Table of Content

20 August 2023, Volume 25 Issue 8

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Application Status and Development Trend of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Agricultural Engineering

Yao XIAO, Mingliang WU

2023, 25(8):  1-9.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0300

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Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） is a method for systematic analysis based on computer numerical calculation and image display. It is often used to analyze the flow mechanisms of gas-solid and gas-liquid two-phase flow in agricultural equipment. It is a new method for digital design of agricultural equipment， which has good application prospects. The commonly used calculation models of CFD in simulating agricultural materials and its application in agricultural equipment were summarized.Combined with the application of agricultural engineering， the future development trend of CFD was proposed on how to adapt to the future development needs of agricultural engineering. The results indicated that， due to the complex types of operation objects and easy damage of agricultural equipment， it was necessary to fully consider the physical characteristics of the operation objects and the relationship among components. The multidisciplinary coupling analysis， fine modeling and real-time prediction of high fidelity simulation would be the future development trend of CFD.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Progress of Research on the Effect of Sulfur on Cadmium Uptake and Accumulation by Plants and Its Mechanism

Liying YANG, Mengya TAI, Yeyu ZHAI, Zicheng XU, Wuxing HUANG

2023, 25(8):  10-21.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0580

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Cadmium is classified as a hazardous substance of global significance by the United Nations Environment Programme， and soil cadmium pollution seriously threatens plant growth and endangers human health. Exogenous sulfur affects the uptake and accumulation of cadmium by plants， but the effect of different forms and content of sulfur on the uptake and accumulation of cadmium by different plants varies greatly. Therefore， the effects of different forms and content of sulfur on the uptake and accumulation of cadmium by crops （Oryza sativa， Triticum aestivum， Brassica chinensis， Amaranshus mangostanus， Nicotiana tabacum） and Cd-hyperaccumulation plants （Sedum plumbizincicola， Solanum nigrum） were reviewed. Subsequently， the possible mechanisms of action were summarized in terms of the effectiveness of soil Cd （sulfur affects soil pH and cadmium adsorption）， the uptake of Cd by plant roots （sulfur affects the transcription levels of metal transporters， and the formation of root hair and iron plaque） and the distribution and accumulation of Cd in plants （sulfur affects root cell wall adsorption and vacuolar compartment）. Finally， strategies for sulfur application to reduce crops and increase hyperaccumulation plants Cd uptake and accumulation were explored. The result provided a theoretical basis for improving crop safety and remediating soil cadmium contamination.

Genetic Variation Analysis of Main Quality Traits and Agronomic Traits in Upland Cotton Seed

Pengfei LIU, Xiaoshuang LU, Dilimurat Reheman, Tangnur Slay, Yanying QU, Quanjia CHEN, Xiaojuan DENG

2023, 25(8):  22-32.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0966

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To prediction seed quality through the agronomic traits and fiber properties， 27 upland cotton varieties were as materials. 10 agronomic traits， 3 seed quality traits and 5 fiber quality traits of 27 varieties were evaluated in 2 years. The relationship between agronomic traits and fiber properties with the quality traits of seed were analyzed by variance analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that oil content was negatively correlated with lint content and positively correlated with fruit branch number. There was a significant negative correlation between gossypol content and leaf area. 6 principal components were extracted by principal component analysis， with a total contribution rate of 78.755%. The 3^rd and 5^th principal components were cottonseed by-product factors， with a contribution rate of 20.470%. Further analysis showed that the number of fruit branches， lint percentage and leaf area were closely related to cottonseed by-products. The above results laid a foundation for the study of their internal relationship with cottonseed oil content， protein and gossypol， and provided theoretical reference for the selection of special cotton.

Expressions of SWEET Genes During Pod and Seed Developments and Under Different Stress Conditions in Soybean

