Table of Content

15 October 2023, Volume 25 Issue 10

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AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION FORUM

Theme Evolution of Agricultural Genomics in Recent Years

Qian DING, Lei WU, Xuefu ZHANG

2023, 25(10):  1-11.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0562

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Agricultural genomics has developed rapidly with a significant increase in information and data. This article summarized the development process of global agricultural genomics in recent years from the perspective of research topic intensity， change paths and research progress. The search strategy used agricultural genome keywords， which were searched from January 2001 to December 2021. Finally， the SCI and SSCI paper datasets were constructed in the Web of Science database， and the topic intensity index system was used to measure the attention and research heat of each cluster. In recent years， the global agricultural genome had achieved remarkable results， transitioning from fundamental exploration to targeted breakthroughs in agricultural applications， and the similarity of research directions increased gradually. In the future， global research hotspots in agricultural genomics would shift towards more multidimensional and high-precision research such as correlation， diversity， and accuracy. Breakthroughs in complete genome， complex genome， and pan genome research and technology， as well as the development of gene chips， those still faced challenges. The results of this article had significant implications for achieving data-based scientific decision-making and technological innovation.

Study on Risk Assessment of China’s Pelagic Fisheries Industry Under Global Climate Change

Wei ZHAO, Jing HE

2023, 25(10):  12-21.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0280

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To explore the current risk status of China’s pelagic fishery industry in the context of current global climate change and assess the risk level of the industry， the data related to China’s pelagic fishery industry and ocean climate change data from 2009 to 2021 were analyzed. The risk assessment index system was constructed based on the pressure-state-response（PSR） model framework， and the risk index model was applied to determine the level of pressure， state and response risk of China’s pelagic fisheries. The risk assessment results showed that the total risk index of the pelagic fishery from 2009 to 2021 showed a fluctuating upward trend due to the influence of ocean climate changes and ocean extreme disasters. The changing trend of the pressure risk index was generally similar to the change of the total risk index， indicating that climate change factors occupied a great proportion in affecting the risk of the pelagic fishery industry. The overall increasing trend of the state risk index indicated that the sensitivity of China’s pelagic fisheries to cope with climate change pressure had become greater. The overall trend of fluctuating increase in the response risk index indicated that the adaptive capacity and recovery ability of China’s pelagic fisheries themselves were gradually strengthening. Based on this， countermeasures were proposed from both external climatic factors and internal socio-economic factors， which could help enhance the risk prevention capability of China’s pelagic fisheries and provide a reference for achieving high-quality development of China’s pelagic fisheries.

BIOTECHNOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

Identification of Co-expression Genes Related to Cold Stress in Foxtail Millet by WGCNA

Hui ZHANG, Yueyue WANG, Bo ZHAO, Liling ZHANG, Qianru QIE, Yuanhuai HAN, Xukai LI

2023, 25(10):  22-34.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0108

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It is of great practical significance to study the molecular basis of plant response to low temperature stress and breed new varieties of cold-tolerant for ensuring food security. However， the study is relatively scarce about cold resistance of foxtail millet （Setaria italica）. To further explore the molecular mechanism of millet responsing to low temperature stress at seedling， 33 RNA-Seq data of foxtail millet at different development stages and different cold stress times were used. Gene expression matrix was constructed using 32 017 highly expressed genes. WGCNA package of R software was used to construct a co-expression network， which was further divided into 44 modules. The genes related to cold stress of foxtail millet were existed in several modules. Here， 3 modules with most cold stress genes were selected for GO enrichment analysis to annotate the function of target genes， and it was found that most candidate genes were related to abiotic stress responses. Above results provided new ideas for stress resistance of foxtail millet， and the key genes of cold stress provided effective resources for breeding the new variety of cold tolerance in foxtail millet.

Cloning and Functional Analysis of GhNAC1 in Upland Cotton Involved in Verticillium Wilt Resistance

Man ZHANG, Jin ZHANG, Xinyu ZHANG, Guoning WANG, Xingfen WANG, Yan ZHANG

2023, 25(10):  35-44.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0280

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Verticillium wilt is one of the important reasons for cotton quality and yield decline.It is of great significance to explore the resistance mechanism of cotton for promoting the sustainable development of ecological agriculture. A plant-specific NAC transcription factor gene related to Verticillium wilt resistance was identified and named as GhNAC1 in the full-length cDNA library of upland cotton ND601 root stressed by Verticillium dahliae. The cDNA sequence was 1 213 bp with an open reading frame of 840 bp， encoding 279 amino acids. GhNAC1 had no signal peptide and transmembrane structure， and was located in the nucleus. qRT-PCR analysis showed that GhNAC1 was specifically and significantly upregulated in root under V. dahliae， and the expression level in resistant cultivars was observably higher than in susceptible cultivars. Silencing GhNAC1 decreased cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt， and the expression levels of salicylic acid pathway marker genes （PAD4， NDR1， NPR1 and PR1） weakened. These results suggested that GhNAC1 might positively regulated Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton via salicylic acid signal pathway.

