.38 a	20.82 a
		D2	5.80 b	307.50 c	104.91 ab	32.27 b	75.42 a	20.95 a
		D3	6.11 a	336.92 b	103.16 bc	34.75 a	76.75 a	21.20 a
		D4	6.24 a	356.11 ab	98.29 cd	34.97 a	75.41 a	21.17 a
		D5	6.32 a	366.67 a	95.92 d	35.15 a	76.40 a	21.33 a
		平均值 Mean	5.93 β	333.00 β	102.22 β	33.91 β	76.07 α	21.10 α
	N2	D1	5.86 d	328.89 b	112.78 a	37.08 b	72.97 a	20.60 a
		D2	6.15 c	344.17 b	109.78 a	37.76 b	73.49 a	20.71 a
		D3	6.48 b	377.95 a	103.63 b	39.15 a	74.36 a	20.98 a
		D4	6.74 a	385.00 a	102.10 b	39.31 a	74.53 a	20.98 a
		D5	6.40 bc	391.03 a	100.08 b	39.11 a	73.65 a	21.20 a
		平均值 Mean	6.33 α	365.41 α	105.67 α	38.48 α	73.80 β	20.89 β
	F值F value	N	72.40^**	62.32^**	14.23^**	162.63^**	14.59^**	7.88^*
		D	42.67^**	34.58^**	18.74^**	11.82^**	0.22	2.53
		N×D	2.65	0.51	0.70	0.51	0.49	0.05

年份Year	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate	抛栽密度Throwing density	产量 Yield/ （t·hm^-2）	有效穗数Panicles/ （10⁴·hm^-2）	每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	总颖花数Spikelets/ （10⁷·hm^-2）	结实率 Seed-setting rate/%	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g
2020	N1	D1	5.57 c	303.33 d	108.36 a	32.87 c	77.49 a	21.95 a
		D2	5.90 b	325.00 c	107.34 ab	34.88 b	77.02 a	22.05 a
		D3	6.43 a	349.23 b	103.17 bc	36.00 ab	77.15 a	22.07 a
		D4	6.54 a	362.78 a	100.76 cd	37.14 a	75.34 a	22.26 a
		D5	6.50 a	369.23 a	97.79 d	36.09 ab	76.26 a	22.18 a
		平均值 Mean	6.19 β	341.91 β	103.49 β	35.40 β	76.65 α	22.10 α
	N2	D1	6.21 c	326.30 c	108.22 a	35.31 b	76.14 a	21.73 a
		D2	6.46 b	343.75 b	107.59 a	36.97 b	76.36 a	21.86 a
		D3	6.85 a	364.62 a	107.46 a	39.18 a	75.99 a	21.97 a
		D4	6.61 ab	365.56 a	106.49 a	38.92 a	76.20 a	21.90 a
		D5	6.49 b	373.08 a	104.38 a	38.95 a	77.22 a	21.91 a
		平均值 Mean	6.52 α	354.66 α	106.83 α	37.87 α	76.38 α	21.88 β
	F值F value	N	84.77^**	53.58^**	12.93^**	47.13^**	0.12	5.78^*
		D	24.31^**	53.33^**	16.38^**	19.37^**	0.16	0.56
		N×D	12.88^**	5.38^**	2.23	0.50	0.36	0.26
2021	N1	D1	5.19 c	297.78 c	108.82 a	32.40 b	76.38 a	20.82 a
		D2	5.80 b	307.50 c	104.91 ab	32.27 b	75.42 a	20.95 a
		D3	6.11 a	336.92 b	103.16 bc	34.75 a	76.75 a	21.20 a
		D4	6.24 a	356.11 ab	98.29 cd	34.97 a	75.41 a	21.17 a
		D5	6.32 a	366.67 a	95.92 d	35.15 a	76.40 a	21.33 a
		平均值 Mean	5.93 β	333.00 β	102.22 β	33.91 β	76.07 α	21.10 α
	N2	D1	5.86 d	328.89 b	112.78 a	37.08 b	72.97 a	20.60 a
		D2	6.15 c	344.17 b	109.78 a	37.76 b	73.49 a	20.71 a
		D3	6.48 b	377.95 a	103.63 b	39.15 a	74.36 a	20.98 a
		D4	6.74 a	385.00 a	102.10 b	39.31 a	74.53 a	20.98 a
		D5	6.40 bc	391.03 a	100.08 b	39.11 a	73.65 a	21.20 a
		平均值 Mean	6.33 α	365.41 α	105.67 α	38.48 α	73.80 β	20.89 β
	F值F value	N	72.40^**	62.32^**	14.23^**	162.63^**	14.59^**	7.88^*
		D	42.67^**	34.58^**	18.74^**	11.82^**	0.22	2.53