Boyang KE, Wenlong LI, Caiying ZHANG

2023, 25(8):  33-52.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.1087

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Sugars are always transported to the other organs via sugar transporters to play their important functions in plants. SWEET （sugars will eventually be exported transporters） is a kind of sugar transporters which plays important function in plant growth and development as well as in resistance or tolerance to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. To analyze the expressions of SWEET genes during pod and seed developments and under different stress conditions in soybean， the SWEET genes were firstly analyzed based on the newly published cultivated and wild soybean genomes in the present study. Subsequently， the gene expressions were evaluated during pod and seed developments， as well as in resistance to soybean mosaic virus （SMV） and tolerance to low phosphorus. The results showed that 48 SWEET genes were identified in the cultivated soybean genome （Wm82a4v1）， which encoded protein with length 174~354 amino acids and located on 15 chromosomes. Meanwhile， 51 SWEET genes were identified in the wild soybean genome （W05）， which encoded length of 84~392 amino acids and located on 16 chromosomes. The phylogenetic tree of SWEET genes in cultivated and wild soybeans showed that they were clustered into 3 sub-groups. Moreover， 16 SWEET genes were expressed in soybean pods with the expressions of Glyma.06G122200， Glyma.14G159900 and Glyma.14G160100 etc. increased during the pod development process. 12 SWEET genes were expressed in soybean seeds， and the expressions of Glyma.08G025100， Glyma.13G041300 and Glyma.14G120300 were increased during the seed development， suggesting their important roles for soybean seed development. The SWEET genes showed different expressions after the inoculation of SMV， and the expressions of Glyma.08G009900 and Glyma.13G264400 were induced in leaves of resistant variety， while had no change in the sensitive variety， implying that they might involve in SMV resistance. The expressions of Glyma.04G198400， Glyma.14G160100 and Glyma.15G211800 were induced in soybean roots after low phosphorus treatment， indicating their important functions in the tolerance to low phosphorus stress. In addition， the single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP）analysis of SWEET genes showed that 43 genes contained 220 nonsynonymous SNPs with 103 located in the conserved domains of encoding proteins. Thus， above results provided candidate genes for molecular breeding of soybean pod and seed yield and diverse stress resistances.

Transcriptome Analysis of Tobacco Leaves Under Boron Stress

Xiaoran WANG, Xiaoyu LI, Hui SUN, Haidong YU, Yongchun SHI

2023, 25(8):  53-64.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0954

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The molecular mechanism of tobacco growth inhibition induced by boron stress was not clear yet. The tobacco ‘K326’ at 8 leaves stage as experimental materials were cultured in Hoagland solutions with 0， 0.05， 1.00， 2.00， 3.00 mmol·L^-1 boron， respectively. After 4 weeks of treatment， the contents of total sugar， protein， chlorophyll， H₂O₂， boron and the antioxidant enzyme activities in tobacco leaves were detected. The transcriptome sequencing technology was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes （DEGs） and the significantly enriched metabolic pathways responding to boron stress in tobacco leaves. The results showed that， the higher the boron content， the more significant inhibition were found on the growth of tobacco plants. 2.00 mmol·L^-1 boron treatment significantly inhibited the growth of roots， stems， and leaves of tobacco； and significantly inhibit carbohydrate metabolism， increase H₂O₂ contents， and enhance peroxidase （POD） activity in leaves. Compared with tobacco treated with normal Hoagland solution （0.05 mmol·L^-1 boron）， 389 DEGs that responded to 2.00 mmol·L^-1 boron stress specifically were enriched in sugar metabolism， lipid metabolism， hormone signaling， and plant disease resistance signaling pathways. It was found that the boron stress affected carbon and lipid metabolism in tobacco leaves， and inhibited tobacco growth by altering hormone signaling pathways. These results provided some basis for further understanding the mechanism of response to boron stress in tobacco.

Codon Preference Analysis of Chloroplast Genome in 12 Rosaceae Plants

Dongdong ZHANG, Hongwei HAN, Zhenfan YU, Bin ZENG, Jiahui YANG, Wenwen GAO, Xintong MA

2023, 25(8):  65-75.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2021.0876

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To study the structure characteristics， phylogeny and codon usage bias of chloroplast genome in Rosaceae plants， 12 Rosaceae species were selected for pattern analysis of chloroplast genome codon usage. The results showed that the GC contents of chloroplast genome in 12 Rosaceae species were 36.54%~37.23%， and the average GC contents of the third base in codon were 28.27%~28.61%， and the average effective number of codons was 47.87~49.17. 32 high-frequency codons were screened， which mainly ended with A/U. The neutral plot analysis， ENC-plot analysis and PR2-plot analysis showed that natural selection was the main factor for codon bias formation in Rosaceae plants. The clustering tree constructed based on RSCU（relative synonymous codon usage） value was different with the evolutionary trees constructed based on coding genes and chloroplast genome， which indicated some informations was lost based on codon preference characteristics. The above results laid foundation for further exploration of the evolution law of Rosaceae plants.