Agronomic Traits and Effective Components of Different Tea Chrysanthemum Varieties in Coastal Area

Ding DING, Lingjie ZHENG, Hongbao WANG, Lijin ZHENG, Yanchao GUO

2023, 25(10):  45-53.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0536

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In order to screen out the varieties of tea Chrysanthemum suitable for cultivation and application in coastal areas， 13 agronomic traits related to plant， leaf and flower morphology and 3 effective components of 10 tea Chrysanthemum varieties were measured and compared. The ecological adaptability and nutritional quality of different varieties of tea Chrysanthemum in coastal areas were comprehensively evaluated by correlation analysis， principal component analysis and membership function method. The results showed that there were differences in agronomic traits among different varieties of tea Chrysanthemum， and the coefficient of variation ranged from 20.02% to 65.87%. The content of chlorogenic acid ranged from 0.55% to 1.32%. The content of 3，5-o-dicaffeoyl quinic acid ranged from 0.67% to 2.24%. The content of luteoloside ranged from 0.13% to 1.38%. 4 principal components were extracted by principal component analysis， with a cumulative contribution rate of 90.77%. Leaf length， leaf width， leaf weight， flower diameter， petal number， petal layer number and luteolin glycoside content could be used as the main evaluation indexes. Combined with the membership function method， the comprehensive evaluation of 10 varieties of tea Chrysanthemum showed that ‘Gonghuangju’ ‘Jinsihuangju’ ‘Xiaoqihuangju’ and ‘Yutai 1’ had better comprehensive performance and strong adaptability in coastal areas. The results could provide reference for the application and promotion of tea Chrysanthemum resources in coastal areas.

Phenotypic Genetic Diversity Analysis of Leaf Shrinkage and Economic Traits of Flue-cured Tobacco for Germplasm Resources

Xingfu WU, Fangchan JIAO, Xuejun CHEN, Zhiyu FANG, Guanghai ZHANG, Yihan ZHANG, Yongping LI

2023, 25(10):  54-64.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0936

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To understand phenotypic genetic diversities of leaf shrinkage and economic traits，158 germplasm resources of flue-cured tobacco were as materials. The genetic diversity， correlation analysis， factor analysis and cluster analysis were carried out. The results showed that the coefficient of variation on 16 traits of the germplasms ranged from 7.41% to 73.36% with mean value 22.01%； the genetic diversity ranged from 1.912 3 to 2.090 9， with mean value 2.022 4. The shrinkage rate of flue-cured tobacco leaf was as follows： leaf area （33.21%）>leaf width （24.82%）>leaf length （11.21%）. The correlation analysis showed that， similar to leaf length， no significant correlations were found between leaf width， leaf area shrinkage value， shrinkage rate and yield， however an extremely significant negative correlation was shown between output value and average price. As expected， leaf width， leaf area shrinkage value and shrinkage rate were significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with the proportion of high grade cured leaf. Factor analysis revealed that both leaves grade quality and output value factors were negatively correlated with leaf shrinkage factors. These 158 germplasms were clustered into 4 groups at a similar distance of 35.0 and there were extremely significant differences on the traits between the groups. Also， the leaves of group Ⅲ were larger after curing， the smaller leaf shrinkage rate， and the better economic traits. Leaf shrinkage rates of 6 excellent resources （‘Yunyan 97’‘Changbohuang’‘Yunyan 116’‘Eshankaoyan’‘Honghuayunyan 85’ and ‘GL939’）clustered in group Ⅲ were moderate to small， the outstanding grade quality and planting benefit. In conclusion， the 158 flue-cured tobacco germplasm resources showed high phenotypic genetic diversity of leaf shrinkage and economic traits. Excessive leaf shrinkage had adverse effects on flue-cured tobacco leaf grade quality and output value. Six excellent resources could be promising candidates for tobacco production or variety selection.

Function and Characteristic Analysis of Haloxylon ammodendron NAC Transcription Factor HaNAC38

Guangke LUO, Rongbo MU, Bing XUE, Hua ZHANG, Yanping REN, Hao MA

2023, 25(10):  65-73.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0266

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In order to study the function of HaNAC38， a drought-related NAC transcription factor obtained from Haloxylon ammodendron drought transcriptomes， the homozygous lines of Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing HaNAC38 genewere used as the materials， and the differences of growth and physiological indices were compared between plant of overexpressing HaNAC38 gene and wild type. The binding activity of HaNAC38 transcription factor and DNA core sequence was verified by yeast single hybridization technique. The results showed， under natural drought and simulated salt stress， the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing HaNAC38 gene was significantly better than that of the wild type. The seed germination rate and the proline content and catalase activity in leaf of plant overexpressing HaNAC38 gene were significantly higher than those of wild type， while the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were significantly lower than those of wild type. It showed that HaNAC38 significantly enhanced the tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana to drought and salt stress. The yeast single hybridization indicated that the DNA core sequence of HaNAC38 transcription factor could bind TTGCGT core sequence specifically in yeast and activate the expression of downstream reporter gene. The above results laid a foundation for clarifying the function and regulatory network of haloxylon ammodendrite HaNAC38 transcription factor.