		N×D	2.65	0.51	0.70	0.51	0.49	0.05

年份 Year	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate	抛栽密度Throwing density	基本苗数 Basic seeding numbers/ （10⁴·hm^-2）	最高分蘖数Highest tiller number/（10⁴·hm^-2）	分蘖率 Tillering rate/%	分蘖成穗率Percentage of earbearing tiller/%
2020	N1	D1	67.78 e	425.56 c	528.17 a	69.45 c
		D2	77.50 d	435.00 c	461.77 b	71.26 b
		D3	90.77 c	483.08 b	432.47 b	71.98 ab
		D4	100.00 b	501.67 ab	402.39 bc	72.43 ab
		D5	113.46 a	507.69 a	347.76 c	73.49 a
		平均值 Mean	89.90 α	470.60 β	434.51 β	71.72 α
	N2	D1	68.89 d	477.78 b	594.48 a	67.22 c
		D2	76.25 d	486.25 b	537.80 ab	68.13 bc
		D3	93.85 c	544.62 a	480.38 bc	69.21 b
		D4	101.67 b	565.00 a	455.75 cd	69.32 b
		D5	109.62 a	561.54 a	412.56 d	71.57 a
		平均值 Mean	90.05 α	527.04 α	496.19 α	69.09 β
	F值F value	N	0.01	165.06^**	21.93^**	110.72^**
		D	276.04^**	106.66^**	74.08^**	23.02^**
		N×D	0.61	0.32	0.14	0.96
2021	N1	D1	77.78 d	402.22 c	417.14 a	74.31 b
		D2	87.50 c	407.50 c	365.71 b	75.46 ab
		D3	112.31 b	430.77 b	283.56 c	76.51 ab
		D4	120.00 b	453.33 ab	278.22 c	77.81 ab
		D5	138.46 a	463.46 a	234.56 d	79.16 a
		平均值 Mean	107.21 α	431.46 β	315.84 β	76.65 α
	N2	D1	78.89 d	432.22 c	447.98 a	69.02 b
		D2	92.50 c	473.75 b	412.65 a	72.03 ab
		D3	107.69 b	500.00 b	364.29 b	73.99 a
		D4	116.67 b	533.33 a	357.35 b	74.07 a
		D5	136.54 a	538.46 a	294.52 c	74.49 a
		平均值 Mean	106.46 α	495.55 α	375.36 α	72.72 β
	F值F value	N	1.08	81.41^**	79.98^**	34.33^**
		D	111.53^**	165.84^**	95.46^**	6.83^*
		N×D	1.67	1.55	2.05	0.51

年份 Year	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate	抛栽密度Throwing density	基本苗数 Basic seeding numbers/ （10⁴·hm^-2）	最高分蘖数Highest tiller number/（10⁴·hm^-2）	分蘖率 Tillering rate/%	分蘖成穗率Percentage of earbearing tiller/%
2020	N1	D1	67.78 e	425.56 c	528.17 a	69.45 c
		D2	77.50 d	435.00 c	461.77 b	71.26 b
		D3	90.77 c	483.08 b	432.47 b	71.98 ab
		D4	100.00 b	501.67 ab	402.39 bc	72.43 ab
		D5	113.46 a	507.69 a	347.76 c	73.49 a
		平均值 Mean	89.90 α	470.60 β	434.51 β	71.72 α
	N2	D1	68.89 d	477.78 b	594.48 a	67.22 c
		D2	76.25 d	486.25 b	537.80 ab	68.13 bc
		D3	93.85 c	544.62 a	480.38 bc	69.21 b
		D4	101.67 b	565.00 a	455.75 cd	69.32 b
		D5	109.62 a	561.54 a	412.56 d	71.57 a
		平均值 Mean	90.05 α	527.04 α	496.19 α	69.09 β
	F值F value	N	0.01	165.06^**	21.93^**	110.72^**
		D	276.04^**	106.66^**	74.08^**	23.02^**
		N×D	0.61	0.32	0.14	0.96
2021	N1	D1	77.78 d	402.22 c	417.14 a	74.31 b
		D2	87.50 c	407.50 c	365.71 b	75.46 ab
		D3	112.31 b	430.77 b	283.56 c	76.51 ab
		D4	120.00 b	453.33 ab	278.22 c	77.81 ab
		D5	138.46 a	463.46 a	234.56 d	79.16 a
		平均值 Mean	107.21 α	431.46 β	315.84 β	76.65 α
	N2	D1	78.89 d	432.22 c	447.98 a	69.02 b