Effects of Rootstocks on the Growth Characteristics and Fruit Quality of ‘Crimson Seedless’ Grapes in Turpan Region

Shijian BAI, Jinge HU, Jiuyun WU, Wen ZHANG, Hui XIE, Ronghua ZHAO, Guang CHEN, Junshe CAI

2023, 25(8):  76-87.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0016

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In order to select excellent rootstocks suitable for grafting cultivation of ‘Crimson seedless’ （CS） grapes in Turpan， CS grapes grafted on 7 rootstocks and CS rooting were selected as materials， the growth characteristics， fruit quality and other physiological indexes were measured， yield and quality traits were evaluated by principal component analysis （PCA）. The results showed that rootstock grafting significantly reduced the single leaf mass， 5BB and 110R significantly increased the chlorophyll content， SO4 and Hean 7 significantly reduced the chlorophyll content； the leaves of CS/Shanhe 3 and CS/Beta showed strong efficiency light energy conversion and low light tolerance. The growth potential was effectively inhibited by seven rootstocks， compared with rooting， the new shoot length and growth for CS/SO4 decreased by 54.60% and 99.57% during summer， growth potential of CS/SO4 was the weakest. Cluster mass were significantly increased by grafted； Shanhe 3， Hean 7， Beta， SO4， 3309M and 5BB significantly increased the yield per plant and cluster density， the yield per plant of Shanhe 3， Hean 7 and Beta increased by 618.49%， 587.39% and 534.45%， respectively. Shanhe 3， Hean 7， Beta， SO4 and 5BB significantly increased the berry mass and significantly reduced the grapes wilting rate， the berry mass increased by 17.58% to 69.92%， and the wilting rate decreased by 74.96% to 92.63%. Shanhe 3， Hean 7， Beta， SO4 and 5BB significantly reduced the soluble solid， and Hean 7， Beta， SO4 and 110R significantly reduced the titratable acid content， the coloring index of red grapes and total anthocyanin content were significantly reduced by grafted. Principal component analysis was carried out according to 12 indexes related to yield and quality， the comprehensive evaluation were CS/Beta>CS/SO4>CS/Hean 7>CS/Shanhe 3>CS/5BB>CS/3309M>CS/110R>CS rooting. Taken together， Hean 7 could be used as the preferred rootstock for ‘Crimson seedless’ grapes in Turpan.

Analysis on Seed Traits of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. from Different Provenances

Lei ZHENG, Huadong WANG, Li CUI, Xuelan LIANG

2023, 25(8):  88-95.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0091

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To clarify the variability of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. seed and provide a basis for selection the excellent germplasm， the T.kirilowii seed traits from 12 provenances were measured and analyzed. The results showed that 11 traits of T.kirilowii seed had extremely significant differences among different provenances， among them， the 1 000-grain seed weight variation coefficient （28.89%） of T.kirilowii seed was the largest， which could be used as an important index for selection the excellent germplasm resources of T.kirilowii. The 1 000-grain weight of T.kirilowii seed was very significantly correlated with the seed width and the seed kernel width and was significantly correlated with the seed thickness and the seed kernel thickness. The cluster analysis showed that 12 geographical provenances of T.kirilowii could be divided into 3 groups， among them， the group Ⅲ had the largest 1 000-grain weight and large seed size， which could be used as a group for selecting excellent germplasms. The principal component analysis and comprehensive evaluation showed that the provenance 3 of T.kirilowii had the best comprehensive seed traits， which could be used as excellent germplasm for further breeding.

Isolational Culture and Biological Identification of Japanese Large Ear White Rabbit Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Shiying ZHOU, Yanchen LIU, Yang ZHANG, Xuesong YANG, Weijun GUAN, Yang GAO

2023, 25(8):  96-105.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0411

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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （BMSCs） derived from the early development of the mesoderm and ectoderm， as seed cells in stem cells， with strong self-replication and renewal ability， and have repair and therapeutic effects for the damaged or defective liver， muscle and other tissues. In order to study BMSCs， this article conducted in vitro isolation and culture and biological identification of Japanese large ear white rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The bone marrow tissue of Japanese large ear white rabbit was isolated， purified and cultured in vitro by whole bone marrow adhesion method to identify the biological characteristics of Japanese large ear white rabbit BMSCs， observe cell morphology， detect growth kinetics， and identify osteogenesis， cartilage and adipogenic ability. The results showed that BMSCs with good growth status were successfully isolated from the bone marrow of Japanese large ear white rabbits by whole bone marrow adhesion， with long spindle shape and a typical “S” shape in the growth curve. The results of immunofluorescence and RT-PCR showed that BMSCs of Japanese large ear white rabbits expressed CD29， CD44， CD73， CD105 mesenchymal stem cell surface marker genes， but didn’t express the original hematopoietic progenitor cell marker CD45. Specific staining and RT-PCR showed that the isolated cells were mesenchymal stem cells； in vitro induced BMSCs of Japanese large ear white rabbits to differentiate into bone， cartilage and fat cells. In this study， an in vitro isolation and culture system for BMSCs in Japanese large ear white rabbits was established， which laid a theoretical foundation for the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as tissue and engineering research and the conservation of animal genetic resources.animal genetic resources.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Study on Multi-parameter Detection System of Plant Nutrient Uptake Under Hydroponic Environment