Analysis of Codon Usage Bias and Phylogenetic in Chloroplast Genome of Betulaceae

Jiaxing GUO, Xiang HUANG, Meihua YANG, Leilei WANG, Yanqi HAN, Zhuoyi LI

2023, 25(10):  74-83.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0227

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To analyze the codon usage characteristics in the coding region of Betulaceae chloroplast genome， the chloroplast genome codon preferences and phylogenetic relationships among 50 Betulaceae species by CodonW1.4.2， Origin， SPSS25.0， MEGA7.0 and CUSP online program. The results showed that the codon adaptation index （CAI） of Betulaceae chloroplast genome ranged from 0.163 to 0.166， with an average value of 0.165， and the effective number of codon （ENC） ranged from 49.29 to 50.46， with an average value of 49.78， which indicated a weak codon preference among these species of Betulaceae. The GC content at different positions of codon showed GC1 （45.4%）>GC2 （37.4%）>GC3 （29.7%）， which indicated that chloroplast codons were prefer to A/U endings in Betulaceae. The correlation analysis showed that the ENC and GC2， GC3 and average GC showed an extremely significant level （P<0.01）. Analysis of neutral plot， ENC-plot and PR2-plot showed that natural selection was the main factor affecting the codon use preference of Betulaceae chloroplast genome. There were 15 optimal codons in the chloroplast genome of Betulaceae， which were CUC， CUG， AUC， GUC， GUG， GGG， UGC， CCA， ACG， GCC， CGA， CGG， CAG， GAG and AGG. The clustering results based on the relative synonymous codon usage （RSCU） were similar to the topological structure of phylogenetic tree based on matK gene sequence. The above results provided a reference for further research on resource utilization， phylogeny and chloroplast genetic engineering of Betulaceae.

In Vitro Maturation Culture and Parthenogenesis of Yak Oocytes

Libin WANG, Qianglong WANG, Yangyang PAN, Tian ZHAO, Tianyi DING, Yan CUI, Sijiu YU

2023, 25(10):  84-90.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0244

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As an assisted reproduction strategy， yak embryo culture in vitro can effectively improve the reproductive ability. In order to study the effects of different treatment methods on the developmental quality of parthenogenetically activated embryos of yak oocytes in vitro， ovaries of 5~8 years old healthy female yaks were collected in October and oocytes were collected by aspiration for in vitro maturation induction. Different experimental groups （cumulus-oocyte complexs（COCs）and bare eggs； TCM199 was cultured for 24 and 36 h， respectively； and COCs cultured for 24 h， digested and then transferred to TCM199 for 12 h） were set for parthenogenetic activation， and parthenogenetic embryo culture in vitro， and the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate were calculated. The results showed that the development rate of parthenogenetic activated embryos of yak COCs was significantly lower than naked eggs （P<0.05）， and the phenomenon of cumulus shedding appeared in the late stage. Cleavage rate of parthenogenetic embryos cultured in TCM199 for 24 h was significantly higher than that cultured for 36 h （P<0.05）. The cleavage rate of parthenogenetic activated eggs after reculture was very low and most of them were adherent. The results showed that the parthenogenetic activation effect of naked eggs was the best when COCs was digested by hyaluronidase in vitro for 24 h， and the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate were the highest. The results of this experiment provided a basis for revealing the different treatment methods of yak oocytes before parthenogenetic activation and the development quality of parthenogenetic activated embryos， and thus provided a reference for optimizing oocyte culture in vitro and improving the effect of parthenogenetic activation.

Diversity of Endophytic Fungi in Holcoglossum rupestre and Effects of Symbiotic Fungi on Seed Germination of Dendrobium denneanum