		D2	92.50 c	473.75 b	412.65 a	72.03 ab
		D3	107.69 b	500.00 b	364.29 b	73.99 a
		D4	116.67 b	533.33 a	357.35 b	74.07 a
		D5	136.54 a	538.46 a	294.52 c	74.49 a
		平均值 Mean	106.46 α	495.55 α	375.36 α	72.72 β
	F值F value	N	1.08	81.41^**	79.98^**	34.33^**
		D	111.53^**	165.84^**	95.46^**	6.83^*
		N×D	1.67	1.55	2.05	0.51

年份Year	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate	抛栽密度Throwing density	地上部生物量 Above-ground biomass/（g·m^-2）			群体生长率 Population growth rate/（g·m^-2·d^-1）		花后干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation after anthesis/（g·m^-2）
年份Year	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate	抛栽密度Throwing density	幼穗分化始期 Panicle initiation stage	抽穗期 Heading stage	成熟期 Mature stage	幼穗分化始期至成熟期 Panicle initiation to heading stage	抽穗期至成熟期 Heading to mature stage	花后干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation after anthesis/（g·m^-2）
2020	N1	D1	79.23 d	537.16 d	962.05 c	15.79 c	14.65 c	424.89 c
		D2	90.72 c	556.05 c	1 022.60 b	16.05 bc	16.09 b	466.55 b
		D3	107.15 b	579.59 b	1 133.65 a	16.29 bc	19.11 a	554.06 a
		D4	113.38 ab	590.22 b	1 165.16 a	16.44 b	19.83 a	574.93 a
		D5	118.65 a	614.24 a	1 144.05 a	17.09 a	18.27 a	529.81 a
		平均值 Mean	101.83 β	575.45 β	1 085.50 β	16.33 β	17.59 β	510.05 β
	N2	D1	87.80 d	569.96 d	1 060.87 c	16.63 d	16.93 c	490.90 c
		D2	96.31 c	596.54 c	1 136.63 b	17.25 c	18.62 bc	540.08 bc
		D3	116.89 b	646.80 b	1 242.04 a	18.27 b	20.53 a	595.24 a
		D4	119.00 b	653.53 b	1 240.37 a	18.43 ab	20.24 ab	586.83 ab
		D5	130.65 a	675.76 a	1 227.26 a	18.80 a	19.02 b	551.50 b
		平均值 Mean	110.13 α	628.52 α	1 181.43 α	17.88 α	19.07 α	552.91 α
	F值F value	N	61.85^**	221.73^**	163.13^**	154.53^**	27.41^**	27.46^**
		D	103.45^**	263.94^**	36.39^**	77.68^**	12.79^**	12.76^**
		N×D	1.35	3.73^*	0.96	3.38	2.15	2.16
2021	N1	D1	115.66 c	475.76 d	974.30 d	12.86 c	17.19 b	498.53 b
		D2	123.92 c	512.01 c	1 038.92 c	13.86 bc	18.17 ab	526.91 ab
		D3	138.24 b	554.91 b	1 097.79 b	14.88 ab	18.72 a	542.88 a
		D4	149.76 a	574.46 ab	1 120.78 a	15.17 a	18.84 a	546.32 a
		D5	153.05 a	599.37 a	1 117.44 ab	15.94 a	17.86 ab	518.06 ab
		平均值 Mean	136.12 β	543.30 β	1 069.84 β	14.54 β	18.16 α	526.54 α
	N2	D1	134.18 c	514.00 c	1 025.76 c	13.57 c	17.65 b	511.76 b
		D2	143.20 bc	540.20 c	1 079.64 c	14.18 c	18.60 ab	539.44 ab
		D3	147.34 b	594.64 b	1 150.66 b	15.97 b	19.17 a	556.02 a
		D4	158.38 a	641.82 a	1 209.49 a	17.27 a	19.57 a	567.67 a
		D5	165.08 a	648.94 a	1 195.59 a	17.28 a	18.85 ab	546.65 ab
		平均值 Mean	149.64 α	587.92 α	1 132.23 α	15.65 α	18.77 α	544.31 α
	F值F value	N	62.88^**	100.07^**	49.79^**	36.88^**	4.04	4.04
		D	15.85^**	38.92^**	29.38^**	19.09^**	4.48^*	4.49^*
		N×D	1.79	2.20	1.04	2.73	0.13	0.13