Xiaoding FENG, Cheng WANG, Xiaotong JIN, Hongtu DONG, Bin LUO, Xiaodong WANG

2023, 25(8):  106-114.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0211

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The kinetics of nutrient uptaking by plant roots under hydroponic environment has been studied mainly by conventional depletion curve and series concentration methods， and because of relying on a manual interval sampling process， it is not only labor-intensive but also affects the efficiency. To solve this problem， the ion concentration and phenotype area of plant roots during nutrient uptake in hydroponic environment were measured using ion selective electrode and image sensor， respectively. Michaelis-Menten equation was combined to obtain plant kinetic characteristics parameter. The system hardware took STM32F407ZGT6 microprocessor as the main control unit， and signal conditioning and data acquisition circuit with precision electrochemical sensor interface was given. The data communication， calibration and modeling processing were done in the upper computer system. The experimental results showed that the energy-strength slope conversion rates of different valence ions after solution calibration were above 80% or 90%， respectively. The linear correlation between the root phenotypic area by proposed system and WinRHIZO root analysis software was 0.97. The system obtained the characteristic parameters such as the critical concentration of uptake （C_min）， the maximum uptake rate （I_max）， and the Michaelis constant （K_m） of the whole root system of the plant stably， which could be used for scientific research on crop nutrition and nutrient uptake under hydroponic environment technical support for monitoring.

Organ Segmentation and Phenotypic Analysis of Soybean Plants Based on Three-dimensional Point Clouds

Yitong XIAO, Shuai LIU, Chenlian HOU, Qi LIU, Fuzhong LI, Wuping ZHANG

2023, 25(8):  115-125.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0861

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In order to solve the problem of high-throughput phenotypic measurements caused by clustering and mutual shading of leaves of multi-branched crops such as soybean， a method of organ segmentation and phenotypic parameter measurement based on three-dimensional（3D）point clouds of the plant was proposed. Firstly， multi-view images of soybean plants were collected at the branching stage and used 3D reconstruction technology to obtain dense point clouds of plants， filtered point cloud noise and restored the actual scale. Further， the difference of normals algorithm， the improved regional growth algorithm and the point clouds curvature feature were used to segment the organs of the plant. Finally， the leaf area， leaf width， leaf length， leaf inclination angle and stem diameter were extracted by using the oriented bounding box， improved triangulation and the nearest neighbor algorithm. The results showed that the average segmentation rate of canopy leaf point clouds after organ segmentation was 84.24%， and the segmentation rate of single leaf point clouds was higher than 95.29%， and the measured values of phenotypic parameters had strong correlation with the manually measured values. The coefficients of determination of leaf area， leaf width， leaf length， leaf inclination and stem diameter measurements and manual measurements were 0.987 9， 0.961 3， 0.962 6， 0.931 1 and 0.963 4， respectively， with root mean square errors of 0.541 7 cm²， 0.141 2 cm， 0.175 5 cm， 3.279 6° and 0.047 5 cm. The proposed method had a good segmentation effect on plants with leaves adhering to each other and provided an effective solution for organ segmentation and phenotypic parameter measurement of multi-branched crops.

Development and Verification of Prediction Model for Grape Downy Mildew Based on Machine Learning

Fengxia BIAN, Kaige LIU, Xinmin RONG

2023, 25(8):  126-137.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0866

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Grape downy mildew is one of the major diseases on grapes， which can occur from seedling to fruit maturity， often causing destructive losses in rainy years. To accurately predict the occurrence of grape downy mildew and minimize the hazards of grape downy mildew， based on the agrometeorological data and disease occurrence data during grape growth in 2020， a prediction model for the occurrence of grape downy mildew was developed by 4 machine learning algorithms （binary logistic regression， support vector machine， decision tree and K-nearest neighbors）， and the models were verified using the data in 2021. The results showed that the decision tree model had the best evaluation indicators in the disease prediction model， which the accuracy was 94%， and the precision， recall and F₁-score was 91%， 90% and 91%， respectively. The decision tree model’s performance was still better than the other models using validation data. Therefore， the decision tree model could be further used to develop early warning systems for grape downy mildew， which should provide technical support and decision-making guidance for controlling it in production.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Distribution of Winter Wheat Water Footprint in Huang-Huai-Hai Farming Region in Recent 30 Years