Aihua LI, Tao WANG, Miaomiao WANG, Junyu DENG, Jia LIU, Jidong YA, Yu ZHANG

2023, 25(10):  91-98.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0078

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The germination and growth of orchid seeds depend on symbiotic fungi. Holcoglossum rupestre is an endemic， narrowed distributed and critical endangered species of Orchidaceae. Aiming to better ex situ conserve H. rupestre， the plants were collected from Shangrila， Chuxiong， Kunming Panlong and Kunming Chenggong in Yunnan. The endophytic fungi in its roots were isolated and identified based on ITS rDNA sequences， and their effect on seed germination was studied. The results showed that 68 culturable fungal endophytes were isolated and identified from roots of H. rupestre from 4 localities of Yunnan province， which belonged to 18 genera of 3 classes， i.e.， Sordriomycetes， Agaricomycetes and Dothideomycetes. Among all strains， Fusarium， Diaportha， Tulasnella and Ceratobasidium were the dominant fungal endophytes with 27.94%， 10.29%， 8.82% and8.82% of relative abundance. Some orchids mycorrhizal fungi as well as Tulasnella and Ceratobasidium were firstly found in H. rupestre roots. And Tulasnella strains P2 and P47 could significantly promote symbiotic germination of Dendrobium denneanum seeds by advancing germination process and improving germination consistency.

INTELLIGENT AGRICULTURE & AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Performance Simulation and Experiment on Detection and Seed Blowing Device for Rice and Wheat Seeding Device

Yuyue LIANG, Kan ZHENG, Junfang XIA

2023, 25(10):  99-108.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0405

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Aiming at the problem that the filling of seed metering device for both rice and wheat could not achieve accurate seed capsule，a seed blowing device based on accurate counting was designed. According to the horizontal throwing trajectory and Venturi principle， the rice and wheat detection and seed blowing device were designed，respectively. The key factors affecting the seed filling performance of rice and wheat were identified according to the theoretical study. Based on CFD gas-solid coupling method， effects of structural parameters including nozzle structure， working speed and air inlet pressure on motion characteristics of seeds in the process of detection and seed blowing were analyzed. The feasibility of detection and seed blowing device was verified by simulation experiment，and the bench test was carried out to determine the delay time between grains. The results showed that the velocity distribution of type 3 nozzle tube structure at the nozzle mouth was wide， and the velocity distribution at X direction was more uniform. It was determined that the section length， width， height of nozzle tube were 18， 7， 3 mm，respectively. The air inlet pressure and working speed had a significant impact on the seed movement characteristics， and the resultant force and combining speed increased with the increase of air inlet pressure and working speed. Therefore， during rice and wheat seed metering， the better air inlet pressure was 300 Pa and the working speed was 20 r?min^-1. Under this operating condition， the simulation time of seed interval was much smaller than the theoretical time. Finally， the feasibility of the detection and seed blowing device was verified. The results of the bench test showed that the qualified rate of rice and wheat were 90.7% and 93.2%， respectively， when the intergranular delay time was 12 ms， the inlet pressure was 300 Pa and the seed plate rotary speed was 20 r?min^-1. The results provided reference for structural optimization design of mechanical seeding device for the rice and wheat.

Study on Layer Combustion Characteristics of Corn Straw Pellets

Dongwei SHAO, Wenbin LIU, Jiyi LUAN, Ping HAN, Haitao ZHONG, Haicheng FENG

2023, 25(10):  109-118.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0150

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To study the influence of different excess air coefficient （α） on the layer combustion characteristics of biomass briquettes， the typical corn straw pellet fuel in the main grain production areas in Northeast China was used as the research object， and a fixed-bed test rig for biomass pellets was built to simulate of the combustion process of biomass pellets along the height of the furnace and moving direction of the grate， 25 sets of combustion tests under 5 working conditions of 30， 40， 50， 60 and 70 Nm³·h^-1 were carried out， respectively. The test data was collected by the patrol instrument， and the collection step length was 1 min. The collected data was processed and analyzed by methods such as matrix and polynomial fitting. The test results indicated that when the primary air flow （Q_ao） was not less than 50 Nm³·h^-1， the ignition delay time （t_d）， flame downward propagation rate （R_f） and fuel content in ash （η_a） decreased with the increase of Q_ao._{As Qao was less than 50 Nm³·h^-1， td， Rf， and ηa increased with the increasing of Qao. In the combustion zones of 200~150 and 100~50 mm， Rf showed a trend of decreasing and then increasing. In the combustion zone of 150~100 mm， when Qao was not more than 40 Nm³·h^-1， Rf increased with the increasing of Qao， and then as Qao was more than 40 Nm³·h^-1， Rf tended to be stable. It was found that when Qao was 50 Nm³·h^-1 （α was 1.163）， td was 3.34 min， and the combustion temperature was higher and the time was shorter （about 45 min） than other Qao， and ηa was 0.71%， the layer combustion characteristics were more ideal than other conditions.}

Image Recognition of Corn Disease Based on Transfer Learning

Yantong ZHANG, Qianmin SU

2023, 25(10):  119-125.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0218

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The traditional detection of crop disease mainly relies on manpower and experience， and the informatization level is low. In recent years， image recognition based on transfer learning has developed rapidly and achieved good application effect in many fields. MoblieNetV2 model was used to re-train and fine-tune corn disease image data set by transfer learning method. Then， the optimized corn disease recognition model was applied to the mobile terminal device for application development. The results showed that the final test accuracy reached to 96.83% after repeated training and fine-tuning of the pre-training model. Finally， the optimized model was used to develop a corn disease recognition APP， and the corn was photographed through the mobile APP to obtain the diagnosis results. The application was simple and easy to operate， which could facilitate and quickly identify maize diseases and have important application value in the future agricultural field.

Effect of Moisture Content on Bond Flows of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Biotransformation Pig Manure Organic Fertilizer

Ting ZHOU, Songlin SUN, Haiying ZHU, Caiwang PENG

2023, 25(10):  126-136.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0389

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The moisture content of black soldier fly biotransformation pig manure organic fertilizer can reach 40%~60% under natural condition， but the flow parameters are difficult to obtain by conventional means. In order to explore the effect of moisture content on the bonding flow of organic fertilizer， the effects of different water content （41.21% ~ 60.52%） on the flow and bonding ability of organic fertilizer particles were quantitatively analyzed by the method of accumulation angle measurement and discrete element simulation. The results showed that the organic fertilizer-steel collided restitution coefficient，organic fertilizer-steel static friction coefficient and organic fertilizer Johnson-Kendall-Roberts（JKR）surface energy significantly affected the accumulation angle of organic fertilizer. With the rising of moisture content from 41.21% to 60.52%， the organic fertilizer-steel static friction coefficient firstly decreased and then increased，especially， which reached the maximum value 0.39 when the moisture content was 56.56%， the surface energy changed from 0.22 to 0.47 J·m^-2. The direct shear test of organic fertilizer showed that when the moisture content was greater than 40%， the internal friction angle between the organic fertilizer particles gradually decreased， the cohesion between particles increases with the increase of JKR surface energy， organic fertilizer particles were easy to agglomerate， which would restrict the flow movement of organic fertilizer to some extent， and the repose angle increased. The study was expected to provide numerical parameter reference for the black soldier fly biotransformation pig manure organic fertilizer application and development of mechanization.

ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH

Assessing of Economic Costs on Global Invasive Insects Based on InvaCost Database

Shiqi FAN, Guanghua ZHAO, Qi CAI, Duo WANG, Xiaoran ZHOU, Xuanye WEN

2023, 25(10):  137-143.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0027

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To clarify the damage losses of invasive insects， the economic cost of global invasive insects were assessed in monetized form. InvaCost database was used to analyze all insecta data， and the conservative economic costs， expenditure costs， management and loss costs， and major invasive insect species from 1970 to 2017 were counted separately， based on which generalized least squares regression， robust regression， and quantile regression 3 models to predict the possible costs from 2010 to 2019. The results showed that the economic cost due to insect invasion from 1970 to 2017 was 500 438 million dollar， with an annual average of 10 426 million dollar. The United States had the highest spending cost in the world， and China ranked second about 50 352 million dollar （340 113 million yuan）， and the economic cost of Aedes spp. was the highest among all invasive insect species. The model predicted a possible economic cost of 292.362~709.725 billion dollar in the 21st century 10s， with a maximum confidence value of 367.224 billion dollar. The assessment showed that the global economic costs of invasive insects over the past few decades had been enormous， but proactive management was clearly lacking.

Pathogen Identification and Laboratory Drug Screening of Peony Root Rot in Cold and Cool Region of Hexi

Keze YANG, Fang WU, Yujie WEI, Liangfang WANG, Hao CHANG, Zhitao WU, Xianzhong YANG

2023, 25(10):  144-151.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0174

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In recent years， the root rot of Paeonia lactiflora occurred seriously in the cold and cool areas of Hexi， Gansu Province， causing some plants to die， which greatly affected the development of P. lactiflora industry. In order to identify the main pathogenic bacteria of peony root rot in cold and cool areas of Hexi， morphological characteristics and molecular biology methods were used to identify the pathogen and determine the pathogenicity of this strain. The results showed that the dominant strain SY2020-2 was pathogenic to P. lactiflora and was identified as Fusarium oxysporum based on morphological characteristics and hierarchical clustering. In order to screen the effective and low toxicity agents for the prevention and control of peony root rot， 10 kinds of agents were selected for virulence analysis. The results showed that 30% propionate had best effect for SY2020-2 with EC₅₀ 0.1 mg·L^-1， and the EC₅₀ of 43% fluorobacterium oxime lipids， 50% carbendazim， 10% phyllobacterazole， 20% fluxazole amide， 30% oxime bacteria amylazol were 1.2， 2.7， 3.5， 4.8 and 6.4 mg·L^-1， 25 g·L^-1 fluoxonitrile and 3% phenyloconazole showed poor toxicity.