Mingyu ZHAO, Hao JIA, Xiaoyu SHI, Yi PAN, Yuyun HUANG, Kaicheng WANG, Qingquan CHU

2023, 25(8):  138-147.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0090

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To quantify the consumption of water resources for winter wheat， the spatial-temporal distribution and variation of water footprint for winter wheat were quantitatively analyzed based on the water footprint theory and method at the county scale in the Huang-Huai-Hai farming region from 1985 to 2015， and the distribution of cold and hot spot of water footprint were analyzed. The results showed that the total water footprint of winter wheat was 1 168.54×10⁸ m³， and its spatial distribution was high in the south and low in the north. The blue water footprint of winter wheat was high in the north and low in the south， while the green water footprint and gray water footprint were high in the south and low in the north. From 1985 to 2015， the total water footprint for winter wheat increased by 54.8%. The blue and green water footprint changed little， while the grey water increased by 29.1%. The spatial distribution of blue， green and grey water footprints decreased in the north and increased in the south. The gravity center of the total water footprint for winter wheat moved to the southwest， while the overall change of which was small. In recent 30 years， the water footprint for winter wheat showed a spatial agglomeration trend in the global and local areas. The hot spot area expanded in the 2.5 sub-zone， and the cold spot area expanded in the 2.2 sub-zone. These results provided scientific basis for optimizing winter wheat distribution and efficient utilization and management of agricultural water resources in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region.

Effects of Manure Application on Soybean Yield and Soil Nutrients in China

Chenyang ZHANG, Minggang XU, Fei WANG, Ran LI, Nan SUN

2023, 25(8):  148-156.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0077

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Application of manure can increase soybean yield and soil fertility. There are significant differences in soybean yield and soil fertility in China due to the influence of region， application rate of manure， type of manure etc. However， the reasons for these differences are still not clear. In order to find out the effect of manure fertilizer application on soybean yield and soil fertility in different regions and management measures in China， and the main factors of yield increase effect， this study collected data on a national scale for integrated analysis. According to the searching criteria， 37 literatures including 119 groups of data on the effect of manure application on soybean yield and 11 literatures including 148 groups of data on the effects of manure application on soil nutrients were obtained. The enhanced boosted regression tree （BRT） model was used to quantify the importance of climate factors， soil properties and manure application measures on soybean yield increase. The average soybean yield increased by 12.9% after application of manure in different regions， with the highest yield in south China （18.7%） and followed by North China （14.8%）， Northwest China （13.6%） and Northeast China （12.0%）. When the application rate of manure was more than 5 000 kg·hm^-2， the increase of soybean yield was 18.5%. Soybean yield increased by 24.9% after the application of cow manure， followed by the application of pig manure （17.6%）， commercial manure （15.3%）， chicken manure （12.7%） and manure （8.8%）. The average soybean yield was 2 224 kg·hm^-2 with no fertilizer， whereas it increased by 20.4% to the amount 2 518 kg·hm^-2 with applying manure alone. The average soybean yield was 2 259 kg·hm^-2 under the application of chemical fertilizer， whereas it increased by 9.1% to the amount 2 558 kg·hm^-2 under the combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer. Manure application significantly increased soil available P （43.5%）， total P （13.3%） and organic matter （11.0%）， but had no significant effect on soil available K （9.4%）， alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen （3.4%）， pH （2.1%） and total K （1.2%）. Based on the BRT results， the BRT model explained 52.83% of soybean yield differences in China. Among them， the application rate of manure had the greatest impact on soybean yield， accounting for 47.0% of the variation， followed by soil properties （41.0%） and climate factors （12.0%）. In general， the application of manure （including the single application of manure and combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer） could significantly increase soybean yield， with the largest increase in South China and with the highest increasing production benefit under the application of cow manure. Soybean yield was mostly affected by the application rate of manure. Additionally， the available P， total P and organic matter contents in soybean soil significantly increased under the application of manure.