Inhibitory Effect of Solanum nigrum L. Extracts on Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis and Biofilm Formation

Hangfan GUO, Ping WANG, Ying WANG

2023, 25(10):  152-164.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0121

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To investigate the antibacterial effect of Solanum nigrum L. on Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis and its effect on biofilm formation， the antibacterial activities of extracts from Solanum nigrum L.， Solanum villosum Miller.， Solanum diphyllum L. fruit and their stems or leaves were compared，and the extracting conditions of Solanum nigrum L. fruit was optimized by response surface methodology. The effect of extracts from Solanum nigrum L. fruit on the formation of bacterial biofilm was determined by crystal violet staining， and the factors affecting the formation of antibiofilm were evaluated by swimming， auto-aggregation， and hydrophobicity. The results showed that the extracts from Solanum nigrum L. fruit had the best inhibition rate. The optimum extraction conditions for inhibiting the Escherichia coli were extraction temperature 28 ℃， ethanol content 44.5%， liquid-solid ratio 5.1∶1 （mL·g^-1）； the optimum extraction conditions for inhibiting the Enterococcus faecalis were extraction temperature 29.5 ℃， ethanol content 44.7%， liquid-solid ratio 5.1∶1 （mL·g^-1）. Under these conditions， the extracts showed the best antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis， the inhibition rate were 81.44%±1.78% and 90.63%±2.33%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis was 50 mg·mL^-1. The inhibitory rates of 30 mg·mL^-1Solanum nigrum L. fruit extract on biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were 83.52% and 85.13% ， respectively. And the inhibition of Escherichia coli biofilm formation was related to the decrease of hydrophobicity （P<0.05）， and the inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation was related to the decrease of swimming and auto-aggregation （P<0.05）. These results provided a theoretical basis for the bacteria inhibition and biofilm inhibition of Solanum nigrum L.， and a reference for the development of natural plant antibiotic substitutes.

BIO-MANUFACTURING & RESOURCE AND ECOLOGY

Preparation and Application of Natural Polymer Flocculants

Yangyang CAI, Xiuping TAO, Tong LI, Bin SHANG, Jianchao SONG, Lu LIU

2023, 25(10):  165-172.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0419

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Natural polymer flocculant is the focus of current research. The mechanism， type and characteristics of natural polymer flocculants were detailed introducted， and the progress of preparation technology， the application status of natural polymer flocculants， especially their application in the field of water treatment were summarized. In view of the current problems of the new flocculant， the future research focus and development direction were looked forward， which provided a reference for the in-depth research and practical application of the new flocculant.

Responses of Soil Available Phosphorus and Phosphorus Forms to Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Times

Yurong SHEN, Ran LI, Minggang XU, Huaiping ZHOU, Ping LIU, Nan SUN

2023, 25(10):  173-181.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0421

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The easy fixation of phosphorus fertilizer in soil is a main reason for the low utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer. In order to study the effects of fertilization frequency on availability of phosphorus fertilizer， three cinnamon soils with different Olsen-P levels （19.4， 24.2， 49.7 mg·kg^-1） were collected in the long-term fertilization test based on Shouyang County， Jinzhong City Shanxi Province， and the same amount of phosphorus fertilizer （potassium dihydrogen phosphate） was added to the soil with different Olsen-P levels by once and 3 times， respectively. The soil with Olsen-P was incubated under constant temperature condition for 90 d， soil Olsen-P content was measured by 11 sampling intervals， and the phosphorus forms in soil were measured at the end of incubation. The effects of fertilization frequency on soil Olsen-P content， phosphorus fixation rate and phosphorus forms were analyzed， and characteristics on availability of phosphorus fertilizer under different fertilization times were clarified. The results showed that after 90 d of fertilization， the soil Olsen-P contents under 3 times of application increased significantly compared with that of once of application， and the increase rates at 3 Olsen-P levels were 21.0%， 13.5% and 9.4%， respectively. However， the phosphorus fixation rate decreased significantly， which were 8.0%， 6.8% and 10.5% at 3 Olsen-P levels， respectively. The Michaelis-Menten equation betterly fitted the process of soil phosphorus fixation. The maximum phosphorus fixation rate of once application was greater than that of 3 times application， but the time to reach 50% of the maximum phosphorus fixation rate was shorter than that of 3 times application. The phosphorus fixation rate decreased with the increase of Olsen-P levers under once application. Phosphorus fixation rate in high Olsen-P （49.7 mg·kg^-1） soil was significantly reduced by 10.8%～12.4% compared with low Olsen-P （19.4～24.2 mg·kg^-1） soil under 3 times application.When compared with once application， the content of labile P in soil increased by 6.8%～12.1%， and the content of non labile P decreased by 8.4% under 3 times application. This study showed that the 3 times application of phosphorus fertilizer could significantly improve the availability of soil phosphorus and reduce the fixation rate of phosphorus fertilizer； the higher soil Olsen-P content was， the smaller the proportion of phosphorus fertilizer was invalidated in soil； the 3 times application of phosphorus fertilizer could increase soil Olsen-P content， decrease phosphorus fixation rate and increase the content of labile P. These results had important directive significance to improve the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer， and provided theoretical basis for efficient and scientific application of phosphorus fertilizer.