Research on Contribution of Different Maturation with Fresh Tobacco Quality to Flue-cured Tobacco Quality

Yongtao HU, Daibin WANG, Yiyin CHEN, Chao YANG, Linlin ZHENG, Hongzhi SHI, Jianan WANG

2023, 25(8):  157-164.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0071

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In order to explore the influence of fresh tobacco quality indexes with different maturity on the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves， ‘Yujinxiang 1’ was as the experimental material， and the tissue structure and contents of pigment and biochemical components in different mature degrees of leaves （still mature， proper mature and over mature） were determined. The contribution of fresh tobacco quality indexes to the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves was studied by partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）. The results showed that there were significant differences in pigment content， tissue structure and biochemical components content in fresh tobacco leaves with different maturity. The quality indexes of fresh tobacco with different maturity had significant effects on the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves. The upper and lower epidermis thickness， palisade tissue thickness， tissue ratio and ratio of carotenoid to chlorophyll had greater contributions to the quality of flue-cured tobacco. The thickness of lower epidermis and tissue ratio were negatively correlated with the appearance quality and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves， the thickness of upper epidermis and palisade tissue were positively correlated with the appearance quality and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves， and the ratio of carotenoid to chlorophyll was positively correlated with the appearance quality and negatively correlated with the sensory quality. In conclusion， there were close relationships between the quality indexes of fresh tobacco with different maturity and the quality of flue-cured tobacco， which provided a theoretical basis for the selection of judgment criteria of tobacco maturity and the improvement of flue-cured tobacco quality.

Effects of Combined Application of Biogas Slurry and Chemical Fertilizer on Peach Growth and Soil Physical and Chemical Properties for Two Consecutive Years

Caiyan DU, Haiyan LU, Yanzhu XIONG, Xi SUN, Xiumei SUN, Jixiong PU, Naiming ZHANG

2023, 25(8):  165-175.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0022

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To study the effects of different proportions of biogas slurry replacing chemical fertilizer on soil properties， fruit growth， yield and quality of peach， the 6-years-old ‘Zaoxiang peach’ was as the experimental material， and the different ratios of biogas slurry （ZF） N substitution for chemical fertilizer （HF）were set， with the substitution ratios of total nitrogen by biogas slurry according to 0% （HF100%）， 10% （HF90%+ZF10%）， 20% （HF80%+ZF20%） and 30% （HF70%+ZF30%）， respectively， and compound fertilizer （CF） no fertilizer treatment （CK） as control. The soil properties and peach growth， yield and fruit quality were determined in the two-year site experiments under different treatments. The results showed that， after topdressing biogas slurry for 2 years， the different fertilization treatments could increase the content of soil organic matter （SOM）， and the treatments of biogas slurry combined with chemical fertilizer could increase the soil pH. Different fertilization treatments could significantly increase the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， available phosphorus and available potassium， especially in HF70%+ZF30% treatment， which the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable N， available P and available K were increased by 44.31%， 41.10% and 75.14%， respectively， compared with CK. Different fertilization applications increased the contents of exchangeable calcium， exchangeable magnesium， available zinc， available manganese， available copper and available iron in soil， of which HF70%+ZF30% treatment were the most obvious， followed by HF80%+ZF20% treatment. Compared with CK， different fertilization applications could promote the growth of peach trees， increase the contents of N， P， K， chlorophyll in peach leaves and branch enrichment， and significantly promote peach yield by 0.80%～12.24%. Different fertilization applications increased peel hardness and the contents of soluble solids， soluble sugar content and Vc， and decreased titratable acid content for peach fruit. In conclusion， the combination of HF70%+ZF30% was the best for the growth of peach and its quality， which provided scientific basis for biogas slurry as fertilizer.

Environmental Impact Analysis of Anoectochilus roxburghii Imitated Wild Cultivated Under Fir Trees

Xiaoyun HUANG, Xiusheng HUANG, Yuanquan CHEN, Xiaohong LIN, Haidong HAN, Deqing FENG, Tao LUO

2023, 25(8):  176-185.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0068

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In order to comprehensively evaluate the eco-environmental influence on characteristic imitation wild cultivation of Anoectochilus roxburghii under forest in Southern China， the life cycle assessment method was applied to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of this model. The results showed that life cycle environmental impacts of 1 kg of A. roxburghii cultivated under forest were 16 702.27 MJ of primary energy demand， 0.58 m² of land use， and 13.45 t of water use， respectively， this model made full use of the open space under the forest and occupied less land resources. However， this model also brought great potential environmental impact， the aggregate life cycle environmental impact index was 0.327 6， and the potential impact of water toxicity and eutrophication was large. For 1 kg A. roxburghii life cycle environmental impacts of this model were 2 405.83 kg CO₂-eq of global warming potential， 4.99 kg SO₂-eq of acidification potential， 1.43 kg PO₄-eq of eutrophication potential， 1.32， 5.31，1.09 kg 1，4-DCB-eq of human toxicity， water toxicity and soil toxicity， respectively. The potential negative impact on the environment was mainly based on the agricultural material system， and the production of tissue culture seedlings accounted for the highest proportion. Therefore， making improvements in tissue culture seedling production， pesticide application， etc. were the key ways to control the environmental impacts of A. roxburghii production under forest.

Effects of Potassium Fertilizer on Alfalfa Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Under Low Temperature Stress

Qingxin ZHANG, Yuxia ZHANG, Mingxue SUN, Quanchao XIA, Xianguo WANG, Tingyu LIU, Xiaoyan DU

2023, 25(8):  186-195.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0058

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In order to explore the effects of potassium fertilizer types and dosage on the cold resistance of alfalfa， and to reveal the antioxidant physiological mechanism of potassium fertilizer to improve the cold resistance of alfalfa，‘Gibraltar’ alfalfa was as the material， and a two-factor （potassium fertilizer application amount and type） randomized block experiment was designed， which 3 types of potash fertilizers （potassium chloride， potassium sulfate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate ）were used and the applying amounts were set according to 0， 100， 200， 300 kg K₂O·hm^-2. The overwintering organs of alfalfa were excavated to simulate low temperature stress treatment （4， -10， -20 and -30 ℃） in the early stage of overwintering， and the content of malondialdehyde （MDA），superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase（CAT）， peroxidase（POD） activity in the root crown of alfalfa were determined.The results showed that， under the low temperature freezing stress treatment， the MDA contents of alfalfa treated with 3 kinds of potassium fertilizers were lower than that of the control， and the decreased range of K₂SO₄ treatment was the most significantly （P<0.05）. With the increase of potassium fertilizer application， MDA decreased first and then increased. Under the treatment of 200 kg K₂O·hm^-2， the difference between MDA content and CK in root crown of alfalfa was the most significant （P<0.05）.The changes of antioxidant enzyme activities in the alfalfa materials treated with different application rates of the 3 potassium fertilizers were opposite to those of MDA under low temperature stress treatment. The activity of SOD， POD and CAT were the highest and both had the most significant difference with CK （P<0.05）.It showed that the alfalfa treated with K₂SO₄ in autumn and the application rate of 200 kg K₂O·hm^-2 had the strongest cold resistance. The results showed that potassium fertilizer with appropriate dosage could improve the antioxidant properties of alfalfa root and neck under low temperature stress， reduce the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation， improve the cold resistance of alfalfa， and be more conducive to the safe overwintering of alfalfa.

Effects of Exogenous PGPR Combined with Organic Fertilizers on Soil Properties and Stress Resistance of Ginseng Under Drought Stress

Yancheng WANG, Jiyue ZHANG, Shuaiqi FENG, Xue LIANG, Zhen ZHANG, Weiwei DONG, Wenxiu JI

2023, 25(8):  196-202.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0049

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In order to explore the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria （PGPR） with organic fertilizers on soil properties of ginseng and the growth-promoting and stress-resistant effects of ginseng under drought stress， exogenous inoculation of Ochrobactrum G119 was used in pot experiments， combined with organic fertilizer to compare the control group （CK）， organic fertilizer group and growth-promoting bacteria application group to study the response trend of ginseng antioxidant enzyme activities and rhizosphere soil properties under drought stress. The results showed that， compared with CK， the growth-promoting bacteria or the organic fertilizer alone， the treatment with the growth-promoting bacteria combined organic fertilizerthe increased activities of ginseng antioxidant enzyme， urease and sucrase in soil， and the contents of rhizosphere soil ammonium nitrogen， available phosphorus. The addition of exogenous growth-promoting bacteria and organic fertilizers changed the composition and proportion of dominant bacterial in ginseng soil. Proteobacteria， Bacteroidetes， Acidobacteria， Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the main dominant bacterial phylas， and Sphingomonas， Pseudomonas， Lysobacter， Halomonas and Luteimonas werethe main dominant bacterial generas. Among them， the relative abundance of genus Lysobacter was significantly different between organic fertilizer treatment and control treatment. These above results provided basis for the development of special biological bacterial fertilizers for ginseng planting in response to spring drought， and had positive significance for promoting the sustainable development of farmland ginseng planting industry.