Effects of Plant Measures on Soil Improvement of Desert Photovoltaic Power Station

Ruiting JIA, Limin YUAN, Zhongju MENG

2023, 25(10):  182-188.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0305

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In order to explore the effects of plant measures on soil physical and chemical properties of photovoltaic （PV） power station in desert， soil grain size， bulk density， porosity and nutrient indexes were determined with sample plots planted Leymus chinensis， Glycyrrhiza uralensis， Artemisia ordosica， Hedysarum scoparium and sand barrier in the power station， respectively. The results showed that the granularity content of fine sand， medium sand and extremely fine sand in the study area was over 90%， among them， the content of components <0.25 mm in Leymus chinensis measure was the highest. The soil bulk density of 0—30 cm layer ranged from 1.47 to 1.67 g·cm^-3， and the capillary porosity was 14.53%~31.52%. The soil structure of sand barrier was the best. In 0—30 cm soil layer， the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium in Leymus chinensis， organic matter in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch and available phosphorus in Hedysarum scoparium were the highest. The research results could provide theoretical basis for ecological protection and restoration of desert PV power stations.

Effect of Phosphorus Solubilizing Bio-fertilizer on Soil Phosphorus Availability and Pepper Yield in Greenhouse

Hongyan WU, Miao YU, Jian FENG, Hui LIU

2023, 25(10):  189-197.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0023

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In order to investigate the effect of biological fertilizer（PSWY）on soil phosphorus availability and pepper yield in greenhouse， the experiment method of indoor pot was adopted， 4 fertilizer treatments were set up： conventional fertilization（CK）， conventional fertilization + chicken manure （rancid） 3 000 kg·hm^-2 （PY1）， conventional fertilization + PSWY 3 000 kg·hm^-2 （PY2）， conventional fertilization + phospholytic bacteria P623-9 240 L·hm^-2（PY3）， soil available phosphorous （AP） and microbial biomass phosphorus （MBP） content were monitored at different periods， and the dry weight of shoot， root development and yield of pepper were compared. The results showed that compared with CK， average soil AP content in PY1， PY2 and PY3 treatments increased by 40.9%， 73.1% and 38.1%， MBP content increased by 23.4%， 58.9% and 45.4%. The yield of pepper showed as PY2>PY1>PY3>CK， the yield of PY1， PY2 and PY increased 10.9%， 14.5% and 7.7% than CK， PY2 treatment could increase dry weight and promote root development，which was significantly different from the other 3 treatments （P<0.05）. There was significant positive correlation between pepper yield and soil AP content， soil phosphorus solubilizing bacteria number， MBP content and plant shoot dry weight （P<0.01）. To sum up， PSWY could significantly increase soil available phosphorus content， promote root development of pepper， and increase aboveground dry weight， and dramatically increase production of peppers， at the same time reduce agricultural non-point source pollution， which provided a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of facility agriculture.

Effects of Microbial Inoculum on Red Raspberry Growth， Fruit Quality and Activating Soil Phosphorus and Potassium

Juanjuan GUO, Shan WANG, Haoan LUAN, Han LI, Suping GUO, Guohui QI, Xuemei ZHANG

2023, 25(10):  198-209.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0310

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To explore the effects of microbial agents on the growth and fruit quality improvement of red raspberry， microbial agents were applied to raspberry from budding stage to secondary full fruit stage （T5）， initial flowering stage to secondary full fruit stage （T4）， initial fruit stage to secondary full fruit stage （T3）， primary full fruit stage to secondary full fruit stage （T2）， secondary full fruit stage （T1） and no microbial inoculum was used as control （CK） with 3-year-old red raspberry ‘Heltez’ as experimental material. The effects of plant height， ground diameter， biomass， soluble solids， leaf antioxidant enzyme activity， yield-input ratio and activation of soil phosphorus and potassium were studied， and comprehensive evaluation was made by principal component analysis. The results showed that the quality and yield of red raspberry and the available nutrients of soil could be improved by applying microbial inoculum， and the effects of T5 and T4 treatments were better. The content of available nutrients and organic matter in 0—10 cm soil layer was higher than that in 10—20 cm soil layer. T5 treatment had the highest content of available nutrients， and its pH was lower than CK， which improved the alkaline environment of soil. The fruit number and yield of T5 treatment were 76.40% and 25.75% higher than that of CK， and the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）and catalase（CAT） in leaves of one fruiting period were 22.49% and 25.02% higher than those of CK， respectively. No significant differences were found for peroxidase（POD）. The comprehensive evaluation of the effect of microbial inoculum on red raspberry showed that microbial inoculum could effectively improve soil available nutrients and fruit quality of raspberry. The best treatment was T5， which the concentration of microbial inoculum was 20% and the dosage was 200 L·hm^-2， and it was applied 5 times in the main development period of raspberry. Above results provided theoretical basis for soil improvement and precise and efficient application of microbial agents.

Research on Acid-base Pretreatment and Fermentation Process of Walnut Leaf Matrixing

Yingmei WANG, Yanzhuang WANG, Yingjie LI, Yan LI, Miao HE, Xiaojing WANG, Hongbin DU

2023, 25(10):  210-220.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0313

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To explore the method of walnut leaf substrate development through the study of acid-base pretreatment and pile rot fermentation of walnut leaves， different concentrations of oxalic acid and ammonia solution were used to treat walnut leaves at different times， and the gray correlation method was used to select the appropriate pretreatment conditions in combination with the physical and chemical properties of walnut leaves after treatment. Thereafter， 2 groups of tests， with pretreatment （A） and without pretreatment （B）， were set up to add different amounts of rhamnolipids for fermentation of walnut leaves， and the degree of fermentation， decay of walnut leaves and substrate safety were judged by temperature， T value， heavy metal content and seed germination index. The results showed that the weighted correlation of treatment with 0.5% ammonia solution for 2.0 h was 0.739， which was higher than other alkali solution treatments， and the pH of the treated walnut leaves was 6.61， which was more suitable for later fermentation and was a suitable acid-base pretreatment condition for walnut leaves. During the fermentation process， the highest temperature of the pile reached 62.28 ℃， and the high temperature above 50 ℃ was maintained for 6 d. After fermentation， the T value （the ratio of carbon and nitrogen ratio of materials before and after fermentation） was within the range of 0.36~0.58， all of which were less than 0.6. The germination index of substrate leaching solution of B₀ treatment was greater than 70%， while the remaining treatments were more than 80%， and the heavy metal content of the substrate all met the standard requirements， indicating that the walnut leaves of each treatment were fermented rotting， the substrate was safe and usable. The treatment with 0.3% rhamnolipid had the lowest T value， whose germination index was higher than 85%， and the effect of heap rotting was better than other treatments. To sum up， the key technology of walnut leaf substrate was to add 0.3% rhamnolipid for fermentation after pretreatment with 0.5% ammonia for 2 h.

Responses of Soil Microbial Diversity to Input of Organic Carbon Source Materials

Yunxin SHEN, Zhufeng SHI, Tianhua HAN, Xudong ZHOU, Biao HE, Wenshan ZHAO, Qiang HE, Bin MA, Qibin CHEN, Peiwen YANG

2023, 25(10):  221-233.  DOI: 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2022.0498

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In order to explore the response characteristics of soil microbial diversity to the input of organic carbon source materials， and reveal the relationship between the change trend of soil microbial diversity and the input of organic carbon source materials， 69 representative articles were selected from the long-term positioning test of animal manure fertilizer application in China， and 120 groups of Shannon diversity index data and 90 groups of Chao l richness index data were extracted. These data were included in the Meta-analysis， and the effect sizes of different types and application methods on soil bacterial diversity were evaluated using no fertilization and inorganic fertilizer alone as controls. The effects of animal manure application on soil bacterial community changes in different regions， average annual precipitation， average annual temperature and other conditions were further analyzed. The results showed that the application of animal feces significantly increased the rhizosphere bacterial Shannon diversity index and Chao l richness index （P<0.05）， and the promotion effects were successively cow manure， chicken manure and pig manure. In terms of crop types， soil microbial diversity of Solanaceae， Legumes， Gramineae， Rosaceae and Cucurbaceae had significant positive effect on the response of manure application （P<0.05）. From the perspective of application mode， both the application of animal manure alone and the application of animal manure combined with inorganic fertilizer had significant positive effect on the increase of soil bacterial diversity （P<0.05）. From the perspective of climatic conditions， the diversity of soil bacteria was significantly increased with the increase of precipitation and temperature （P<0.05） under the treatment of animal manure， and the promotion effect was the best when the average annual precipitation was 500～1 500 mm and the average annual temperature was 5～15 ℃. The diversity and richness of soil bacterial community could be significantly improved by application of animal manure. It was suggested that the application of animal manure alone or animal manure combined with inorganic fertilizer with cow manure and chicken manure as the core should be popularized on Solanaceae， Legumes and Gamineae. In addition， the average annual precipitation and average annual temperature had an impact on soil bacterial diversity and richness index. Therefore， the fertilization technology should be further optimized based on meteorological factors to achieve the construction of soil health microecology， and finally realize the effective utilization of fertilizer resources and improve soil productivity.