Microbial Community Structure and Diversity in Rhizosphere and Non-rhizosphere Soil of Kochia scoparia Under Cd Stress

Rui XIAO, Lu TAN, Liang WU, Hao ZHANG, Jiayuan GUO, Haijun YANG

2023, 25(8):  203-215.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0046

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To investigate the physical and chemical properties， contents of nutrients and total Cd， microbial community characteristics of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils under the optimum soil Cd stress， the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil of Kochia scoparia cultivated for 150 d under the stress of initial pH 6.1 and a total soil Cd content of 2.753 mg·kg^-1 were taken as the research objects. The physical and chemical properties， nutrients contents and total Cd content of soil were determined， and the characteristics of soil bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that， under Cd stress， the pH and total Cd content in rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than those in non-rhizosphere soil， and available phosphorus content in rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in non-rhizosphere soil， while the contents of organic matter， total nitrogen， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and total phosphorus in rhizosphere soil were higher than those in non-rhizosphere soil， but the differences were not significant. In terms diversity and abundance of microbial community， the Shannon index of non-rhizosphere soil bacteria was lower than that of rhizosphere soil， while the Simpson index， Chao1 index and ACE index were higher than those of rhizosphere soil. The Shannon index， Simpson index， Chao1 index and ACE index of fungi in non-rhizosphere soil were higher than those in rhizosphere soil. At phylum level， the total relative abundances of Chloroflexi， Proteobacteria， Bacteroidetes， Firmicutes and unknown bacteria in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil bacteria accounted for 83.22% and 70.01%， respectively； the relative abundance of Ascomycota， Basidiomycota， Chytridiomycota and Mortierellomycota in non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere soil fungus accounted for 97.91% and 98.55%， respectively. At genus level， unclassified_Sphingomonadaceae was an endemic bacterial genus in rhizosphere soil； Cristinia， unclassified_Serendipitaceae， unclassified_Chytridiomycota， Humicola and Archaeorhizomyces were endemic fungus genus in rhizosphere soil. In conclusion， the structure and composition of rhizosphere microbial community were changed by Kochia scoparia under Cd stress， which made difference from non-rhizosphere microorganisms. Above results provided theoretical support for the remediation of soil Cd contamination by the Kochia scoparia.

INNOVATIVE METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Application of Multiplex PCR on Detection of Plant Pathogens

Zijian CAO, Yanhong QIU, Shuang WANG, Juan ZHAO, Suyue ZHENG, Guanghang QIAO, Wentao QIN

2023, 25(8):  216-224.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0317

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There are various plant pathogens， and climate change and globalization have intensified the spread of pathogens. Rapid and reliable diagnostic techniques for plant pathogens play important roles for the epidemic warning and scientific prevention of the disease. With the development of technology， multiplex PCR technology with the advantages of high accuracy and efficiency is widely used in many fields of the life sciences. The principle of this technical was briefly introduced， and the applications of multiplex PCR in the detection of plant pathogens including fungi， bacteria， viruses and nematodes were also reviewed. The existing problems and solutions of this technology were analyzed， and the development of this technology in the future was finally prospected.

Optimization of Culture Medium of Chaetoceros muelleri by Response Surface Methodology

Qi LI, Shulin ZHANG, Dajuan ZHANG, Yingxuan JIA, Zebin WANG

2023, 25(8):  225-233.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0430

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In order to optimize the medium formula of Chaetoceros muelleri and improve its growth rate and cell density，response surface methodology was used to screen and verify the mass concentration of NaNO₃， NaH₂PO₄·H₂O， Na₂SiO₃ and C₆H₈FeNO₇ in f/2 medium. The results showed that， in accordance with single factor， the nutrient concentrations suitable for C. muelleri were screened， and the mass concentrations of NaNO₃， NaH₂PO₄·H₂O， Na₂SiO₃ and C₆H₈FeNO₇ were 10～30， 1.0～3.0， 20～80， 0.1～0.5 mg·L^-1， respectively. After being optimized by responding surface， the effects of four nutrient salts on the growth of C. muelleri were as follows： NaNO₃>Na₂SiO₃>NaH₂PO₄·H₂O>C₆H₈FeNO₇， and the optimal mass concentration of them were： NaNO₃ 21.8 mg·L^-1， NaH₂PO₄·H₂O 2.93 mg·L^-1， Na₂SiO₃ 54.2 mg·L^-1 and C₆H₈FeNO₇ 0.158 mg·L^-1. Cell density of C. muelleri in optimized culture medium group enhanced 27.95%， significantly higher than that of f/2 medium group （P<0.05）. At 4^th days， the maximum light conversion efficiency of photosynthetic system PSII in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group （P<0.05）. To sum up， the selected nutrient mass concentration could significantly improve the growth rate and cell density of C. muelleri， which could provide data reference for high-density culture of C. muelleri.